Contrary

in social work typically refers to situations or actions that go against the established norms, principles,
or ethical guidelines of the social work profession.

The social workers goal would be to address this contrary stance by using motivational interviewing
techniques, empathy and patience to help the client recognized the need for change and eventually
make positive decisions about their recovery.

Social work main

People- they help individuals, families, group and community

How they are interacting with their environment

Purpose of social work

To enhance psychological functioning

Types of psychological functioning

Social relationship-ability to establish and maintain healthy relationship

Emotional well-being-relates to ones emotional stability, self-esteem

Ability to cope stress

Cognitive functioning- problem solving, decision-making and memory

Occupational and educational functioning- performance work at school

Ability to meet goals and handle responsibility

Activities of daily living- to carry out everyday tasks

Self-care, managing finance and maintaining living space

Quality of life- life satisfaction and well-being

Goal of helping process

To help

Engage clients in ways of coping

Mary richmond 1921

One of the pioneers of social work casework

Social diagnosis referred to casework method

Understanding and addressing the individual needs

Mary richmonds work significantly influenced the field of social work.

It emphasizing the importance of a scientific and methodical approach to helping individual needs.

Naomi Brill

Brill process

It emphasize the importance of understanding and addressing the emotional and psychological needs of
individuals within a social work context.

Brill process has been influential in the field of social work and has contributed to the development of
various therapeutic techniques and interventions.

Pincus and minahan

Task centred model or task centred practice

It focused on breaking down a clients isseus into manageable tasks or goals and the working
collaboratively to address and achieve those tasks.

This model is widely used in social work practice to promote problem solving and empowerment for
clients.

Helen northen

Northen model of social work practice

To engage with clients and help them address their needs and challenge effectively.

Northen model used as valuable tool in the field of social work to provide support and assistance to
individuals and communities needs.

Hepworth and larsen

Generalist practice model or generalist intervention model

Widely recognized framework in social work that provides a structured approach for practiyioners to
help individuals, families and groups

Address a wide range of social work education and practice to guide professionals in providing effective
and ethical support to their clients.

Identification of the presenting problem

It involves recognizing and defining the primary issue or concern that a client is facing
Client self report

Assessment and interview

Observation

Screening tools and questionnaires

Collaborative exploration

Review of records

Feedback and validation

Consultation

Data-gathering

Peocess of collecting information or data

Define objectives

Choose data sources

Select data collection methods

Design data collection instruments

Sampling

Data collection

Data recording

Data validation and quality assurance

Data analysis

Interpretation and repoeting

Data storage and security

Ethical considerations

Continouos improvement

The process of diagnosis assessment occurs in various fields, such as medicine, psychology, and
psychiatry, and the specific steps and methods can vary depending on the discipline. Here's a general
overview of how diagnosis assessment typically occurs:
1. **Referral or Presentation**: Diagnosis assessment usually begins when a person seeks help or is
referred for evaluation. This can be due to physical symptoms (in the case of medical assessment) or
psychological, emotional, or behavioral concerns (in the case of mental health assessment).

2. **Clinical Interview**: A clinician, such as a doctor, psychologist, or psychiatrist, conducts a clinical

interview with the individual. This involves asking questions about the person's symptoms, medical
history, family history, lifestyle, and any relevant background information.

3. **Physical Examination (Medical Assessment)**: In medical diagnosis, a physical examination may be

performed to assess physical symptoms, vital signs, and objective findings related to the person's health
concern.

4. **Psychological Testing (Psychological Assessment)**: In cases of mental health or psychological

assessment, standardized tests, questionnaires, and assessments may be administered to gather
objective data about the individual's mental and emotional state.

5. **Observation**: Observing the person's behavior and interactions in a clinical setting or their natural
environment can provide valuable information for diagnosis assessment.

6. **Collateral Information**: Information from family members, friends, or other relevant sources may
be gathered, especially in cases of mental health assessment, to gain a broader understanding of the
person's condition.

7. **Diagnostic Criteria**: Clinicians use established diagnostic criteria or guidelines, such as the DSM-5
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) for mental health diagnoses or ICD-10
(International Classification of Diseases) for medical diagnoses, to determine if the person's symptoms
meet the criteria for a specific condition.

8. **Differential Diagnosis**: Clinicians consider other possible diagnoses that could explain the
symptoms and rule them out through careful assessment and evaluation.
9. **Collaboration**: In some cases, multiple healthcare professionals may collaborate in the diagnosis
assessment process, especially when the condition is complex or multifaceted.

10. **Diagnosis**: Once all the relevant information has been collected and analyzed, the clinician
makes a diagnosis or provides a provisional diagnosis, which is a professional judgment regarding the
person's condition.

11. **Treatment Planning**: After diagnosis, a treatment plan is developed. This plan outlines the
recommended interventions, therapies, medications, or other approaches to address the identified
condition.

12. **Monitoring and Follow-Up**: Ongoing assessment and monitoring are essential to evaluate the
effectiveness of the chosen interventions and to make any necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.

It's important to note that the specific steps and methods of diagnosis assessment can vary widely
depending on the field and the nature of the condition being assessed. Additionally, ethical
considerations, cultural sensitivity, and informed consent are critical aspects of the assessment process
in all disciplines.

Planning the intervention in social work is a crucial step in the helping process, and it involves several
key elements:

1. Assessment: Before planning any intervention, social workers must thoroughly assess the client's
situation. This includes gathering information about the client's strengths, needs, challenges, and goals.
Assessments can involve interviews, surveys, observations, and reviewing relevant records or
documents.

2. Goal Setting: Once the assessment is complete, social workers and clients collaboratively establish
clear and specific goals. These goals should be realistic, achievable, and tailored to the client's needs and
aspirations. Goals can be short-term and long-term and should address the identified issues.
3. Intervention Selection: Social workers choose appropriate interventions or strategies to help clients
reach their goals. The choice of intervention methods depends on the client's unique circumstances and
may include counseling, case management, advocacy, support groups, referrals, or a combination of
approaches.

4. Individualized Plans: Social workers create individualized intervention plans that outline the steps,
tasks, and responsibilities for both the client and the social worker. These plans are developed in
collaboration with the client and are designed to be flexible to accommodate changes in the client's
situation.

5. Ethical Considerations: Social workers adhere to ethical principles, including confidentiality, informed
consent, and respect for client autonomy, when planning interventions. They must ensure that
interventions align with ethical guidelines and do not harm the client.

6. Cultural Sensitivity: Cultural competence is essential in social work practice. Social workers consider
the client's cultural background, values, and beliefs when planning interventions to ensure they are
culturally sensitive and respectful.

7. Monitoring and Evaluation: Throughout the intervention process, social workers continuously monitor
the client's progress toward their goals. Regular evaluation helps determine the effectiveness of the
intervention and whether adjustments are needed.

8. Collaboration: Social workers often collaborate with other professionals, agencies, and community
resources to provide comprehensive support to clients. Coordination with other service providers is a
vital aspect of intervention planning.

9. Documentation: Detailed and accurate record-keeping is essential. Social workers document the
intervention plan, client progress, and any changes or modifications made during the process.

10. Flexibility: Intervention plans may need to be adjusted as circumstances change or as new
information becomes available. Social workers must remain flexible and responsive to the client's
evolving needs.
Effective planning of interventions in social work is client-centered, collaborative, and aims to empower
individuals to achieve their goals and improve their well-being. It requires a holistic understanding of the
client's situation and a commitment to ethical and culturally competent practice.

Implementation or intervention in the context of social work and other helping professions refers to the
process of putting a plan or strategy into action to address the needs and goals of a client or a group.
Here's a general overview of how implementation/intervention typically occurs:

1. Assessment: The process usually begins with a thorough assessment of the client's or group's needs,
strengths, challenges, and goals. This assessment helps social workers and practitioners understand the
specific issues that need to be addressed.

2. Planning: Based on the assessment, a detailed intervention plan is developed. This plan outlines
specific goals, objectives, and strategies for addressing the identified issues. It may also include a
timeline and resources required for implementation.

3. Collaboration: Social workers often work collaboratively with clients, families, or other professionals
involved in the client's care. This collaborative approach ensures that interventions are tailored to the
client's unique circumstances and preferences.

4. Implementation: The planned interventions are put into action. This may involve various activities
such as counseling sessions, skill-building exercises, referrals to support services, advocacy on behalf of
the client, or any other strategies aimed at achieving the established goals.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation: Throughout the intervention, progress is regularly monitored to

determine if the strategies are effective in achieving the desired outcomes. Adjustments to the
intervention plan may be made as needed.

6. Documentation: Social workers and practitioners maintain detailed records of their interactions with
clients, the progress made, and any changes in the intervention plan. This documentation is essential for
accountability and continuity of care.
7. Termination and Follow-up: When the client's goals have been met or when it's determined that
further intervention is not needed, the intervention is terminated. However, follow-up and aftercare
may be provided to ensure that the client maintains the progress achieved and continues to have the
necessary support.

8. Ethical Considerations: Throughout the entire process, social workers and practitioners adhere to
ethical guidelines and principles, ensuring that interventions are conducted in a respectful, confidential,
and culturally sensitive manner.

The implementation/intervention process is highly individualized and varies depending on the specific
needs and goals of the client or group being served. It's important for practitioners to be flexible and
adaptable in their approach to best meet the needs of those they are assisting.

The process of evaluation typically involves assessing and determining the effectiveness, efficiency, or
outcomes of a program, project, process, or individual's performance. Evaluation can occur through
various methods and stages, and here's a general overview of how it is typically carried out:

1. **Define Objectives and Criteria:** Start by clearly defining what you want to evaluate and what
criteria you will use to measure success or effectiveness. This could involve setting specific goals,
objectives, or performance indicators.

2. **Data Collection:** Gather relevant data and information. Depending on the evaluation's scope, this
can involve surveys, interviews, observations, document analysis, or performance metrics.

3. **Data Analysis:** Analyze the collected data to assess the current state or performance. This may
involve statistical analysis, qualitative analysis, or other appropriate methods.

4. **Comparison:** Compare the current state or performance against the established criteria or
objectives. This step helps in understanding whether the goals have been met or if there is room for
improvement.
5. **Interpretation:** Interpret the findings from the data analysis. This involves making sense of the
data and understanding its implications. It may also involve identifying trends, patterns, or areas that
need attention.

6. **Recommendations:** Based on the evaluation findings, make recommendations for improvement

or changes. These recommendations should be specific and actionable.

7. **Feedback and Reporting:** Share the evaluation results and recommendations with relevant
stakeholders. This could include program managers, decision-makers, or those being evaluated.

8. **Decision-Making:** Use the evaluation results and recommendations to inform decision-making.

This could involve making changes to a program or project, allocating resources differently, or adjusting
strategies.

9. **Follow-up and Monitoring:** Implement any changes or improvements based on the evaluation.
Continuously monitor progress to ensure that the desired outcomes are achieved.

10. **Iterative Process:** Evaluation is often an iterative process. As changes are made, further
evaluations may be necessary to assess the impact of those changes and make further improvements.

Evaluation methods can vary widely depending on the context and the goals of the evaluation. It's
important to choose the most appropriate methods and tools to ensure that the evaluation process is
valid, reliable, and provides useful insights for decision-making.

Continuation and termination in the context of a therapeutic or counseling relationship typically refer to
the phases of ending the professional interaction between a client and a therapist or counselor. Here's
how continuation and termination occur:

1. **Continuation Phase**:

- The continuation phase begins after the initial assessment and establishment of therapeutic goals.

- During this phase, the therapist or counselor and the client work together to address the client's
issues and achieve the goals set in the treatment plan.
 - Regular therapy sessions or meetings occur as scheduled, and progress is monitored.

- Adjustments to the treatment plan may be made based on the client's progress and evolving needs.

2. **Termination Phase**:

- The termination phase is the planned ending of the therapeutic relationship. It's a crucial part of the
process.

- It's initiated when the client and therapist believe that the client has made significant progress
toward their goals or has achieved the desired outcomes.

- Termination is discussed openly between the client and therapist, and it's usually not abrupt. It
involves preparation and reflection.

- The therapist and client review the progress made, discuss any remaining concerns or coping
strategies, and create a plan for managing future challenges independently.

- The termination phase may involve reducing the frequency of sessions before ending them entirely,
which allows for a gradual transition.

Termination is a significant part of therapy because it allows clients to reflect on their progress, gain
confidence in their ability to manage their issues independently, and provide closure to the therapeutic
relationship. It's also an opportunity for the therapist to assess the effectiveness of the treatment and
ensure that the client is well-prepared for life after therapy.

Implementing a plan in social work involves several key steps:

1. Assessment: Begin by thoroughly assessing the client's needs, strengths, and challenges. This forms
the foundation for the plan.

2. Goal Setting: Collaborate with the client to set clear, realistic, and measurable goals. Ensure that these
goals are client-centered and aligned with their needs.

3. Planning: Develop a detailed plan that outlines specific interventions and strategies to achieve the
established goals. Consider the client's resources, preferences, and any ethical considerations.
4. Mobilize Resources: Identify and access resources, services, and supports that can help the client
reach their goals. This may involve connecting them with community resources, healthcare services, or
counseling.

5. Implementation: Put the plan into action, working closely with the client to provide support,
guidance, and interventions as needed. Monitor progress and make adjustments as necessary.

6. Documentation: Maintain accurate and detailed records of all interactions, assessments,

interventions, and progress toward goals. This is essential for accountability and future reference.

7. Evaluation: Periodically assess the effectiveness of the plan and its impact on the client's well-being.
Make adjustments as needed to better meet the client's needs.

8. Collaboration: Collaborate with other professionals and agencies as required, such as healthcare
providers, educators, or legal authorities, to ensure holistic support for the client.

9. Ethical Considerations: Always adhere to ethical guidelines and standards in social work, maintaining
confidentiality and ensuring the client's rights are respected.

10. Closure and Follow-Up: When the client has achieved their goals or is no longer in need of services,
close the case with a formal review and follow-up plan to ensure sustained well-being.

Effective communication and empathy are essential throughout the process to build trust and rapport
with the client. Additionally, cultural competence and sensitivity to diversity are crucial in providing
inclusive and equitable social work services.

In social work, there are various types of assistance or services provided to individuals, families, and
communities to address their specific needs and challenges. Here are some common types of assistance
in social work:
1. **Counseling and Therapy:** Social workers often provide counseling and therapy services to help
individuals cope with emotional, psychological, and behavioral issues. This can include individual, family,
or group therapy.

2. **Case Management:** Case managers help clients navigate complex systems of care and access
necessary services. They coordinate resources, such as housing, healthcare, and employment support,
to meet clients' needs.

3. **Child Welfare Services:** Social workers in child welfare focus on the well-being and safety of
children. They may investigate reports of abuse or neglect, provide family support, and facilitate foster
care or adoption placements.

4. **Medical Social Work:** In healthcare settings, medical social workers assist patients and their
families in coping with medical diagnoses, treatment plans, and healthcare-related challenges. They may
also assist with end-of-life care and planning.

5. **School Social Work:** Social workers in schools provide support to students, families, and
educators. They address issues like bullying, truancy, special education services, and family dynamics
that affect a child's educational experience.

6. **Mental Health Services:** Social workers in mental health settings work with individuals
experiencing mental health disorders. They provide assessments, therapy, and support to help clients
improve their mental well-being.

7. **Substance Abuse Treatment:** Social workers in substance abuse treatment programs help
individuals struggling with addiction. They provide counseling, support groups, and referrals to
rehabilitation facilities.

8. **Geriatric Social Work:** Social workers specializing in gerontology work with older adults and their
families to address aging-related issues, such as long-term care planning, elder abuse prevention, and
healthcare advocacy.
9. **Housing and Homelessness Services:** Social workers in this field assist individuals and families in
securing stable housing, addressing homelessness, and accessing resources like shelters and affordable
housing programs.

10. **Community Development:** Some social workers focus on community-level interventions. They
work to improve community resources, social services, and advocate for policy changes to address
systemic issues.

11. **Immigrant and Refugee Services:** Social workers provide support to immigrants and refugees,
helping them navigate legal processes, access healthcare, find housing, and adapt to their new
communities.

12. **Domestic Violence and Crisis Intervention:** Social workers in this field support survivors of
domestic violence and other crises. They offer safety planning, counseling, and referrals to legal and
support services.

These are just a few examples, and social work encompasses a wide range of specialties and areas of
practice. Social workers tailor their assistance to the unique needs of their clients and communities,
always with the goal of promoting well-being, resilience, and social justice.

The duration of service in social work can vary widely depending on an individual's career goals, the
specific field of social work they choose, and their educational background. Here are some general
guidelines:

1. Bachelor's in Social Work (BSW): BSW graduates can typically begin working in entry-level social work
positions immediately after completing their degree. Many social workers with a BSW work in this field
for their entire careers, while others may pursue further education and specialization.

2. Master's in Social Work (MSW): Those who pursue an MSW typically spend 2-3 years in graduate
school. After obtaining their MSW, social workers often work in a more advanced or specialized role.
Some may continue in these roles for their entire careers, while others may eventually pursue doctoral
degrees or leadership positions.
3. Doctoral Degrees (Ph.D. or DSW): Social workers who seek advanced research or academic positions
may pursue doctoral degrees. This can add several more years to their educational journey. Doctoral-
level social workers often engage in research, teaching, and leadership roles in addition to direct
practice.

4. Lifelong Learning: Regardless of their initial education level, many social workers engage in ongoing
professional development, training, and continuing education throughout their careers to stay current
with best practices and emerging trends in the field.

In summary, the duration of service in social work can range from a few years for some to an entire
career for others. It often depends on an individual's educational path, career goals, and evolving
interests within the field.

Evaluation in social work refers to the systematic process of assessing the effectiveness, efficiency, and
impact of social work programs, interventions, or services. It plays a crucial role in ensuring that social
workers provide the best possible support to individuals, families, and communities. Here are some key
aspects of evaluation in social work:

1. **Assessment**: Evaluation begins with a thorough assessment of the needs, strengths, and
challenges of the client or community. This serves as a baseline for measuring progress.

2. **Setting Goals and Objectives**: Clear and measurable goals and objectives are established to guide
the intervention or program. These goals should be aligned with the client's or community's needs.

3. **Data Collection**: Data is collected through various methods, including surveys, interviews,
observations, and record reviews. Both quantitative and qualitative data may be gathered.

4. **Analysis**: The collected data is analyzed to determine whether the goals and objectives are being
met. This involves comparing the current situation to the baseline assessment.

5. **Feedback and Adjustment**: Social workers use evaluation findings to make informed decisions
about the intervention. If necessary, adjustments are made to improve the effectiveness of the services
provided.
6. **Stakeholder Involvement**: Evaluation often involves input from clients, community members, and
other stakeholders to ensure their perspectives are considered.

7. **Ethical Considerations**: Ethical principles, such as confidentiality and informed consent, must be
upheld throughout the evaluation process.

8. **Reporting and Communication**: The results of the evaluation are typically communicated to
stakeholders, including clients, funding agencies, and policymakers. This helps in transparency and
accountability.

9. **Continuous Improvement**: Evaluation is an ongoing process, and feedback from previous

evaluations is used to improve future interventions or programs.

10. **Cultural Competence**: Social workers must be culturally competent in their evaluation practices,
respecting diverse backgrounds and perspectives.

11. **Evidence-Based Practice**: Evaluation contributes to the development of evidence-based

practices in social work, ensuring that interventions are based on research and proven methods.

Overall, evaluation in social work is a dynamic and essential component of the profession, helping to
ensure that social workers provide effective and ethical services that meet the needs of the individuals
and communities they serve.

Evaluation in social work involves a range of activities to assess and improve the effectiveness of social
work interventions, programs, and services. These activities typically include:

1. **Assessment and Planning**: Identifying the goals, objectives, and desired outcomes of the social
work intervention or program. This phase involves determining what needs to be evaluated and how it
will be done.
2. **Data Collection**: Gathering relevant information through various methods, including interviews,
surveys, observations, and record reviews. Quantitative and qualitative data may be collected to provide
a comprehensive view.

3. **Data Analysis**: Analyzing the collected data to determine trends, patterns, and the overall impact
of the intervention. This often involves statistical analysis for quantitative data and thematic analysis for
qualitative data.

4. **Feedback and Reporting**: Sharing evaluation findings with stakeholders, including clients,
program staff, funding agencies, and policymakers. Reports should be clear, concise, and tailored to the
audience.

5. **Utilization of Findings**: Using the evaluation results to make informed decisions about the
intervention or program. This may involve adjusting strategies, modifying services, or allocating
resources differently.

6. **Continuous Monitoring**: Ongoing tracking of program activities and outcomes to ensure that they
align with the established goals and objectives.

7. **Stakeholder Engagement**: Involving clients, community members, and other relevant

stakeholders in the evaluation process to gather their perspectives and input.

8. **Ethical Considerations**: Adhering to ethical principles throughout the evaluation process,

including protecting confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, and ensuring the well-being of clients.

9. **Cultural Competence**: Recognizing and respecting cultural diversity in data collection and analysis
to ensure that the evaluation is culturally sensitive and relevant.

10. **Quality Improvement**: Identifying areas for improvement in social work practice and making
adjustments based on evaluation findings.
11. **Documentation**: Maintaining thorough records of the evaluation process, data collection, and
analysis to ensure transparency and accountability.

12. **Research and Evidence-Based Practice**: Using research methodologies and evidence-based
practices to inform the evaluation process and make data-driven decisions.

13. **Feedback Loops**: Establishing mechanisms for feedback from clients and stakeholders to ensure
that their needs and concerns are addressed.

14. **Resource Allocation**: Assessing whether resources (such as time, personnel, and funding) are
being utilized effectively and efficiently.

15. **Training and Capacity Building**: Providing training and support to social workers and program
staff to enhance their evaluation skills and understanding.

16. **Long-Term Impact Assessment**: Evaluating the sustained impact of social work interventions on
clients and communities over an extended period.

These activities are interconnected and iterative, allowing social workers to continuously improve their
services and make a positive impact on the individuals and communities they serve. Evaluation in social
work is a dynamic and essential process that contributes to evidence-based practice and accountability.

In social work, the decision to terminate or continue services for a client is a critical one and is made
based on several factors. Here's an overview of these considerations:

**Termination**:

1. **Goal Achievement**: If the client has achieved the goals and objectives set at the beginning of the
intervention, it may be appropriate to terminate services. The client's progress and satisfaction should
be assessed.
2. **Client Autonomy**: Social workers respect the autonomy of their clients. If a client no longer
wishes to receive services or believes they have gained the necessary skills to cope independently,
termination may be initiated.

3. **Resource Constraints**: Limited resources and funding may necessitate termination when the
client's immediate needs have been adequately addressed, and other clients require assistance.

4. **Changing Circumstances**: Sometimes, a client's circumstances change, making continued services

unnecessary. For example, a client who was struggling with housing issues may have found stable
housing.

5. **Ineffectiveness**: If an intervention or service has not yielded positive results despite reasonable
efforts, it may be decided to terminate and explore alternative approaches.

**Continuation**:

1. **Unmet Goals**: If the client's goals and objectives have not been achieved, and there is still a need
for social work intervention, services are typically continued. The social worker and client should
reevaluate and adjust the plan as needed.

2. **Client Request**: If the client expresses a desire to continue receiving services or support, their
preferences should be respected, provided that it aligns with their best interests.

3. **Emerging Needs**: New challenges or needs may arise during the course of an intervention that
necessitate continued services. Flexibility in responding to evolving needs is essential.

4. **Preventive Care**: In cases where ongoing support can prevent relapse or the emergence of new
problems, it may be beneficial to continue services as a form of preventive care.

5. **Complex or Long-Term Issues**: Clients dealing with complex or chronic issues, such as mental
health disorders or substance abuse, often require long-term support and monitoring.
6. **Crisis Intervention**: If a client is in a crisis or high-risk situation, services may need to continue
until the immediate crisis is resolved and a safety plan is in place.

The decision to terminate or continue services in social work should be made collaboratively between
the social worker and the client, taking into account the client's needs, preferences, and progress
toward their goals. Ethical considerations, cultural sensitivity, and the best interests of the client should
always guide this decision-making process. Additionally, it's important to provide clients with
appropriate referrals or resources when services are terminated to ensure a smooth transition, if
needed.