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This page intentionally left blank
 CONTENTS

Preface xxiii

Part I The Context of Database Management 1

An Overview of Part One 1

Chapter 1 The Database Environment and Development Process 2

Learning Objectives 2
Data Matter! 2
Introduction 3
Basic Concepts and Definitions 5
Data 5
Data Versus Information 6
Metadata 7
Traditional File Processing Systems 8
File Processing Systems at Pine Valley Furniture Company 8
Disadvantages of File Processing Systems 8
PROGRAM-DATA DEPENDENCE 8
DUPLICATION OF DATA 9
LIMITED DATA SHARING 9
LENGTHY DEVELOPMENT TIMES 9
EXCESSIVE PROGRAM MAINTENANCE 9
The Database Approach 10
Data Models 10
ENTITIES 10
RELATIONSHIPS 10
Relational Databases 10
Database Management Systems 11
Advantages of the Database Approach 12
PROGRAM-DATA INDEPENDENCE 13
PLANNED DATA REDUNDANCY 13
IMPROVED DATA CONSISTENCY 13
IMPROVED DATA SHARING 13
INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY OF APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 13
ENFORCEMENT OF STANDARDS 13
IMPROVED DATA QUALITY 14
IMPROVED DATA ACCESSIBILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS 14
REDUCED PROGRAM MAINTENANCE 14
IMPROVED DECISION SUPPORT 15
Cautions About Database Benefits 15
Costs and Risks of the Database Approach 15
NEW, SPECIALIZED PERSONNEL 15
INSTALLATION AND MANAGEMENT COST AND COMPLEXITY 15
CONVERSION COSTS 15
NEED FOR EXPLICIT BACKUP AND RECOVERY 15
ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICT 16
Components of the Database Environment 16

vii
viii Contents

The Database Development Process 17

Systems Development Life Cycle 18
PLANNING—ENTERPRISE MODELING 19
PLANNING—CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING 19
ANALYSIS—CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING 20
DESIGN—LOGICAL DATABASE DESIGN 20
DESIGN—PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND DEFINITION 20
IMPLEMENTATION—DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION 21
MAINTENANCE—DATABASE MAINTENANCE 21
Alternative Information Systems (IS) Development Approaches 21
Three-Schema Architecture for Database Development 23
Managing the People Involved in Database Development 23
Evolution of Database Systems 25
1960s 25
1970s 27
1980s 27
1990s 27
2000 and Beyond 27
The Range of Database Applications 28
Personal Databases 28
Two-Tier Client/Server Databases 29
Multitier Client/Server Databases 29
Enterprise Applications 30
Developing a Database Application for Pine Valley Furniture
Company 31
Database Evolution at Pine Valley Furniture Company 33
Project Planning 33
Analyzing Database Requirements 34
Designing the Database 36
Using the Database 39
Administering the Database 41
Future of Databases at Pine Valley 41
Summary 41 • Key Terms 42 • Review Questions 43 •
Problems and Exercises 44 • Field Exercises 45 •
References 46 • Further Reading 46 • Web Resources 47
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 48

Part II Database Analysis 53

An Overview of Part Two 53

Chapter 2 Modeling Data in the Organization 55

Learning Objectives 55
Introduction 55
The E-R Model: An Overview 57
Sample E-R Diagram 57
E-R Model Notation 59
Modeling the Rules of the Organization 60
Overview of Business Rules 61
THE BUSINESS RULES PARADIGM 61
 Contents ix

Scope of Business Rules 62

GOOD BUSINESS RULES 62
GATHERING BUSINESS RULES 63
Data Names and Definitions 63
DATA NAMES 63
DATA DEFINITIONS 64
GOOD DATA DEFINITIONS 64
Modeling Entities and Attributes 66
Entities 66
ENTITY TYPE VERSUS ENTITY INSTANCE 66
ENTITY TYPE VERSUS SYSTEM INPUT, OUTPUT, OR USER 66
STRONG VERSUS WEAK ENTITY TYPES 67
NAMING AND DEFINING ENTITY TYPES 68
Attributes 70
REQUIRED VERSUS OPTIONAL ATTRIBUTES 70
SIMPLE VERSUS COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTES 71
SINGLE-VALUED VERSUS MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES 71
STORED VERSUS DERIVED ATTRIBUTES 72
IDENTIFIER ATTRIBUTE 72
NAMING AND DEFINING ATTRIBUTES 73
Modeling Relationships 75
Basic Concepts and Definitions in Relationships 76
ATTRIBUTES ON RELATIONSHIPS 77
ASSOCIATIVE ENTITIES 77
Degree of a Relationship 79
UNARY RELATIONSHIP 79
BINARY RELATIONSHIP 81
TERNARY RELATIONSHIP 82
Attributes or Entity? 83
Cardinality Constraints 85
MINIMUM CARDINALITY 85
MAXIMUM CARDINALITY 85
Some Examples of Relationships and Their Cardinalities 86
A TERNARY RELATIONSHIP 87
Modeling Time-Dependent Data 87
Modeling Multiple Relationships Between Entity Types 90
Naming and Defining Relationships 92
E-R Modeling Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company 93
Database Processing at Pine Valley Furniture 96
Showing Product Information 96
Showing Product Line Information 97
Showing Customer Order Status 97
Showing Product Sales 98
Summary 99 • Key Terms 100 • Review Questions 100 •
Problems and Exercises 101 • Field Exercises 108 •
References 109 • Further Reading 109 • Web Resources 109
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 110

Chapter 3 The Enhanced E-R Model 112

Learning Objectives 112
Introduction 112
x Contents

Representing Supertypes and Subtypes 113

Basic Concepts and Notation 114
AN EXAMPLE OF A SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIP 115
ATTRIBUTE INHERITANCE 116
WHEN TO USE SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 116
Representing Specialization and Generalization 117
GENERALIZATION 117
SPECIALIZATION 119
COMBINING SPECIALIZATION AND GENERALIZATION 120
Specifying Constraints in Supertype/Subtype Relationships 120
Specifying Completeness Constraints 120
TOTAL SPECIALIZATION RULE 120
PARTIAL SPECIALIZATION RULE 121
Specifying Disjointness Constraints 121
DISJOINT RULE 121
OVERLAP RULE 122
Defining Subtype Discriminators 122
DISJOINT SUBTYPES 123
OVERLAPPING SUBTYPES 123
Defining Supertype/Subtype Hierarchies 124
AN EXAMPLE OF A SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE HIERARCHY 124
SUMMARY OF SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE HIERARCHIES 125
EER Modeling Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company 126
Entity Clustering 129
Packaged Data Models 132
A Revised Data Modeling Process with Packaged Data Models 134
Packaged Data Model Examples 136
Summary 141 • Key Terms 142 • Review Questions 142 •
Problems and Exercises 143 • Field Exercises 146 •
References 146 • Further Reading 146 • Web Resources 147
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 148

Part III Database Design 151

An Overview of Part Three 151

Chapter 4 Logical Database Design and the Relational Model 153

Learning Objectives 153
Introduction 153
The Relational Data Model 154
Basic Definitions 154
RELATIONAL DATA STRUCTURE 155
RELATIONAL KEYS 155
PROPERTIES OF RELATIONS 156
REMOVING MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES FROM TABLES 156
Sample Database 156
Integrity Constraints 158
Domain Constraints 158
Entity Integrity 158
Referential Integrity 160
 Contents xi

Creating Relational Tables 161

Well-Structured Relations 162
Transforming EER Diagrams into Relations 163
Step 1: Map Regular Entities 164
COMPOSITE ATTRIBUTES 164
MULTIVALUED ATTRIBUTES 165
Step 2: Map Weak Entities 165
WHEN TO CREATE A SURROGATE KEY 166
Step 3: Map Binary Relationships 167
MAP BINARY ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 167
MAP BINARY MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 167
MAP BINARY ONE-TO-ONE RELATIONSHIPS 168
Step 4: Map Associative Entities 169
IDENTIFIER NOT ASSIGNED 169
IDENTIFIER ASSIGNED 170
Step 5: Map Unary Relationships 171
UNARY ONE-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 171
UNARY MANY-TO-MANY RELATIONSHIPS 171
Step 6: Map Ternary (and n-ary) Relationships 173
Step 7: Map Supertype/Subtype Relationships 173
Summary of EER-to-Relational Transformations 175
Introduction to Normalization 176
Steps in Normalization 177
Functional Dependencies and Keys 178
DETERMINANTS 178
CANDIDATE KEYS 178
Normalization Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company 180
Step 0: Represent the View in Tabular Form 180
Step 1: Convert to First Normal Form 181
REMOVE REPEATING GROUPS 181
SELECT THE PRIMARY KEY 181
ANOMALIES IN 1NF 182
Step 2: Convert to Second Normal Form 182
Step 3: Convert to Third Normal Form 183
REMOVING TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 184
Determinants and Normalization 185
Step 4: Further Normalization 185
Merging Relations 185
An Example 186
View Integration Problems 186
SYNONYMS 186
HOMONYMS 187
TRANSITIVE DEPENDENCIES 187
SUPERTYPE/SUBTYPE RELATIONSHIPS 188
A Final Step for Defining Relational Keys 188
Summary 190 • Key Terms 192 • Review Questions 192 •
Problems and Exercises 193 • Field Exercises 200 •
References 200 • Further Reading 201 • Web Resources 201
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 202
xii Contents

Chapter 5 Physical Database Design and Performance 206

Learning Objectives 206
Introduction 206
The Physical Database Design Process 207
Physical Database Design as a Basis for Regulatory Compliance 208
Data Volume and Usage Analysis 209
Designing Fields 210
Choosing Data Types 211
CODING TECHNIQUES 212
HANDLING MISSING DATA 213
Denormalizing and Partitioning Data 213
Denormalization 213
OPPORTUNITIES FOR AND TYPES OF DENORMALIZATION 214
DENORMALIZE WITH CAUTION 216
Partitioning 217
Designing Physical Database Files 219
File Organizations 220
SEQUENTIAL FILE ORGANIZATIONS 221
INDEXED FILE ORGANIZATIONS 221
HASHED FILE ORGANIZATIONS 224
Clustering Files 226
Designing Controls for Files 227
Using and Selecting Indexes 228
Creating a Unique Key Index 228
Creating a Secondary (Nonunique) Key Index 228
When to Use Indexes 229
Designing a Database for Optimal Query Performance 230
Parallel Query Processing 230
Overriding Automatic Query Optimization 231
Summary 232 • Key Terms 233 • Review Questions 233 •
Problems and Exercises 233 • Field Exercises 236 •
References 236 • Further Reading 237 • Web Resources 237
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 238

Part IV Implementation 241

An Overview of Part Four 241

Chapter 6 Introduction to SQL 243

Learning Objectives 243
Introduction 243
Origins of the SQL Standard 245
The SQL Environment 246
Defining a Database in SQL 251
Generating SQL Database Definitions 252
Creating Tables 252
Creating Data Integrity Controls 255
Changing Table Definitions 256
Removing Tables 257
 Contents xiii

Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Data 257

Batch Input 258
Deleting Database Contents 259
Updating Database Contents 259
Internal Schema Definition in RDBMSs 260
Creating Indexes 260
Processing Single Tables 261
Clauses of the SELECT Statement 261
Using Expressions 263
Using Functions 264
Using Wildcards 267
Using Comparison Operators 267
Using Null Values 268
Using Boolean Operators 268
Using Ranges for Qualification 270
Using Distinct Values 271
Using IN and NOT IN with Lists 273
Sorting Results: The ORDER BY Clause 273
Categorizing Results: The GROUP BY Clause 274
Qualifying Results by Categories: The HAVING Clause 275
Using and Defining Views 277
MATERIALIZED VIEWS 281
Summary 281 • Key Terms 282 • Review Questions 282 •
Problems and Exercises 283 • Field Exercises 286 •
References 286 • Further Reading 287 • Web Resources 287
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 288

Chapter 7 Advanced SQL 289

Learning Objectives 289
Introduction 289
Processing Multiple Tables 290
Equi-join 291
Natural Join 292
Outer Join 293
Sample Join Involving Four Tables 295
Self-Join 297
Subqueries 298
Correlated Subqueries 303
Using Derived Tables 305
Combining Queries 306
Conditional Expressions 308
More Complicated SQL Queries 308
Tips for Developing Queries 310
Guidelines for Better Query Design 312
Ensuring Transaction Integrity 314
Data Dictionary Facilities 315
SQL:2008 Enhancements and Extensions to SQL 317
xiv Contents

Analytical and OLAP Functions 317

New Data Types 319
Other Enhancements 319
Programming Extensions 320
Triggers and Routines 321
Triggers 322
Routines 324
Example Routine in Oracle’s PL/SQL 325
Embedded SQL and Dynamic SQL 327
Summary 329 • Key Terms 330 • Review Questions 330 •
Problems and Exercises 331 • Field Exercises 334 •
References 334 • Further Reading 334 • Web Resources 334
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 335

Chapter 8 Database Application Development 336

Learning Objectives 336
Location, Location, Location! 336
Introduction 337
Client/Server Architectures 337
Databases in a Two-Tier Architecture 339
A VB.NET Example 341
A Java Example 343
Three-Tier Architectures 344
Web Application Components 346
Databases in Three-Tier Applications 348
A JSP Web Application 348
A PHP Example 352
An ASP.NET Example 352
Key Considerations in Three-Tier Applications 354
Stored Procedures 355
Transactions 356
Database Connections 358
Key Benefits of Three-Tier Applications 358
Cloud Computing and Three-Tier Applications 359
Extensible Markup Language (XML) 360
Storing XML Documents 362
Retrieving XML Documents 362
Displaying XML Data 365
XML and Web Services 365
Summary 369 • Key Terms 369 • Review Questions 370 •
Problems and Exercises 370 • Field Exercises 371 •
References 371 • Further Reading 371 • Web Resources 371
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 373

Chapter 9 Data Warehousing 375

Learning Objectives 375
Introduction 375
Basic Concepts of Data Warehousing 377
 Contents xv

A Brief History of Data Warehousing 377

The Need for Data Warehousing 377
NEED FOR A COMPANY-WIDE VIEW 378
NEED TO SEPARATE OPERATIONAL AND INFORMATIONAL SYSTEMS 381
Data Warehouse Architectures 381
Independent Data Mart Data Warehousing Environment 381
Dependent Data Mart and Operational Data Store Architecture:
A Three-Level Approach 383
Logical Data Mart and Real-Time Data Warehouse Architecture 385
Three-Layer Data Architecture 388
ROLE OF THE ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL 389
ROLE OF METADATA 389
Some Characteristics of Data Warehouse Data 389
Status Versus Event Data 389
Transient Versus Periodic Data 390
An Example of Transient and Periodic Data 390
TRANSIENT DATA 390
PERIODIC DATA 392
OTHER DATA WAREHOUSE CHANGES 392
The Derived Data Layer 393
Characteristics of Derived Data 393
The Star Schema 394
FACT TABLES AND DIMENSION TABLES 394
EXAMPLE STAR SCHEMA 395
SURROGATE KEY 397
GRAIN OF THE FACT TABLE 397
DURATION OF THE DATABASE 398
SIZE OF THE FACT TABLE 398
MODELING DATE AND TIME 399
Variations of the Star Schema 400
MULTIPLE FACT TABLES 400
FACTLESS FACT TABLES 401
Normalizing Dimension Tables 401
MULTIVALUED DIMENSIONS 402
HIERARCHIES 403
Slowly Changing Dimensions 405
Determining Dimensions and Facts 408
Big Data and Colunnar Databases 408
If You Knew SQL Like I NoSQL 411
The User Interface 412
Role of Metadata 412
SQL OLAP Querying 413
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) Tools 415
SLICING A CUBE 416
DRILL-DOWN 416
SUMMARIZING MORE THAN THREE DIMENSIONS 417
Data Visualization 417
Business Performance Management and Dashboards 418
Data-Mining Tools 419
xvi Contents

DATA-MINING TECHNIQUES 419

DATA-MINING APPLICATIONS 420
Summary 421 • Key Terms 421 • Review Questions 422 •
Problems and Exercises 422 • Field Exercises 426 •
References 427 • Further Reading 427 • Web Resources 427
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 429

Part V Advanced Database Topics 433

An Overview of Part Five 433

Chapter 10 Data Quality and Integration 435

Learning Objectives 435
Introduction 435
Data Governance 436
Managing Data Quality 437
Characteristics of Quality Data 438
EXTERNAL DATA SOURCES 439
REDUNDANT DATA STORAGE AND INCONSISTENT METADATA 440
DATA ENTRY PROBLEMS 440
LACK OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT 440
Data Quality Improvement 440
GET THE BUSINESS BUY-IN 440
CONDUCT A DATA QUALITY AUDIT 441
ESTABLISH A DATA STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM 442
IMPROVE DATA CAPTURE PROCESSES 442
APPLY MODERN DATA MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGY 443
APPLY TQM PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES 443
Summary of Data Quality 443
Master Data Management 444
Data Integration: An Overview 445
General Approaches to Data Integration 445
DATA FEDERATION 446
DATA PROPAGATION 447
Data Integration for Data Warehousing: The Reconciled Data
Layer 447
Characteristics of Data After ETL 447
The ETL Process 448
MAPPING AND METADATA MANAGEMENT 448
EXTRACT 449
CLEANSE 450
LOAD AND INDEX 452
Data Transformation 453
Data Transformation Functions 454
RECORD-LEVEL FUNCTIONS 454
FIELD-LEVEL FUNCTIONS 455
Summary 457 • Key Terms 457 • Review Questions 457 •
Problems and Exercises 458 • Field Exercises 459 •
References 459 • Further Reading 460 • Web Resources 460
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 461
 Contents xvii

Chapter 11 Data and Database Administration 463

Learning Objectives 463
Introduction 463
The Roles of Data and Database Administrators 464
Traditional Data Administration 465
Traditional Database Administration 466
Trends in Database Administration 469
Data Warehouse Administration 470
Summary of Evolving Data Administration Roles 470
The Open Source Movement and Database Management 471
Managing Data Security 472
Threats to Data Security 473
Establishing Client/Server Security 474
SERVER SECURITY 474
NETWORK SECURITY 475
Application Security Issues in Three-Tier Client/Server
Environments 475
DATA PRIVACY 476
Database Software Data Security Features 477
Views 478
Integrity Controls 479
Authorization Rules 480
User-Defined Procedures 482
Encryption 482
Authentication Schemes 483
PASSWORDS 483
STRONG AUTHENTICATION 483
Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) and Databases 484
IT Change Management 484
Logical Access to Data 484
PERSONNEL CONTROLS 485
PHYSICAL ACCESS CONTROLS 485
IT Operations 485
Database Backup and Recovery 486
Basic Recovery Facilities 486
BACKUP FACILITIES 486
JOURNALIZING FACILITIES 487
CHECKPOINT FACILITY 487
RECOVERY MANAGER 488
Recovery and Restart Procedures 488
DISK MIRRORING 488
RESTORE/RERUN 488
MAINTAINING TRANSACTION INTEGRITY 488
BACKWARD RECOVERY 490
FORWARD RECOVERY 490
Types of Database Failure 491
ABORTED TRANSACTIONS 492
xviii Contents

INCORRECT DATA 492

SYSTEM FAILURE 492
DATABASE DESTRUCTION 492
Disaster Recovery 493
Controlling Concurrent Access 493
The Problem of Lost Updates 493
Serializability 494
Locking Mechanisms 494
LOCKING LEVEL 495
TYPES OF LOCKS 496
DEADLOCK 496
MANAGING DEADLOCK 497
Versioning 498
Data Dictionaries and Repositories 499
Data Dictionary 499
Repositories 499
Overview of Tuning the Database for Performance 501
Installation of the DBMS 501
Memory and Storage Space Usage 502
Input/Output (I/O) Contention 502
CPU Usage 503
Application Tuning 503
Data Availability 504
Costs of Downtime 504
Measures to Ensure Availability 505
HARDWARE FAILURES 505
LOSS OR CORRUPTION OF DATA 505
HUMAN ERROR 505
MAINTENANCE DOWNTIME 505
NETWORK-RELATED PROBLEMS 506
Summary 506 • Key Terms 507 • Review Questions 507 •
Problems and Exercises 508 • Field Exercises 510 •
References 511 • Further Reading 511 • Web Resources 511
▶ CASE: Mountain View Community Hospital 512

Chapter 12 Overview: Distributed Databases 513

Learning Objectives 513
Overview 513
Objectives and Trade-offs 514
Options for Distributing a Database 514
Distributed DBMS 515
Query Optimization 515
Summary 516 • Chapter Review 517 • References 517 •
Further Reading 517 • Web Resources 517

Chapter 13 Overview: Object-Oriented Data Modeling 518

Learning Objectives 518
Overview 518
Unified Modeling Language 519
Object-Oriented Data Modeling 519
 Contents xix

Representing Aggregation 525

Summary 525 • Chapter Review 526 • References 526 •
Further Reading 527 • Web Resources 527

Chapter 14 Overview: Using Relational Databases to Provide Object

Persistence 528
Learning Objectives 528
Overview 528
Providing Persistence for Objects Using Relational Databases 529
CALL-LEVEL APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES 529
SQL QUERY MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 530
OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 530
PROPRIETARY APPROACHES 530
SELECTING THE RIGHT APPROACH 530
Object-Relational Mapping Example 531
MAPPING FILES 532
Responsibilities of Object-Relational Mapping Frameworks 535
Summary 536 • Chapter Review 536 • References 536 •
Further Reading 537 • Web Resources 537

Appendix A Data Modeling Tools and Notation 538

Comparing E-R Modeling Conventions 538
Visio Professional 2010 Notation 538
ENTITIES 542
RELATIONSHIPS 542
CA ERwin Data Modeler r8 Notation 542
ENTITIES 542
RELATIONSHIPS 542
Sybase PowerDesigner 16 Notation 544
ENTITIES 545
RELATIONSHIPS 545
Oracle Designer Notation 545
ENTITIES 545
RELATIONSHIPS 545
Comparison of Tool Interfaces and E-R Diagrams 545

Appendix B Advanced Normal Forms 548

Boyce-Codd Normal Form 548
Anomalies in Student Advisor 548
Definition of Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) 549
Converting a Relation to BCNF 549
Fourth Normal Form 550
Multivalued Dependencies 552
Higher Normal Forms 552
Key Terms 553 • References 553 • Web Resources 553

Appendix C Data Structures 554

Pointers 554
Data Structure Building Blocks 555
Linear Data Structures 557
Stacks 558
xx Contents

Queues 558
Sorted Lists 559
Multilists 561
Hazards of Chain Structures 561
Trees 562
Balanced Trees 562
Reference 565

Glossary of Acronyms 566

Glossary of Terms 568
Index 576
 www.pearsonhighered.com/hoffer xxi

ONLINE CHAPTERS
Chapter 12 Distributed Databases 12-1
Learning Objectives 12-1
Introduction 12-1
Objectives and Trade-offs 12-4
Options for Distributing a Database 12-6
Data Replication 12-6
SNAPSHOT REPLICATION 12-7
NEAR-REAL-TIME REPLICATION 12-8
PULL REPLICATION 12-8
DATABASE INTEGRITY WITH REPLICATION 12-8
WHEN TO USE REPLICATION 12-8
Horizontal Partitioning 12-9
Vertical Partitioning 12-10
Combinations of Operations 12-11
Selecting the Right Data Distribution Strategy 12-11
Distributed DBMS 12-13
Location Transparency 12-15
Replication Transparency 12-16
Failure Transparency 12-17
Commit Protocol 12-17
Concurrency Transparency 12-18
TIME-STAMPING 12-18
Query Optimization 12-19
Evolution of Distributed DBMSs 12-21
Remote Unit of Work 12-22
Distributed Unit of Work 12-22
Distributed Request 12-23
Distributed DBMS Products 12-23
Summary 12-24 • Key Terms 12-25 • Review Questions 12-25 •
Problems and Exercises 12-26 • Field Exercises 12-27 •
References 12-28 • Further Reading 12-28 • Web Resources 12-28

Chapter 13 Object-Oriented Data Modeling 13-1

Learning Objectives 13-1
Introduction 13-1
Unified Modeling Language 13-3
Object-Oriented Data Modeling 13-4
Representing Objects and Classes 13-4
Types of Operations 13-6
Representing Associations 13-7
Representing Association Classes 13-10
Representing Derived Attributes, Derived Associations, and
Derived Roles 13-12
Representing Generalization 13-12
Interpreting Inheritance and Overriding 13-17
Representing Multiple Inheritance 13-18
Representing Aggregation 13-19
xxii Online Chapters

Business Rules 13-22

Object Modeling Example: Pine Valley Furniture Company 13-23
Summary 13-25 • Key Terms 13-26 • Review Questions 13-26 •
Problems and Exercises 13-29 • Field Exercises 13-35 •
References 13-35 • Further Reading 13-36 • Web Resources 13-36

Chapter 14 Using Relational Databases to Provide Object

Persistence 14-1
Learning Objectives 14-1
Introduction 14-1
Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch 14-3
Providing Persistence for Objects Using Relational Databases 14-6
Common Approaches 14-6
CALL-LEVEL APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACES 14-6
SQL QUERY MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 14-6
OBJECT-RELATIONAL MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 14-7
PROPRIETARY APPROACHES 14-7
Selecting the Right Approach 14-7
CALL-LEVEL APIS 14-8
SQL QUERY MAPPING FRAMEWORKS 14-9
ORM FRAMEWORKS 14-9
Object-Relational Mapping Example Using Hibernate 14-10
Foundation 14-10
Mapping Files 14-12
Hibernate Configuration 14-14
Mapping Object-Oriented Structures to a Relational Database 14-16
Class 14-16
Inheritance: Superclass–Subclass 14-16
One-to-One Association 14-18
Many-to-One and One-to-Many Associations 14-18
Aggregation and Composition 14-18
Many-to-Many Associations 14-19
Responsibilities of Object-Relational Mapping Frameworks 14-19
HQL 14-20
Summary 14-24 • Key Terms 14-25 • Review Questions 14-25 •
Problems and Exercises 14-26 • Field Exercises 14-26 •
References 14-26 • Further Reading 14-27 •
Web Resources 14-27
 PREFACE

This text is designed to be used with an introductory course in database management.

Such a course is usually required as part of an information systems curriculum in
business schools, computer technology programs, and applied computer science
departments. The Association for Information Systems (AIS), the Association for
Computing Machinery (ACM), and the International Federation of Information
Processing Societies (IFIPS) curriculum guidelines (e.g., IS 2010) all outline this type of
database management course. Previous editions of this text have been used successfully
for more than 29 years at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, as well as in
management and professional development programs.

WHAT’S NEW IN THIS EDITION?

This 11th edition of Modern Database Management updates and expands materials in
areas undergoing rapid change as a result of improved managerial practices, database
design tools and methodologies, and database technology. Later, we detail changes to
each chapter. The themes of this 11th edition reflect the major trends in the information
systems field and the skills required of modern information systems graduates:
• We have added brief coverage of new technologies to deal with large volumes
of data of different types that are becoming available, also known as “big data.”
Topics touched upon include column databases and NoSQL databases.
• We also introduce the concept of cloud computing and its possible impact on
database application development as well database administration.
In addition to the new topics covered, specific improvements to the textbook have
been made in the following areas:
• Several chapters that went through significant edits in the 10th edition have been
revisited to streamline coverage to ensure relevance with current technologies and
eliminate redundancies.
• End-of-chapter material (review questions, problems and exercises, and/or field
exercises) in every chapter has been revised with new material.
• The material on SQL has been revised with updated figures that graphically depict
the set processing logic of SQL queries, which gives students, especially visual
learners, new tools to use when writing queries.
• The figures in several chapters were updated to reflect the changing landscape of
technologies that are being used in modern organizations.
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