Types Of Reactions & Changes – Experiment, Viva Voce

Experiment

Aim
To carry out the following chemical reactions and classify them as physical or chemical
changes.

1. Iron with copper sulphate solution in water.

2. Burning of magnesium ribbon in air.
3. Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.
4. Heating of copper sulphate.
5. Sodium sulphate with barium chloride in the form of their solutions in water.

Theory

1. Physical Change: When there is no change in the composition of a substance

and no change in chemical nature of the substance, such change is called as
physical change.
2. In physical change, the interconversion of state takes place. For example,

3. Chemical Change: It is a change which brings change in the chemical properties

of matter and a new substance is obtained. For example, burning of oil, fuel.
4. In a chemical change – heat is evolved or taken in, formation of bubbles, gas,
fumes takes place, there is a change in colour of the reactants when they form a
product.

The chemical reactions are of four types:

1. Combination reaction: Two elements/compounds combine to form a single

product.
2. Decomposition reaction: When a compound decomposes/breaks due to energy,
heat, light or electricity to form simpler substance.
 3. Displacement reaction: It takes place when more reactive metal reacts with the
salt of less reactive metal and displaces it to form a new compound.

4. Double displacement reaction: In this reaction when two salts are mixed together
in solution form then exchange of ions takes place and a new product is obtained.
E.g.

Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, a pair of tongs, Bunsen burner.

Chemicals Required
Iron filings, copper sulphate solution, magnesium ribbon, zinc granules, dilute sulphuric
acid, sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions and copper sulphate crystals.

Procedure

Iron with copper sulphate solution in water

Reactions of Fe+

Burning of magnesium ribbon in air

Reaction of

Zinc with dilute sulphuric acid.

Reactions of
Reaction: Zn(s) +

Heating of copper sulphate salt

Reaction of heat on crystals.

Reaction of sodium sulphate and barium sulphate solutions.

Reaction of

Precautions

1. Use all the chemicals in very less quantity.

2. Use test tube holder for heating.
3. Clean magnesium ribbon with sand paper and use fire tongs for holding
magnesium ribbon.
4. Handle the acids and alkalies carefully.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Why is a chemical change called a chemical reaction?
Answer:
In chemical change, two or more substances react together to form a new product with
new properties, so it is called a chemical reaction.

Question 2:
State four different types of chemical reactions.
Answer:
Combination reaction, decomposition reaction, displacement reaction and double
displacement reaction.
 Melting Point Of Ice & Boiling Point Of Water – Experiment,
Viva Voce

EXPERIMENT

Aim
To determine the melting point of ice and boiling point of water.

Theory

1. Melting Point: The temperature at which the solid changes into liquid at the
atmospheric pressure is called melting point. For example, ice melts at 0°C to
form water.
2. Boiling Point: The temperature at which the liquid boils and changes into
gaseous state at the atmospheric pressure is called boiling point. For example,
water boils at 100°C to form water vapour (at 76 cm pressure).
3. Latent Heat of Fusion: The heat energy absorbed during the melting of ice is
stored in the water formed, this energy is called latent heat of fusion. The amount
of heat energy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure at its melting point is known as the latent heat of fusion.
4. Latent Heat of Vaporisation: The heat energy absorbed by water when it
changed its phase to steam, this hidden heat is called latent heat of Vaporisation.

Conditions Affecting Melting Point and Boiling Point

Materials Required
Two thermometers, (Celsius scale), boiling tube, a glass rod, two iron stands, a Bunsen
burner, wire gauze, beakers, tripod stand, distilled water, ice cubes prepared from
distilled water.

Procedure
(A)To determine the boiling point of water.

1. Take 25-30 ml of water in a boiling tube and add few pumice stones to it.
 2. Clamp the boiling tube on iron stand with two holed cork, in one hole fix the
thermometer and in the other one fix the delivery tube.
3. Place the thermometer above the water in the flask as shown in the figure and
record its temperature.
4. Place a burner under the boiling tube.
5. Read the temperature and record it in the given observation table till the water
boils. Record the reading after the time interval of 1 minute.

Observation Table

Result

1. Boiling Point of water is 100 °C.

2. Once the boiling point is attained the temperature reading on thermometer does
not change for some time.

(B)To determine the melting point of ice.

1. Take a beaker half-filled with the dry crushed ice obtained from distilled water.
 2. Suspend a Celsius thermometer from the clamp stand such that the bulb of the
thermometer is completely surrounded by ice.
3. Read the thermometer reading and record the temperature after every 1 minute till
the ice melts and the thermometer reading remains stationary for 2 minutes.
4. Note the readings in the observation table.

Observation Table

Result

1. Melting point of ice is 0 °C.

2. Once the melting of ice begins the temperature remains constant for some time.

Precautions

1. Choose a better quality thermometer whose graduated scale is clearly readable.

2. Record the temperature in whole numbers.
3. While reading the thermometer the eye level should be parallel with mercury level.
4. Dip only the bulb of thermometer into water/ice.
5. Thermometer should not touch the walls of beaker or boiling tube.
 Mixture & Compound – Experiment, Viva Voce

Experiment

Aim
To prepare:

1. a mixture
2. a compound

Using iron filings and sulphur powder and distinguish between these on the basis of:

1. Appearance i.e., homogeneity and heterogeneity.

2. Behaviour towards a magnet
3. Behaviour towards carbon disulphide as a solvent.
4. Effect of heat.

Theory

Mixture: When two or more than two substances mix together in any proportion
physically and do not show any chemical change, retain their individual properties, then
they form a mixture.
Compound: When two or more than two substances combine together chemically in a
fixed ratio, such that they can be separated only by chemical means, then a compound
is formed.
Differences between Mixture and Compound:

Mixture

Separation of Iron and Sulphur from its Mixture

Compound

Separation of Iron and Sulphur from its compound

Materials Required
Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, hard glass test tube, Bunsen burner, tripod
stand, wire gauze, magnet, China dish and a watch glass.

Chemicals Required
Iron filings, sulphur powder, carbon disulphide.

Procedure

1. Preparation of a mixture of iron and sulphur powder.

Take a pinch of iron filings and two pinch of sulphur powder, mix them thoroughly.
The product obtained is mixture of iron and sulphur. Keep it in a watch glass (A).
2. Preparation of the compound of iron and sulphur.
Take a pinch of iron filing and a pinch of sulphur powder in a hard glass test tube.
Hold it in a test tube holder, heat it on the flame till the contents glow. The reaction
between sulphur and iron filings is seen in the test tube and iron sulphide is
formed. Transfer the compound formed in a watch glass (B).
(The mixture of iron filing and sulphur powder can be heated in China dish)
Record your observations in the table.
Observations

Precautions

1. Heat the mixture of iron and sulphur in hard glass tube or in a china dish.
2. Avoid wasting the chemicals, use very little amount of it.
3. Heating activity should be done carefully.
4. Carbon disulphide is flammable, keep it away from flame.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Is mixture a pure substance?
Answer:
No.

Question 2:
Is alloy a homogeneous or heterogeneous mixture?
Answer:
It is a homogeneous mixture.

Question 3:
Give one test to show that mixtures can be separated physically.
Answer:
Take sulphur + iron-mixture, roll magnet over it, iron filings clings to magnet.
 EXPERIMENT 2

Aim
To prepare:

1. a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum in water.

2. a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
3. a colloidal solution of starch in water and egg albumin in water and distinguish
between these on the basis of:
 transparency
 filtration criterion
 stability

Theory

1. True solution: A solution that has solute particles of size smaller than 1 nm (10 -
9
metres) in diameter, and cannot be seen with naked eyes. They do not scatter a
beam of light, the particles do not separate by filtration and the particles do not
settle down.
2. Suspension: It is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute particles do not
dissolve but remain suspended, particles can be seen with naked eyes, it scatters
a beam of light, particles can be separated from the mixture by filtration.
3. Colloidal solution: The solution appears to be homogeneous, the particles can
scatter a beam of light, they do not settle down when left undisturbed, it is stable
and particles cannot be seen by naked eyes. The particles cannot be filtered. The
size of particles is between 10-7 cm to 10-4 cm in diameter.

Properties of True Solutions

1. A true solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.

2. The particle size of solute is less than 1 nm (1 nm =10 -9m).
3. The components do not scatter light and do not show Tyndall effect.
4. The particles cannot be separated by filtration.
5. The solution is stable (remains uniform).
6. The solution is transparent.
Properties of Colloid

1. It is a heterogeneous solution but appears to be homogeneous.

2. The particle size of solute is 1 nm-1000 nm. (10-9-10-6 m)
3. The components scatter light and shows Tyndall effect.
4. The particles can be separated only by centrifugation.
5. The solution is stable.
6. The solution is translucent.

Properties of Suspension

1. It is a heterogeneous mixture.
2. Particle size is more than 1000 nm (10 -6 m) and can be seen with naked eyes.
3. The particles of suspension, in its suspended form scatter a beam of light, i.e.,
shows Tyndall effect.
4. It is unstable.
5. The particles can be separated by filtration.
6. It is opaque.
Materials Required

1. Beakers (250 mL), an iron stand, a glass rod, Bunsen burner, test tube stand,
three funnels, three tripod stands, filter papers, a small torch and China dish.

Chemicals Required

1. Common salt, sugar crystals, alum powder, chalk powder, fine sand, raw egg, fine
soil from garden and distilled water.

Procedure

1. To prepare a true solution of common salt, sugar and alum in water.

 True solution of common salt:
Take a clean and dry beaker, pour 100 mL of distilled water in it and add dry
common salt in it.
Stir the content with a glass rod. Common salt dissolves completely to form
a true solution.
 True solution of sugar:
Take a clean and dry beaker and add 100 mL of distilled water in it, pour few
sugar crystals in it arid stir the content with a glass rod. The sugar dissolves
in water to form true solution.
 True solution of alum:
Take a clean and dry beaker, add 100 mL of distilled water in it and add a
pinch of alum powder, stir with a glass rod. The alum dissolves in water to
form a true solution.
2. To prepare a suspension of soil, chalk powder and fine sand in water.
 Suspension of sand in water:
Take 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker, add 10 g of fine sand in it. Stir
well using a glass rod. Allow it to stand for some time and record your
observation.
(It does not dissolve in water)
 Suspension of chalk powder in water:
Take 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker, add 10 g of chalk powder in it.
Stir well and record your observation,
(chalk + water forms a suspension)
  Suspension of soil in water:
Take 100 mL of distilled water in a beaker and 10 g of garden soil to it. Stir
the mixture with a glass rod. Allow it to stand for some time record your
observation.
(Soil does not dissolve in water but forms a suspension)
3. To prepare colloidal solutions of starch and egg albumin in water.
 Colloidal solution of starch in water:
Take about 1 g of starch in a china dish, pour 10 mL of distilled water in the
dish and stir the mixture. Now take 90 mL of hot, boiling water.
(Heat the water in beaker using Bunsen burner)
Stir the contents of the china dish continuously and pour the contents in the
boiling water. Allow the contents to cool. Record your observation.
(The starch + water solution is colloidal in nature.)
 Colloidal solution of egg albumin in water:
Take 10 ml of water in a beaker. Break an egg and discard the egg shells.
Separate the white portion of egg from the yellow part. Add a very small
quantity of egg albumin to it. Stir the contents thoroughly with the help of a
glass rod. Then add 90 mL of distilled water with continuous stirring and few
drops of dil. acid (dil. HCL, dil.H2S04). Record your observation.
(Egg albumin + water solution is colloidal in nature.)
4. To distinguish the above formed solutions on the basis of transparency,
filtration criterion and stability:
Take one true solution —> salt + water
Take one suspension —> chalk + water
Take one colloidal solution —>egg albumin + water
 Transparency:
Take 3 test tubes with a colloid, suspension and true solution in each
respectively. Paste a white paper with tick mark on one side of each test
tube. Look at the tick mark through the contents of the three test tubes from
the other side. Check for the transparency of tick mark.
Record your observations.
 Filtration Criterion:
Take 3 tripod stands, place a funnel over each stand. Fix the filter paper in
 the funnel and check for the filtration criterion. Record your observations.

 Stability Criterion:
Take 3 test tubes with a colloid, suspension and true solution in each
respectively. Shake all the test tubes and keep them in the test tube stand,
allow it to stand for 5 minutes.
Record your observations.

Observation Table
Precautions

1. Use test tube holder for heating/boiling of water.

2. Do not waste the chemicals and distilled water. Use it wisely.
3. Always stir the contents in the test tube nicely and gently.
4. Use only distilled water to make solutions.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Give one example of liquid solution.
Answer:
lemonade + water.

Question 2:
Give one example of gaseous solution.
Answer:
Air.

Question 3:
Give one example of solid solution.
Answer:
Alloys: Brass—30% Zinc and 70% copper.

Question 4:
Name the solute and solvent in sugar solution.
Answer:
Solute —> sugar Solvent -> water.

Question 5:
Name one solution that has gas as solute.
Answer:
Soda water, solute is C02, solvent is water.

Question 6:
What is tincture of iodine solution?
Answer:
A solution of iodine in alcohol is ‘tincture of iodine’.

Question 7:
What is the size of particles in true solution?
Answer:
The size is less than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter.