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2022 Tlaf;daïn¾
2022
October 2022

02 hours 15 minutes

Index Number:

PAPER - 36

Important For inspector's use only

 This question paper consists of part A and For the second paper
part B. The time allocated for both parts is Question
Part Marks
2 hours 15 minutes. Number
 Usage of calculators is not permitted. 1
A 2
Part A - Structured Essay 3
4
 Answer all questions on this paper itself. Write
5
your answer in the space provided for each
B 6
question. Note that the space provided is
sufficient for your answer and extensive 7
answers are not expected. 8
Total
Part B - Essay
 This part consists is four questions. Answer Final Marks
all four. At the end of the time allocated
for this paper, tie the two parts together so In numbers
that part A is on the top of part B and hand In words
over the paper to the supervisor.
You are permitted to remove only part B of
the question paper from the examination hall.

Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See the second page]

 -2-

Part A - Structured Essay

Answer all 4 questions
(g = 10 N kg–1)

1. When certain objects are packed in containers, they do not occupy

the entire volume of the container. This occurs due to the shape
of the objects, and under such situations, a fraction of the
container volume is always empty and filled with air.
Consider a container in the form of a cubical box of side
length 8r, which is fully packed with identical solid spheres of
radius r in a regular manner as shown in figure (1). This is
called regular packing.

Figure (1)
(a) Find the number of spheres packed in the container.

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(b) Obtain an expression for the total material volume of all spheres packed in the container in terms of
r and .

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(c) When the container is completely filled with spheres, the ratio,

Total material volume of the spheres in the container

is called the packing fraction (fP)
Volume of the fully packed container

of the spheres and the volume of the fully packed container is called the packed volume. Find the
packing fraction, fp, for the above regular packing.

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(d) If m is the total mass of the spheres in the container, derive an expression for the ratio:

Total mass of the spheres , in terms of m and r. This is called the

Volume of the fully packed container
bulk density (dB) of the spheres.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See the third page]

 -3-
(e) Write down an expression for the density (dM) of the material of the spheres in terms of m, r and .

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(f) A student has decided to find the parameters fP, dB and dM for green gram using
an experimental method. In this case green gram is packed in a random manner
and it is called random packing. See figure (2). The definitions mentioned in part
(c), (d) and (e) for fP, fB, and dM are valid for random packing of items of any
shape too.
First he inserted dry green gram into a measuring cylinder and obtained a packed
volume of 50 cm3 for green gram as shown in figure (2).
Figure (2)
Then he measured the mass of the packed volume 50 cm3 sample of green gram
and it was found to be 3.8 × 102 kg.
Subsequently he introduced the green gram sample into a measuring cylinder
containing 50 cm3 of water and found that the water level raised to 82 cm3 mark.
See figure (3).

i. What is the material volume of green gram? Figure (3)

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ii. Calculate the packing fraction (fP) of green gram.

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iii. Calculate to bulk density (dB) of green gram in kg m3.

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iv. Calculate the density (dM) of material of green gram in kg m3.

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(g) A polythene bag is to be designed to pack 1 kg of green gram. Calculate the minimum volume of the
bag needed.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page four]

 -4-
2. The figure shows an apparatus setup to find the
wattage (P) of a domestic immersion heater. Here, 230 V plug
we expect to find the amount of heat absorbed by
a specific mass of water. Stirrer Thermometer
Immersion
(a) Name the 2 items not shown in the heater
Polystyrene
diagram that are compulsory for this Water
vessel
experiment. Heat insulating
material
i. -----------------------------------------
ii. -----------------------------------------
(b) What are the measurements you should obtain before switching on the heater?

i. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( take as x1)

ii. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( take as x2)
ii. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( take as x3)

(c) If the measurement to be obtained after operating the heater for the duration of t is x4 , write down
an expression for the heat absorbed by the water (Q) within time t , in terms of x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 and CW
(Specific heat capacity of water). Neglect the mass of water lost by evaporation.

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(d) Thereby obtain an expression of the wateage of the heater (P)

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(e) Mention 2 assumptions you made in the course of this experiment.

i. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(f) Here, if the temperature of water reaches 100 0C what will be it 's effect on the P value calculated
using the expression in part (d) ?

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(g) If a metal vessel is used in place of the polystyrene vessel, what other data is needed to calculate P?

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(h) The above heater is now used to increase the temperature of the water to its' boiling point and boil
it, in order to find the specific latent heat of vaporization of water (L)
i. What is the measurement you must obtain to find the mass of water lost by vaporization m0
after the water boils for a duration of t0?

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ii. If t0 = 100 s, m0 = 40.0 g yd P = 1000 W , find the value of L.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page five]
 -5-
3. The following experimental arrangement is developed by a student to find the frequency (f) of a tuning fork.

string
A B
Smooth pulley

Mounted tuning fork

Load Balance pan

The distance (AB) between the tuning fork and the pulley can be changed. A load is placed on the balance
pan, and the tuning fork is vibrated, and the distance between AB is adjusted.
(a) When a tuning fork is vibrated,
i. What kind of vibration occurs in the prongs?

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ii. What kind of vibration occurs in the stem?

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(b) When the tuning fork is vibrated,

i. What is the type of the vibration in string AB ?

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ii. What is the type of the wave in string AB ?

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(c) How does the wave mentioned in the above section (b) occur?

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(d) AB distance is adjuested until what observation occurs?

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(e) Write an equation that shows the relationship between f and the mass of the balance pan M1 , the
mass of the load M, the mass per unit length of the string m and the length of a loop l

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(f) Rearrange and write the equation in the above section (e) to find M1 and f by a straight line graph.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page six]

 -6-
(g) What quantities you used to plot the graph ?

Along the x axis (- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Along the y axis (- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(h) What is the additional data required to find f from the graph? How do you find it?

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(i) How to determine the value of M1?

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(j) How to determine the value of l ?

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(k) If the tuning fork is connected to the string as shown below , write the frequency of the wave occurs
in the string using f.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page seven]

 -7-
4. In order to find the resistivity () of the metal Nichrome, a student expects to use Nichrome wires of varying
diameters. Here he expects to obtain the resistivity of Nichrome using the relationship between the diameter
d of a wire and its electrical resistance R. For this, 6 different Nichrome wires fitted into nails of a wooden
frame as shown in this figure below are used. Each wire is of 100 cm in length.

1
According to the data obtained by the student, the graph of vs R is shown below.
d2

1
(a) i. According to the above graph, what kind of relationship is there between R and ?
d2

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ii. Using the graph, obtain a value for the resistance of the Nichrome wire X of length 100 cm
and diameter 0.2 mm.

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Rd2
(b) The resistivity of the Nichrome wire is given by  = 4l . Here l is the length of the wire.

i. Calculate the gradient of the above graph ( You can express your answer in unit  mm2 )

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page eight]

 -8-
ii. If the gradient of the above graph is m, obtain an expression for the resistance R of the
wire , using m and d.
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iii. Calculate the resistivity () of Nichrome metal.

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(c) The length of a different Nichrome wire Y of diameter 0.25 mm is 200 cm. Using the equation
Rd2
= 4l and by substituiting the value calculated in b (iii) above , calculate the electrical

resistance of the wire Y.

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(d) Write a precaution that should be taken in this experiment.

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(e) When the voltage applied to the ends of the Nichrome wire with the smallest diameter was
increased, and when the current flowing through the wire was measured and drawn in a graph, even
though it was expected that a straight lined graph would be obtained, the graph obtained is as the
following figure.
Even though the graph is straight lined under small voltages, briefly explain why the graph becomes
curved under high voltages.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page nine]

 -9-

Part B - Essay
Answer all 4 questions
PAPER - 36

5.

A uniform horizontal disc of radius R = 5.50 m rotates about the axis through its center, without friction
and with a frequency f = 2.50 rev s 1 , as shown in the diagram. The rotational velocity is measured by a
mechanical method and kept constant by a motor at A. Meanwhile, a wooden block of mass m = 1.2 kg
kept on a radial slot, moves outwards from the center with a velocity v = 1.25 cm s1 relative to the disc.
There is no friction between the block and the disc and the time is t = 0 when the block is at the center.
The radial velocity of the block is kept constant by varying the tension in the string attached to a brake
system at B.

(a) If a small increase in a quantity x is x, show that that of x2 is 2xx.

(b) i. Write an expression for the moment of inertia of the block when it’s at a ‘r’ distance at
time t = t in terms of m,v and t.
ii. Write an expression for the angular momentum of the block at t = t in terms of m, v, t and f.
iii. Write an expression for the torque provided by the motor A in terms of m, v, t and f.
iv. Find the time taken by the block to reach the end of the disc.
v. Find the numerical value of the torque given by the motor at the instance the block reached
the end of the disc.

(c) i. Find the power the motor should provide at t = t in terms of m, v, t and f.
ii. Find the power the motor should provide when the block reaches the end of the disc.

(d) Find the tension of the string at t = t in terms of m, v, t and f.

(e) During the total time the block takes to reach the end of the disc,
i. Find the work done by the disc.
ii. Find the work done on the block by the string brake system.
iii. Find the total work done on the block and the disc.

Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page ten]

 -10-
6. (a) Define the focal plane of a lens and state its importance.
(b) A
B


Converging
Principle
lens
axis
In the figure above, A and B are two parallel monochromatic beams of light. Beam A is parallel to the
principle axis and beam B is inclined at an  angle to the principle axis. Show that if the distance between
the two sharp spots of light produced by these two beams on a screen placed at the focal plane is S, it can
be written as S = f  when angle  is small. Here  is measured in radians.

A
(c)
d
i1

The figure shows a ray of light falling at an angle of incidence i1 on a priam with the prism angle A
placed in air.
i. Derive an expression for the deviation angle d in terms of i1 , i2 and A when the angle of
emergence is i2.
ii. Obtain an expression from A and D for the refractive index n of the material from which the
prism has made when the minimum deviation angle is D.

(d) A


Screen

 S

The figure shown a parallel beam of light consisting only of blue and red colours falling on a prism
with a prism angle of 600. The refractive indices of red and blue colours for this prism are 1.604 and
1.620 respectively. The emergent beams are focused on a screen by a converging lens of focal length
30 cm.
i. Distinguish between beams 1 and 2 whether they are blue or red.
ii. Calculate the angle between the emergent beams , assuming that both colours pass through
the prism under the phenomenon of minimum deviation.
iii. Find the gap S between the two sharp light spots on the screen.

 C D
(e) i. When the prism angle of a prism is small show that A
d = (n1) A.
ii. The prism angle of the prism  shown in the figure is 60 40
while its refractive index is 1.5. The prism angle of the
prism  is 40. Find the refractive index of the material
used to make prism  if a ray of light that falls 60

perpendicular to the AB surface exits from the DF

E F
surface parallel to the initial ray. B 

Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page eleven]

 -11-
7. The removal of microorganisms and other pathogens from a certain area is known as sterilization. A modern
method used to sterilize operating theatres is applying an electric field with a sufficient magnitude between
two conductive plates mounted on the operating theartre's opposite walls.

Consider two identical microbes between the two conductive plates with a gap of 3 mm from each other.
Take the charge of each microbe as 10000 times the charge of an electron (e = 1.6 × 1019 C). You can
consider microbes as point particles for your calculations.
(a) Calculate the electrostatic force between the two microbes.
1
( = 9 × 109 N m2 C2 )
4 0
(b) Now the plates are connected to a direct current voltage supply of 5 kV. The gap between the two
plates is 5 m.
i. Find the electric field intensity between the two plates. Consider that the plates are extremely
large.
ii. Calculate the electostatic force applied on one microbe becouse of this electric field.
iii. Compare the force calculated in part (a) above and the force calculated in (b) (ii) and
comment on it.
iv. Assume that one miracobe is stationary at a point right in the middle of the operating theatre
at the start. Find the time it takes for the microbe to reach a plate. Note that the mass of the
microbe is 2.0 × 1014 kg. (Ignore the gravitational effect)
v. Calculate the kinetic energy the microbe obtained in part (iv) above.

(c) This method can be modified to separate microbes by mass by applying an appropriate magnetic
field. Consider a case when three microbes of m1 , m2 , and m3 masses are placed in a vertical plane
right in the middle of the two plates. When time t = 0 , these three microbes start moving at u1 ,u2 and
u3 velocities in a direction opposing to the field 's direction and move a distance of 1.25 m under the
electric field effect within the same t time.After reaching a distance of 1.25 m, the electric field is
deactivated , and a magnetic field with a flux density of B is applied perpendicular to their direction
of motion. Then , microbes complete the remaining movement under that magnetic field effect.
i. Show that the initial velocities should satisfy the requirement u1 > u2 > u3 to complete a
distance of 1.25 m within the same time.
ii. Derive a statement for the radius of the circular path of the microbe of a mass m1 (R1) using
m1 , u1 , B and t.

Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake [See page twelve]

 -12-
8. (a) Write down the formula of the kinetic theory and the ideal gas equation using usual symbols. Using
these, derive an expression for the mean translation kinetic energy of an ideal gas sample.
(b) A monoatomic ideal gas sample at 1 atm ( 1 atm = 1×105 Nm–2) pressure and 300 K temperature has a
volume of 5 L (Point A in figure). This gas sample is heated to a pressure of 3 atm at constant volume
(point B). Then, the sample is allowed to expand isothermally until a pressure of 1 atm is reached
(point C). Finally, it is compressed to the initial volume under constant pressure conditions.

R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1

P(atm)
3 B

1 C
A

V(L)
0 5 10

i. Find the number of gas moles in the sample.

ii. Find the temperatures at points B and C.
iii. What is the volume at C?
iv. Find the internal energy values at A, B and C.
v. Describe how the processes A  B, B  C and C  A can be done experimentally.
vi. Find Q, U and W values for the processes A  B, B  C and C  A.
(QBC = 1641 J is given)
vii. Calculate Q, U and W for the complete cycle.

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Innovative Physics - Samitha Rathnayake