Heat Transfer

ME F220
Prof. Satish K Dubey
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

1
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Forced Convection: Internal Flow-2

2
Internal Forced Convection
Growth of thermal Boundary Layer

Concept of bulk mean temperature:

Energy averages wall temperature, it is representative of the total energy of flow
at the particular location. It also referred to as mixing cup temperature: It is
the temperature the fluid would assume if placed in a mixing chamber and
allowed to come to equilibrium.

  uc TdA
P

Tb = = Tm
  uc P dA

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Internal Forced Convection
Growth of thermal Boundary Layer

Thermally fully developed Flow :

T
T T
= h(Tb − Tw )
h ~1
−k k ~ hT k
y w T
For thermally fully developed flow h/k is constant, so if k is constant Nusselt Number is
also constant.

T
 uc PTdA
−k = h(Tb − Tw ) Tb = = Tm
y w
 uc dA
T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
P

 =
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)
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Internal Forced Convection
Growth of thermal Boundary Layer

Thermally fully developed Flow :

T
T T
= h(Tb − Tw )
h ~1
−k k ~ hT k
y w T
For thermally fully developed flow h/k is constant, so if k is constant Nusselt Number is
also constant.

T
−k = h(Tb − Tw )  uc PTdA
y w
Tb = = Tm
 uc
T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
P dA

 =
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)
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Thermally fully developed Flow :

T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
 = For TFDF
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)
h
T  f (x)
−k = h(Tm − Tw ) k
y y=H 
−  f ( x)
y
  T − Tw  h y=H
−   =
y 
 Tm − Tw

 y=H
k In general

  f (x)
 h This does not mean that T is not function
− = T = f (x)
y y=H
k
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FullyDevelopedFlow(cont.)

• Requirement for fully developed thermal conditions:

  Ts ( x ) − T ( r, x ) 
  =0
x  Ts ( x ) − Tm ( x )  fd ,t

• Effect on the local convection coefficient:

  Ts − T  − T / r r =r
  = o
 f ( x)
r  Ts − Tm  r =r Ts − Tm
o

Hence, assuming constant properties,

qs / k h
=  f ( x)
Ts − Tm k

h  f ( x)

Variation of h in entrance
and fully developed regions:
MeanTemperature

Determination of the Mean Temperature

• Determination of Tm ( x ) is an essential feature of an internal flow analysis.
Determination begins with an energy balance for a differential control volume.

dqconv = mc p (Tm + dTm ) − Tm  = mc p dTm

Integrating from the tube inlet to outlet,

qconv = m c p (Tm ,o − Tm ,i ) (1)

Constant wall Temperature

T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
 =
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)
T − Tw =  (Tm − Tw )
T d
= (Tm − Tw ) +  dTm
x dx dx
d
=0 TFDF
dx
T dTm
=
x dx
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Constant wall heat flux boundary conditions
T − Tw =  (Tm − Tw )

T d  dTm dTw 
−
dTw
= (Tm − Tw ) +   − 
x dx dx  dx dx 
q w = h(Tw − Tm )
dq dh  dTw dTm 
=0= (Tw − Tm ) + h  − 
dx dx  dx dx  If k is constant and TFD flow

dTw dTm
=
dx dx T dTw dTm
= =
x dx dx
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 dTm
Calculation of dx

q'

m c p (Tm + dTm )
.
.
m c pTm

q'
−
q P dx + m c pTm = m c p (Tm + dTm )
. .
'

−
'
dTm q P
= .
dx mcp
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Constant wall heat flux boundary
conditions

For constant wall heat flux

−
'
dTm q P
= . =C
dx mcp

For constant wall heat flux and TFDF

T dTw dTm
= = =C
x dx dx
It means for constant wall heat flux for both entry and TFDF dTm
=C
dx
Key assumption axial conduction is neglected

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Constant Wall Temperature boundary
conditions
.
For constant wall Temperature q = m c p (Tm , L − Tm , 0 )

q = − m c p ((Tw − Tm , L ) − (Tw − Tm , 0 ) )
.
− −
dTm q P h(Tw − Tm ) P
'
.
= . = . q = − m c p ( TL − T0 )
dx mcp mcp . q
− m cp = −
d (TW − Tm ) hP (TL − T0 )
= − . dx
(Tw − Tm ) mc ln
TL A−
= h(TL − T0 )
p
− T0 q
L −
ln (TW − Tm )
L
0
PL 1
=− .  hdx
q=A
h(TL − T0 )
−
mc L 0 p TL
ln
TL PL − T0 −
ln =− . h h(TL − T0 )
T0 − q = A
mc p
q = A h LMTD TL
ln
T0
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Constant Wall Temperature boundary
conditions

−
h(TL − T0 )
q=A
TL
ln
T0

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MeanTemperature(cont.)

A differential equation from which Tm ( x ) may be determined is obtained by

substituting for dq = qs ( P dx ) = h (Ts − Tm ) P dx.
conv

dTm qsP P
= = h (Ts − Tm ) (2)
dx m cp m cp

• Special Case: Uniform Surface Heat Flux

dTm qsP
 f ( x)
T
=
dx m c
p

qsP
Tm ( x ) = Tm ,i + x
m cp

Why does the surface temperature vary with x as shown in the figure?
In principle, what value does Ts assume at x=0?
Total heat rate:
qconv = qs PL
MeanTemperature(cont.)

• Special Case: Uniform Surface Temperature

From Eq. (2), with T  Ts − Tm
d Tm d ( T ) P
=− = h T
dx dx m cp
Integrating from x=0 to any downstream location,
Ts − Tm ( x )  
Px
= exp  − hx 
Ts − Tm ,i  mc 
 p 
1 x
hx =  0 hx dx
x

Overall Conditions:
   
To Ts − Tm ,o PL h As
= = exp  − h  = exp  − 
Ti Ts − Tm ,i  mc   mc  x
 p   p 
qconv = h As T m

To − Ti
T m = ( 3)
1n ( To / Ti )
Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe
T T   T 1   T  
2
Vz + Vr =   2 + r  
z r  z r r  r  
 T
2
T For TFDF and constant

= 0 Because = C wall heat flux

z 2 z
T T 1   T 
Vz + Vr = r 
z r r r  r 
T 1   T 
Vz = r 
z r r  r 
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Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe
Constant wall heat flux
−
T dTm qwP q ' w 2R
'
= = =
z dz . −
mcP cP  V R 2

T 1   T 
Vz = r 
z r r  r 
dTm 1   T 
Vz = r 
dz r r  r 

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

q ' w 2R 1   T 
Vz = r 
c p VR 2
r r  r 
T − Tw r' =
r
=
Tm − Tw R
hD
q w = h(Tw − Tm )
'
Nu D =
k
 
1 d  d  V z
 r'  + − Nu D = 0
dr '  dr '  V
r'   BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe
 
1 d  d  Vz
 r'
dr  d r −  + − Nu D = 0
 V
r'  

= 2(1 − r '2 )
Vz
Hagen Poiselli solution
V
d  r' r '2 
r' + 2 Nu D 
 − 
 = C1
dr '  2 4 
d
Boundary Condition at r’=0 =0
dr '
C1 = 0
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Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe
d  r '2 r '2 
r' = −2 Nu D 
 − 

dr '  2 4 

 r '2 r '3 
 = −2 Nu D 
 4 − 16   + C2
 
Boundary Condition at r’=1  =0

 = NuD g (r ' )

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Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

 = NuD g (r ' )

 uc PTdA  V T 2rdr

z

Tb = = Tm = −
V R 2
 uc P dA

1
Vz
Tm =  T 2r ' dr '
0
V

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Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe
1
Tm = 
Vz
( (Tm − Tw ) + Tw )2r ' dr '
0
V
1
Vz
 = NuD g (r ' ) 0 V 2r ' dr ' = 1
1 =  2(1 − r ' )Nu D g (r ' )2r ' dr '
1
2

0
48
Constant wall heat flux Nu D = = 4.36
11
Constant wall temperature NuD = 3.66
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Turbulent Flow through pipe

hD NuD
= = St
cP u Re D Pr

St Pr 2/3
= f /8
Where f is friction factor

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Turbulent Flow through pipe

Dittus Boelter Equation

Nux = 0.023(Re D )
0.8
Pr n

n= 0.4 for heating

n= 0.3 for cooling

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Problem

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Solution

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Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Problem

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Problem

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Problem

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

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Solution

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Solution

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Internal Flow:
Heat Transfer Correlations
Chapter 8
Sections 8.4 through 8.6
FullyDevelopedFlow
Fully Developed Flow
• Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube:
The local Nusselt number is constant throughout the fully developed
region, but its value depends on the surface thermal condition.
– Uniform Surface Heat Flux : ( qs)
NuD = hD = 4.36 (8.53)
k
– Uniform Surface Temperature : (Ts )
NuD = hD = 3.66 (8.55)
k
• Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube:
– For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions ( ReD  10, 000 )
, the
Dittus – Boelter equation may be used as a first approximation:
NuD = 0.023ReD 4/5
Pr n n = 0.3 ( Ts  Tm ) (8.60)
n = 0.4 ( Ts  Tm )
FullyDevelopedFlow(cont.)

• Noncircular Tubes:

– Use of hydraulic diameter as characteristic length:

4 Ac
Dh 
P

– Since the local convection coefficient varies around the periphery of a tube,
approaching zero at its corners, correlations for the fully developed region
are associated with convection coefficients averaged over the periphery
of the tube.

– Laminar Flow:

The local Nusselt number is a constant whose value (Table 8.1) depends on
the surface thermal condition ( Ts or qs )and the duct aspect ratio.

– Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, the Dittus-Boelter or Gnielinski correlation may be used
with the hydraulic diameter, irrespective of the surface thermal condition.
Empirical Relations

Please Don’t try memorize

44
EntryRegion

Effect of the Entry Region

• The manner in which the Nusselt number decays from inlet to fully developed
conditions for laminar flow depends on the nature of thermal and velocity boundary
layer development in the entry region, as well as the surface thermal condition.

Laminar flow in a
circular tube.

GzD  ( D / x ) ReD Pr
the Graetz number
– Combined Entry Length:
Thermal and velocity boundary layers develop concurrently from uniform
profiles at the inlet.
FullyDevelopedFlow

– The effects of wall roughness and transitional flow conditions ( ReD  3000 )
may be considered by using the Gnielinski correlation:

NuD =
( f / 8 )( ReD − 1000 ) Pr
1 + 12.7 ( f / 8 ) ( Pr 2/3 − 1) (8.62)
1/2
EntryRegion(cont.)

– Thermal Entry Length:

Velocity profile is fully developed at the inlet, and boundary layer development
in the entry region is restricted to thermal effects. Such a condition may also
be assumed to be a good approximation for a uniform inlet velocity profile if
Pr  1. Why?

• Average Nusselt Number for Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube with Uniform
Surface Temperature:
– Combined Entry Length (Baehr and Stephan):

3.66 −1
+ 0.0499 Gz D tanh(Gz D )
−1/3 −2/3

tanh  2.264 Gz D + 1.7Gz D  
Nu D =
tanh ( 2.432 Pr1/6Gz D )
−1/6 (8.58)

– Thermal Entry Length (Hausen):

(8.57)
EntryRegion(cont.)

• Average Nusselt Number for Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube :

– Effects of entry and surface thermal conditions are less pronounced for
turbulent flow and can often be neglected.
– For long tubes (L / D
:  60 )

Nu D  NuD ,fd

– For short tubes (L / D

:  60 )
Nu D  1 + C
NuD ,fd ( L / D )m
C 1
m2/3

• Noncircular Tubes:
– Laminar Flow:
Nu Ddepends
h strongly on aspect ratio, as well as entry region and surface
thermal conditions. See references 13 and 14.
EntryRegion(cont.)

– Turbulent Flow:
As a first approximation, correlations for a circular tube may be used
with D replaced by . Dh

• Temperature-Dependent Properties:

• When determining Nu D for any tube geometry or flow condition, all

properties are to be evaluated at

T m  ( Tm ,i + Tm ,o ) / 2

• When differences between Tm and Ts correspond to large property variations,

the Nusselt numbers for laminar flow of a liquid can be corrected as
0.14
NuD ,c Nu D ,c   
= = 
NuD Nu D  s 
where the corrected Nusselt numbers are denoted by subscript c.

Why do solutions to internal flow problems involving constant

temperature boundary conditions often require iteration?