Islam as a Complete

Code of Life
Introduction
Islam is not merely a set of rituals confined to specific times and places; it is a
complete code of life that addresses every aspect of human existence. From the
spiritual to the social, political, economic, and judicial domains, Islam provides
comprehensive guidance based on divine wisdom. It is a religion that harmonizes
human life with the natural and moral order established by Allah. In a world
plagued by injustice, materialism, and confusion, Islam offers a balanced and
holistic way of living that ensures the prosperity of individuals and societies alike.

What is Islam?
Islam is a religion that teaches belief in one God, called Allah in Arabic, and
following the guidance sent through His final messenger, Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him). The word Islam means submission, meaning submitting to
the will of God with peace and sincerity. Muslims believe that they should live a
life filled with worship, kindness, honesty, and justice. They believe in declaring
that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His messenger. They perform
prayers five times a day, give charity to help those in need, fast during the month
of Ramadan, and if able, perform a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca once in
their lifetime. These practices strengthen their faith and connection with God,
help them live good lives, and prepare them for the life after death.
Beliefs of Islam
Islam is a religion founded on strong and clear beliefs about the nature of Allah,
the universe, and human responsibility. A Muslim’s faith is built upon six main
pillars known as the Articles of Faith. These beliefs are rooted in the teachings of
the Holy Quran and the sayings (Hadith) of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
him).

Tawhid – Oneness of Allah

The first and most important belief in Islam is the belief in the absolute Oneness
of Allah, known as Tawhid. This means that Allah alone is the Creator, Sustainer,
and Ruler of everything in existence. He has no partners, no children, and no
equal. He is unique in His essence, names, attributes, and actions. Muslims
believe that no one and nothing deserves worship except Allah.

Quran Reference:

Allah says:

"Say, He is Allah, [who is] One. Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is
born, nor is there to Him any equivalent."

(Surah Al-Ikhlas, 112:1-4)

Hadith Reference:

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

"Whoever testifies that there is none worthy of worship but Allah and that
Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, Allah will forbid the Fire for him."

(Sahih Muslim, Hadith 29)

The belief in Tawhid shapes the entire life of a Muslim, teaching them to rely on
Allah alone and to purify their worship from any form of shirk (associating
partners with Allah).
Belief in Angels
Muslims believe in the existence of angels, unseen creatures created by Allah
from light. Angels are not like humans; they do not eat, drink, sleep, or sin. They
continuously worship Allah and carry out His commands without question. Each
angel has specific duties, such as delivering messages, recording human deeds,
managing natural forces, and praying for believers.

Quran Reference:

Allah says:

"The Messenger has believed in what was revealed to him from his Lord, and [so
have] the believers. All of them have believed in Allah and His angels and His
books and His messengers."

(Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:285)

Hadith Reference:

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

"The angels were created from light, the jinn were created from smokeless fire,
and Adam was created from what has been described to you."

(Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2996)

Among the most well-known angels are Jibril (Gabriel), who brought revelations
to the prophets; Mikail (Michael), who controls provisions like rain and food;
Israfil, who will blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgment; and Azrael, the Angel
of Death.

Belief in Divine Books

Muslims believe that Allah revealed divine scriptures to His chosen prophets to
guide humanity. These scriptures include:

- The Tawrat (Torah) given to Prophet Musa (Moses),

- The Zabur (Psalms) given to Prophet Dawud (David),

- The Injil (Gospel) given to Prophet Isa (Jesus),

- And the Quran, revealed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

The Quran is the final, complete, and preserved word of Allah, meant for all
mankind.

Quran Reference:

Allah says:

"Indeed, We sent down the Torah, in which was guidance and light."

(Surah Al-Ma'idah, 5:44)

"And We sent, following in their footsteps, Jesus, the son of Mary, confirming that
which came before him in the Torah; and We gave him the Gospel."

(Surah Al-Ma'idah, 5:46)

"Indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur'an and indeed, We will be its guardian."

(Surah Al-Hijr, 15:9)

Hadith Reference:

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

"The superiority of the speech of Allah (the Quran) compared to all other speech
is like the superiority of Allah over His creation."

(Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 219)

Muslims must believe in all the previous scriptures, although they believe that
changes and distortions occurred in the earlier books, while the Quran remains in
its original, pure form.

Belief in Prophets
Muslims believe that Allah sent prophets and messengers throughout history to
guide people to the truth. Every nation received a prophet from Allah, calling them
to worship Him alone and to live righteous lives. All prophets preached the
message of Tawhid. Among the prominent prophets are Adam, Noah, Abraham,
Moses, Jesus, and finally, Muhammad (peace be upon them all). Muhammad
(PBUH) is the Seal of the Prophets; after him, no other prophet will come.

Quran Reference:

Allah says:

"And We have certainly sent into every nation a messenger, [saying], 'Worship
Allah and avoid Taghut (false gods).'"

(Surah An-Nahl, 16:36)

"Muhammad is not the father of [any] one of your men, but [he is] the Messenger
of Allah and the last of the prophets."

(Surah Al-Ahzab, 33:40)

Hadith Reference:

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

"The example of myself and the Prophets before me is like that of a man who built
a house... except for one brick. I am that last brick, and I am the last of the
Prophets."

(Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 3342; Sahih Muslim, Hadith 2286)

Belief in the prophets encourages Muslims to follow their teachings and to

understand that all guidance ultimately comes from Allah.

Belief in Day of Judgment

Muslims firmly believe that this worldly life is temporary and that every soul will
taste death. After death, there will be resurrection, and all individuals will stand
before Allah for judgment. Their deeds will be weighed, and based on Allah’s
mercy and justice, people will either be rewarded with Paradise or punished with
Hell.

Quran Reference:

Allah says:
"Indeed, the Hour is coming no doubt about it but most of the people do not
believe."

(Surah Ghafir, 40:59)

"So whoever does an atom’s weight of good will see it, and whoever does an atom’s
weight of evil will see it."

(Surah Az-Zalzalah, 99:7-8)

Hadith Reference:

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

"The two feet of the son of Adam will not move on the Day of Judgment until he is
asked about five things: his life and how he spent it, his youth and how he used it,
his wealth and how he earned and spent it, and about what he did with what he
knew."

(Tirmidhi, Hadith 2417)

Belief in the Day of Judgment urges Muslims to lead a righteous life, staying away
from evil and striving for good.

Belief in Divine Decree (Qadar)

Muslims believe that Allah has complete knowledge and control over everything
that happens in the universe. Everything occurs according to His divine wisdom
and plan. However, humans are given free will to make their own choices and are
held accountable for them.

Quran Reference:

Allah says:

"Indeed, all things We created with predestination."

(Surah Al-Qamar, 54:49)

"No disaster strikes upon the earth or among yourselves except that it is in a
register before We bring it into being. Indeed, that, for Allah, is easy."
(Surah Al-Hadid, 57:22)

Hadith Reference:

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

"You must believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, the Last Day,
and believe in divine decree (Qadar), the good of it and the bad of it."

(Sahih Muslim, Hadith 8)

Belief in Qadar teaches Muslims to be patient during hardships, grateful during

blessings, and to always put their trust in Allah while striving to do their best.

Islam Compared with Other

Religions
Religion, in its essence, shapes the worldview and behaviour of billions of people
across the globe. Among the world’s major religions, Islam, with its unique
principles of monotheism, moral guidance, and submission to God, stands in
contrast to other major world religions, such as Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism,
and Buddhism. This comparative analysis will delve into the key aspects of each
religion, highlighting theological differences, ritual practices, and philosophical
views, with references to the Quran and Hadith for a comprehensive
understanding.

Islam vs. Hinduism

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism vs. Polytheism:

- Islam: Islam is strictly monotheistic. It believes in the oneness of God (Allah),

who is indivisible, eternal, and unique. Allah is the only deity, and associating
others with Him (known as Shirk) is considered the gravest sin in Islam.
 - Quran Reference: "Say, 'He is Allah, [Who is] One. Allah, the Eternal Refuge.
He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent.'" (Quran, 112:1-
4).

- Hinduism: In contrast, Hinduism is typically polytheistic, with a belief in many

gods and goddesses. Hinduism also accommodates pantheism and monism
through its belief in Brahman (the ultimate reality), who manifests in various
forms (e.g., Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma).

2. Concept of God:

- Islam: Islam’s belief in Tawhid (the oneness of Allah) means that God is
transcendent and has no partners or equals. There is no embodiment or
incarnation of Allah.

- Hinduism: While Brahman is believed to be the supreme being in Hinduism, it

manifests in various deities and forms (e.g., Vishnu, Shiva, Durga).

3. Afterlife:

- Islam: In Islam, there is a clear afterlife, where every individual is judged based
on their deeds in this world. Those who believe in Allah and follow His guidance
will enter Jannah (Paradise), while those who reject His guidance will be punished
in Jahannam (Hell).

- Quran Reference: “Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous deeds
and established prayer and given zakah will have their reward with their Lord, and
there will be no fear concerning them, nor will they grieve.” (Quran, 2:277).

- Hinduism: Hinduism believes in the cycle of samsara (reincarnation), where the

soul is reborn in a new body. Liberation (moksha) is the ultimate goal, where the
soul breaks free from the cycle of rebirth and unites with Brahman.

4. Scriptures:

- Islam: The Quran is considered the final and unaltered revelation from Allah,
delivered to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It is the central text for Muslims and
provides guidance on all aspects of life.

- Quran Reference: “This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance
for those conscious of Allah.” (Quran, 2:2).
 - Hinduism: Hinduism has many texts, the most important being the Vedas,
Upanishads, and epics like the Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, and Mahabharata.

Key Differences:

- God’s Nature: Islam emphasizes the oneness of God (Tawhid), while Hinduism
embraces a pantheistic or polytheistic worldview.

- Afterlife: Islam teaches a definite afterlife with heaven and hell, while Hinduism
believes in reincarnation and seeks liberation (moksha).

Islam vs. Judaism

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism:

- Islam: Islam shares the same strict monotheistic belief as Judaism, where God
is seen as the one and only Creator.

- Quran Reference: “Allah is the Creator of all things, and He is, over all things,
Disposer of affairs.” (Quran, 39:62).

- Judaism: Judaism also believes in Yahweh as the one and only God, and this
belief is central to Jewish theology.

2. Prophets:

- Islam: Islam recognizes many of the same prophets as Judaism, including

Moses (Musa), Abraham (Ibrahim), and David (Dawud), but Islam holds that
Muhammad (PBUH) is the final prophet.

- Quran Reference: “Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but [he is]
the Messenger of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets.” (Quran, 33:40).

- Judaism: Judaism holds Moses as the most important prophet, but it does not
accept Muhammad as a prophet.

3. Scriptures:

- Islam: The Quran is the final and unaltered scripture, which Muslims believe
supersedes the Torah. The Quran provides guidance on all aspects of life.
 - Judaism: The Torah (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible) is the foundational
text in Judaism.

4. Law:

- Islam: Sharia law governs all aspects of life, from ethics to social and legal
practices, which Muslims follow as guidance from Allah.

- Judaism: Halakhah is the Jewish law, which includes religious, moral, and civil
laws governing Jewish life.

Key Differences:

- Prophethood: Islam acknowledges Muhammad as the final prophet, whereas

Judaism does not.

- Scriptures: Islam believes in the Quran as the final revelation, while Judaism
holds to the Torah.

Islam vs. Christianity

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism:

- Islam: Islam is monotheistic, focusing on the oneness of Allah (Tawhid). There

is no distinction of persons within God, and Allah is indivisible.

- Quran Reference: “Say, ‘He is Allah, [Who is] One. Allah, the Eternal Refuge.’”
(Quran, 112:1-2).

- Christianity: Christianity believes in the Trinity, where God is understood as

three persons in one essence (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit).

2. Jesus Christ:

- Islam: Jesus (Isa) is considered one of the greatest prophets in Islam, but he is
not divine. Muslims believe that Jesus was not crucified, and instead, he was taken
up by Allah.

- Quran Reference: “They did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another]
was made to resemble him to them.” (Quran, 4:157).
 - Christianity: Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God, and his crucifixion
and resurrection are central to salvation.

3. Salvation:

- Islam: In Islam, salvation is attained through faith in Allah, righteous deeds,

and following the teachings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

- Quran Reference: “Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous deeds
and established prayer and given zakah will have their reward with their Lord.”
(Quran, 2:277).

- Christianity: Christianity teaches that salvation is through faith in Jesus Christ

and his redemptive sacrifice.

4. Scriptures:

- Islam: The Quran is the final and complete revelation, delivered to the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). The Hadith contains the sayings and actions of the Prophet.

- Quran Reference: “Indeed, this Qur’an guides to that which is most suitable…”
(Quran, 17:9).

- Christianity: Christianity follows the Bible, comprising the Old Testament and
the New Testament.

Key Differences:

- Trinity vs. Tawhid: Christianity believes in the Trinity, while Islam emphasizes the
oneness of God (Tawhid).

- Jesus Christ: Christians regard Jesus as divine and the Savior, while Muslims see
him as a prophet.

Islam vs. Shintoism

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism vs. Polytheism:

- Islam: Islam teaches monotheism and believes in the singular, indivisible

nature of God (Allah).
 - Quran Reference: “He is Allah, the One, the Eternal God.” (Quran, 112:1).

- Shintoism: Shintoism is polytheistic and involves the worship of various deities

or kami, which are spirits or gods present in natural elements like mountains,
trees, rivers, and ancestors.

2. Afterlife:

- Islam: Islam teaches a detailed afterlife with clear rewards (Jannah) for the
righteous and punishment (Jahannam) for the sinful.

- Quran Reference: “Indeed, those who have believed and done righteous
deeds…will be in paradise, abiding eternally therein.” (Quran, 2:82).

- Shintoism: Shintoism does not focus extensively on the afterlife. It is more

concerned with maintaining harmony in life and honoring ancestors.

3. Scriptures:

- Islam: The Quran is the central text of Islam, while Hadith contains the sayings
of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

- Shintoism: Shintoism does not have a central scripture. Its practices are based
on rituals, myths, and kami worship.

Key Differences:

- Monotheism vs. Polytheism: Islam is monotheistic, while Shintoism is

polytheistic.

- Afterlife: Islam has a clear doctrine of the afterlife, while Shintoism does not
focus as much on the afterlife.

Islam vs. Buddhism

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism vs. non-theism:

- Islam: Islam is monotheistic and believes in one God (Allah).

 - Buddhism: Buddhism is non-theistic and does not involve the worship of a god
but focuses on the individual’s spiritual development, aiming for Nirvana.

2. Afterlife:

- Islam: Islam believes in a final judgment, where people are either rewarded
with eternal life in Jannah (Paradise) or punished in Jahannam (Hell).

- Buddhism: Buddhism teaches the cycle of samsara (reincarnation), where

beings are reborn until they achieve enlightenment (Nirvana) and escape the cycle
of suffering.

Key Differences:

- Monotheism vs. Non-theism: Islam teaches belief in one God, while Buddhism
does not focus on any deity.

- Afterlife: Islam believes in a definite afterlife, while Buddhism focuses on

breaking the cycle of reincarnation.

Islam vs. Jainism

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism vs. Non-theism:

- Islam: Islam believes in one God (Allah).

- Jainism: Jainism is non-theistic and focuses on the soul's liberation through

ethical practices rather than worship of gods.

2. Afterlife:

- Islam: Islam teaches about a final judgment, with the soul either rewarded in
Jannah or punished in Jahannam.

- Jainism: Jainism believes in samsara (the cycle of reincarnation) and aims for
moksha, liberation from the cycle.

Key Differences:
- Monotheism vs. Non-theism: Islam is monotheistic, while Jainism focuses on
ethical self-realization and liberation.

- Afterlife: Islam teaches judgment after death, while Jainism teaches liberation
through self-discipline.

Islam vs. Zoroastrianism

Islamic Perspective:

1. Monotheism:

- Islam: Islam is strictly monotheistic, believing in Allah.

- Zoroastrianism: Zoroastrianism is generally monotheistic (worship of Ahura

Mazda), but it also acknowledges the existence of evil forces (Angra Mainyu).

2. Afterlife:

- Islam: Clear concepts of Paradise and Hell based on judgment by Allah.

- Zoroastrianism: Belief in an afterlife where souls are judged and either ascend
to heaven or fall into hell.

Key Differences:

- Prophethood: Islam believes in Muhammad (PBUH) as the final prophet, whereas

Zoroastrianism regards Zoroaster as its prophet.

Islam vs. Modern Philosophies

The relationship between Islam and various political, economic, and philosophical
ideologies—such as democracy, socialism, capitalism, realism, and idealism—
varies in terms of their compatibility or conflict. Here’s an analysis of each of these
comparisons:
Islam vs. Democracy
Islamic Perspective:

Islamic governance is based on principles derived from the Qur'an and Hadith. The
primary guiding concept is the sovereignty of God (Allah), which means that all
laws, including political ones, are ultimately derived from divine revelation.
Islamic political thought encourages Shura (consultation), as outlined in the
Qur'an, where decisions should be made through consultation and mutual advice:

Qur'an Reference: "And those who have responded to their lord and established
prayer and whose affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves..."
(Qur'an, 42:38).

This verse shows that Islam encourages consultation in decision-making, a

practice that resonates with the democratic principle of collective decision-
making.

In Islam, leaders (e.g., caliphs or rulers) are accountable to God and the people.
However, unlike modern democracy, the leadership is not derived through
election alone but is also based on the fulfillment of divine obligations.

Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: "The best of your leaders
are those whom you love and who love you, who invoke blessings upon you and
you invoke blessings upon them. The worst of your leaders are those whom you
hate and who hate you." (Sahih Muslim). This emphasizes accountability between
the leaders and the people, echoing the democratic principle of mutual
responsibility.

Conflict: While both Islam and democracy value consultation and accountability,
democracy emphasizes the sovereignty of the people, whereas Islam prioritizes
the sovereignty of God. This can lead to tension when secular law, which is a
cornerstone of democracy, conflicts with Sharia law in Muslim-majority countries.

Islam vs. Socialism

Islamic Perspective:
Islam shares certain social justice principles with socialism, particularly the
importance of caring for the poor and ensuring wealth distribution. Zakat
(obligatory charity) and Sadaqah (voluntary charity) are integral to Islam's
economic model.

Qur'an Reference: "The charity is for the poor, the needy, those employed to
collect [it], those whose hearts are [to be] reconciled, and to free captives..."
(Qur'an, 9:60). This verse underscores the importance of wealth redistribution to
reduce poverty.

However, unlike socialism, which advocates for the collective ownership of the
means of production, Islam allows for private property ownership, with conditions
of fairness and justice. The Qur'an encourages people to work, earn, and share
their wealth:

Qur'an Reference: "And He it is who produces gardens trellised and untrellised,

and date palms, and crops of different shape and taste (its fruits and its seeds)..."
(Qur'an, 6:99). Islam supports private ownership of wealth, provided that
individuals are ethical in their earning and spendings.

Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: "It is better for a man to
take a rope and gather wood, and sell it to be independent of the charity of others,
than to ask people for help." (Sahih Bukhari). This emphasizes individual initiative,
which differs from socialist ideas that encourage collective ownership.

Conflict: The primary conflict between Islam and socialism arises over the issue of
private property. While Islam supports wealth distribution and social welfare, it
does not support the abolition of private property or state control over the
economy, which are key features of socialism.

Islam vs. Capitalism

Islamic Perspective:

Islam permits economic activity and private ownership, but it imposes ethical
guidelines to ensure fairness. For example, Islam forbids riba (interest), which is
a core component of modern capitalist economies. The Qur'an clearly prohibits
charging interest on loans:
Qur'an Reference: "Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand those
who are beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say: ‘Trade is just like
usury.’ But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden usury." (Qur'an, 2:275).

Islam also emphasizes fairness in trade and forbids exploiting others. The Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) said: "The buyer and the seller have the option of canceling
or confirming the bargain unless they separate, and they will both be rewarded for
their transaction as long as there was no deception." (Sahih Bukhari). This
promotes honesty and fairness in commerce, which contrasts with capitalism’s
potential for exploitation.

Hadith Reference: "The truthful and trustworthy merchant is with the prophets,
the truthful, and the martyrs." (Sunan Ibn Majah). This highlights the ethical
dimension in Islamic economic activity.

Conflict: The central conflict with capitalism lies in the practice of riba (interest),
which is central to capitalist financial systems. Capitalism’s focus on profit
maximization and competition can sometimes lead to the exploitation of the poor,
which Islam seeks to prevent through wealth redistribution mechanisms like
Zakat and the prohibition of unjust practices.

Islam vs. Realism (Political Philosophy)

Islamic Perspective:

Islam emphasizes a balance between moral principles and pragmatic governance.

While the Qur'an encourages justice, it also acknowledges the complexities of
governance. However, Islamic political thought does not align with the realist
approach, which focuses primarily on power, survival, and national interest.

Qur'an Reference: "Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are
due and when you judge between people to judge with justice..." (Qur'an, 4:58).
Islam emphasizes justice as a central principle, rather than focusing solely on
power dynamics as political realism does.

Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) stated: "The just will be seated
upon pulpits of light: those who are just in their rulings, with their families, and
with what they have been entrusted." (Sahih Muslim). This hadith highlights the
importance of justice in Islam, which contradicts the amoral, power-centric
approach of realism.

Conflict: Realism often disregards moral or ethical considerations in favor of

power politics and national interest, while Islam emphasizes moral integrity,
justice, and the welfare of all individuals.

Islam vs. Idealism (Political Philosophy)

Islamic Perspective:

Islam presents an ideal vision of society based on justice, equality, and moral
uprightness. The Qur'an and Hadith outline how society should function,
emphasizing the collective good and the rights of individuals, especially the
vulnerable.

Qur'an Reference: "And lower to them the wing of humility out of mercy and say,
‘My Lord, have mercy upon them as they brought me up [when I was] small.’"
(Qur'an, 17:24). This shows the ideal of care for parents, the elderly, and the weak,
which aligns with an idealistic vision of a just society.

However, Islam also acknowledges the complexities and practical realities of

governance. While striving for ideal conditions, Islam does not ignore the
limitations of human nature. It provides practical guidance for addressing real-
world challenges.

Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: "The strong man is not
the one who can overpower others, but the strong man is he who controls himself
when angry." (Sahih Bukhari). This hadith highlights the ideal of self-control and
moral strength.

Compatibility: While idealism seeks to achieve perfection in human society, Islam

provides a balanced approach. It upholds the ideal of justice and welfare but also
acknowledges the practical difficulties of human nature, offering ethical
guidance that can help realize these ideals in a practical way.
Pillars of Islam
The Five Pillars of Islam are the fundamental acts of worship and practice that
every Muslim is required to follow. These pillars form the foundation of a Muslim's
faith and guide their daily actions, ensuring they stay connected to Allah (God)
while fulfilling their religious duties. They are: Shahada (Faith), Salat (Prayer),
Sawm (Fasting), Zakat (Charity), and Hajj (Pilgrimage).

These pillars not only define a Muslim's relationship with Allah but also shape
their interaction with the world around them, promoting justice, equality, and
spiritual growth. Below, we will explore each pillar in detail, along with Quranic
and Hadith references to provide deeper insights into their importance in a
Muslim's life.

Shahada (Faith in Oneness of Allah &

Prophethood of Muhammad ‫)ﷺ‬
The Shahada is the most fundamental statement of faith in Islam. It is the
declaration of belief in the absolute Oneness of Allah and the Prophethood of
Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬. This declaration confirms that there is no god but Allah, and
Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is His final messenger.

The Shahada is:

"Ashhadu alla ilaha illallah wahdahu la sharika lahu, wa ashhadu anna

Muhammadan abduhoo wa rasooluhu."

Translation:

"I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His servant and
messenger."

This declaration embodies the core beliefs of Islam. It marks the entry into the
faith and is a testament to the fundamental principle that Allah is the only deity
worthy of worship, and that Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is the final prophet.
Quranic Reference:

Surah Al-Ikhlas (112:1-4):

“Say, ‘He is Allah, [Who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor
is born, nor is there to Him any equivalent.’”

This Surah emphasizes the Oneness and uniqueness of Allah, a central tenet of
the Shahada.

Hadith Reference:

Sahih Muslim:

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

“Whoever says 'There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of
Allah' sincerely from his heart will enter Paradise.”

This Hadith highlights the significance of sincerely believing in and declaring the
Shahada as the foundation of Islam.

Salah (Prayer)
Salat refers to the five daily prayers that are obligatory for Muslims. These prayers
are performed at specific times throughout the day: Fajr (before dawn), Dhuhr
(midday), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (sunset), and Isha (night). Salat is the second
pillar of Islam and serves as a direct connection between the worshiper and Allah.

Salat is not only a means of worship, but also a way to seek guidance, express
gratitude, and build spiritual discipline. The ritual includes physical movements
like standing, bowing, and prostrating, each of which represents submission to
Allah.

Quranic Reference:

Surah Taha (20:14):

“Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me, so worship Me and establish

prayer for My remembrance.”
 This verse underscores the importance of prayer as a way to remember and
worship Allah.

Hadith Reference:

Sahih Bukhari:

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

“The first thing that the servant will be accountable for on the Day of Judgment
is his prayers. If they are good, he will succeed; if they are deficient, he will fail.”

This Hadith emphasizes the critical importance of Salat in a Muslim's life.

Sawm (Fasting in Ramadan)

Sawm refers to the act of fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan. During
Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn until sunset, abstaining from food, drink,
smoking, and marital relations. Fasting is not just about refraining from food; it is
also a time for Muslims to purify their hearts and minds, develop self-discipline,
and feel empathy for the less fortunate.

Fasting during Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, prayer, and charity. It is

a period to strengthen one's faith, increase devotion, and seek forgiveness from
Allah.

Quranic Reference:

Surah Al-Baqarah (2:183):

“O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon
those before you that you may become righteous.”

This verse outlines the obligation of fasting and the purpose behind it: to attain
righteousness and piety.

Hadith Reference:

Sahih Bukhari:

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

 “Whoever fasts in Ramadan with faith and seeking reward from Allah will have
his past sins forgiven.”

This Hadith emphasizes the spiritual reward and purification that comes with
fasting during Ramadan.

Zakat (Charity and Wealth Distribution)

Zakat is an obligatory form of charity that involves giving a portion of one's wealth
(typically 2.5% of savings) to those in need. It is a way to purify wealth and reduce
inequality within society. Zakat is meant to help the poor, orphans, widows, and
others who are struggling financially.

The act of giving Zakat not only assists those in need but also cultivates
generosity, compassion, and social responsibility among Muslims. It strengthens
the community and promotes social justice.

Quranic Reference:

Surah At-Tawbah (9:103):

“Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them to
grow.”

This verse emphasizes that Zakat is a way to purify wealth and support the well-
being of the community.

Hadith Reference:

Sahih Muslim:

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

“The example of the one who gives charity is like a man who plants a seed, and
from it grows seven ears, each of which contains a hundred grains.”

This Hadith underscores the immense reward and spiritual benefits of giving
charity.
Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah)
Hajj is the pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah that every Muslim who is
physically and financially able must undertake at least once in their lifetime. Hajj
occurs annually during the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah and involves specific
rituals such as the Tawaf (circumambulating the Kaaba), standing at the plains of
Arafat, and the stoning of the Jamarat.

Hajj serves as a powerful reminder of the unity of Muslims, as pilgrims from

around the world gather in one place to worship Allah. It is a time for deep
reflection, forgiveness, and spiritual renewal.

Quranic Reference:

Surah Al-Imran (3:97):

“And [due] to Allah from the people is a pilgrimage to the House – for whoever is
able to find thereto a way.”

This verse outlines the obligation of Hajj for those who are able to undertake the
journey.

Hadith Reference:

Sahih Bukhari:

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

“Whoever performs Hajj and does not commit any obscenity or wrongdoing will
return [free of sin] as on the day his mother bore him.”

This Hadith speaks to the spiritual purification that comes with performing Hajj
properly.

Systems of Islam
The systems of Islam encompass a broad and comprehensive framework that guides
every aspect of human life, ensuring justice, equality, and ethical conduct. These
systems address social, economic, political, educational, and judicial needs,
promoting a balanced and harmonious society based on divine principles. Islam’s
social system emphasizes the importance of family values, individual rights, and
responsibilities towards others, including women, children, parents, neighbours, and
the environment. The economic system encourages lawful earnings, wealth
distribution, and charity through mechanisms such as Zakat, interest-free loans, and
anti-corruption measures.

Furthermore, the political system of Islam integrates the concept of Theo-Democracy,

where governance is based on Islamic teachings, ensuring justice, fair leadership
selection, and the role of an advisory council (Majlis-e-Shura). Education plays a
central role in Islam, with a strong emphasis on acquiring both religious and worldly
knowledge, highlighting the importance of learning and respecting teachers and
scholars.

The judicial system of Islam ensures fairness and justice through Islamic courts, where
legal ethics and the role of the judge (Qazi) are paramount. Together, these systems
create a cohesive framework that promotes moral and social well-being, economic
equity, and spiritual fulfillment, guiding Muslims toward a just and prosperous society
in alignment with Islamic principles.

Social System of Islam

The social system of Islam is based on justice, equality, and brotherhood. It
provides clear guidance on how people should interact and live together
peacefully. Islam emphasizes the importance of maintaining strong relationships
with family, neighbours, and society.

Rights of women
Islam was the first to give proper rights to women at a time when they were
oppressed in society. Women have spiritual, social, legal, and economic rights.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“And women shall have rights similar to the rights against them according to
what is equitable.”_

(Surah Al-Baqarah 2:228)

Rights include:
- Right to education and knowledge

- Right to own and inherit property

- Right to work and earn money

- Right to choose their spouse

- Right to respectful treatment

Hadith:

> _“The best among you is he who is best to his wife.”_

(Tirmidhi)

Rights of children
Islam places great importance on the rights and welfare of children. Parents are
responsible for their upbringing, care, and education.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“Do not kill your children for fear of poverty. We provide for them and for you.”_

(Surah Al-Isra 17:31)

Hadith:

> _“It is sufficient sin for a man if he neglects those whom he is responsible for.”_

(Abu Dawood)

Rights of children include:

- Love and kindness

- Proper name and identity

- Education (both worldly and religious)

- Health care and protection

- Inheritance rights
Rights of parents
Parents hold a highly honored status in Islam. Serving them is considered an act
of worship.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“And We have enjoined upon man [care] for his parents. His mother carried
him, [increasing her] in weakness upon weakness...”_

(Surah Luqman 31:14)

> _“Say not to them [parents] a word of disrespect, nor shout at them but address
them in terms of honor.”_

(Surah Al-Isra 17:23)

Hadith:

> A man asked the Prophet (PBUH), “Who is most deserving of my good company?”

> He said, “Your mother.”

> He asked again, “Then who?”

> He replied, “Your mother.”

> Again, “Then who?”

> “Your mother.”

> “Then who?”

> “Your father.”

(Bukhari & Muslim)

Rights of neighbours
Neighbours have a special status in Islam. Good treatment of neighbors is a sign
of true faith.

Qur'an Reference:
> _“…Do good to parents, relatives, orphans, the needy, the near neighbor, the
neighbor farther away…”_

(Surah An-Nisa 4:36)

Hadith:

> _“By Allah, he is not a believer, by Allah, he is not a believer, by Allah, he is not
a believer.” The people asked, “Who, O Messenger of Allah?”

> He said, “The one whose neighbor is not safe from his harm.”_

(Bukhari)

Rights of relatives
Islam stresses maintaining ties with relatives (Silah-ur-Rahm), which increases
love and blessings in life.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“And give the relative his right, and [also] the poor and the traveler…”_

(Surah Al-Isra 17:26)

Hadith:

> _“He who believes in Allah and the Last Day should maintain good relations with
his kindred.”_

(Bukhari)

Breaking ties with relatives is strongly condemned in Islam.

Rights of animals and environment

Islam teaches kindness to all creatures, including animals and the natural
environment.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“There is not a moving (living) creature on earth, nor a bird that flies with its
wings, but they are communities like you.”_
(Surah Al-An’am 6:38)

Hadith on Animals:

> _“A woman was punished in Hell because of a cat which she had confined until
it died. She did not give it to eat or drink, nor did she free it to eat from the vermin
of the earth.”_

(Bukhari)

Hadith on Environment:

> _“If a Muslim plants a tree or sows seeds, and then a bird, or a person or an
animal eats from it, it is regarded as a charity.”_

(Bukhari)

Rights of husband and wife

Marriage is a sacred bond. Both husband and wife have mutual rights and
responsibilities.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“And among His signs is this, that He created for you mates from among
yourselves, that you may find tranquility in them…”_

(Surah Ar-Rum 30:21)

Rights Include:

- Love, respect, and support

- Financial maintenance (by husband)

- Obedience and loyalty (by wife)

- Equal treatment (in case of more than one wife)

Hadith:

> _“The most perfect of the believers in faith is the one who is best in manners.
And the best of you are those who are best to their wives.”_
(Tirmidhi)

Importance of education
Education is a key part of Islamic teachings. Seeking knowledge is considered a
duty upon every Muslim.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“Read! In the name of your Lord who created.”_

(Surah Al-Alaq 96:1)

Hadith:

> _“Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.”_

(Ibn Majah)

Education brings awareness of religion, good character, and societal

development.

Right to vote
Islam encourages collective decision-making (Shura). Voting is a modern form of
practicing this principle.

Qur'an Reference:

> _“…and consult them in matters. Then when you have taken a decision, put your
trust in Allah.”_

(Surah Aal-e-Imran 3:159)

The Prophet (PBUH) always consulted his companions. In today's system, voting
is a way to choose honest and capable leaders who will protect justice and the
rights of people.

Economic System of Islam

The economic system of Islam is unique and comprehensive, based not just on
material well-being, but also on moral, spiritual, and social values. Islam views
wealth as a trust from Allah that must be earned, spent, and distributed in
accordance with divine instructions. This system seeks to eliminate poverty,
injustice, exploitation, and concentration of wealth among a few, while promoting
fairness, brotherhood, and social justice.

Allah says:

> "And Allah has made for you the earth a wide expanse, that you may walk therein
in broad roads."

(Quran 71:19-20)

Thus, Islam encourages lawful economic activities but sets clear ethical
boundaries.

Business ethics in Islam

Islam places great importance on ethics in business and trade. Business
transactions should be conducted with honesty, justice, transparency, and
fairness.

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

> "The truthful and trustworthy merchant will be with the Prophets, the truthful,
and the martyrs."

(Sunan al-Tirmidhi 1209)

Cheating, lying, fraud, and deception in business are strongly condemned.

Allah commands:

> "Give full measure and weight in justice, and wrong not people in their goods,
and do not do evil, making mischief on the earth."

(Quran 11:85)

Moreover, Islam prohibits monopolies and price manipulation, ensuring a fair

marketplace for all.

The Prophet (PBUH) warned:

> "Whoever hoards is a sinner."

(Sahih Muslim 1605)

Thus, ethical behaviour in trade and commerce is not just encouraged but made a
religious obligation in Islam.

Importance of lawful earnings

Islam stresses that a Muslim must earn a living through lawful (halal) means and
avoid haram (forbidden) sources like theft, bribery, gambling, dealing in alcohol,
and interest-based transactions.

The Quran states:

> "O you who have believed! Eat from the good things which We have provided for
you and be grateful to Allah if it is [indeed] Him that you worship."

(Quran 2:172)

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

> "No one has ever eaten better food than what he eats from the work of his own
hands."

(Sahih al-Bukhari 2072)

Earning lawful income is a form of worship in Islam. The wealth earned must also
be purified through Zakat and spent on oneself, one’s family, and the needy in a
responsible way.

Unlawful earnings corrupt the soul and lead to the rejection of one's prayers and
supplications.

The Prophet (PBUH) said:

> "Indeed, Allah is pure and accepts only that which is pure."

(Sahih Muslim 1015)

Zakat and wealth distribution

Zakat, the third pillar of Islam, is the compulsory giving of a portion of one’s
wealth to the eligible poor and needy, generally at the rate of 2.5% of one’s
savings annually.
Allah commands:

> "Take from their wealth a charity by which you purify them and cause them
increase, and invoke blessings upon them. Verily, your invocations are a source of
security for them."

(Quran 9:103)

Zakat has multiple benefits:

- Purifies the wealth and soul of the giver.

- Reduces poverty and inequality.

- Circulates wealth within society.

The Quran identifies the rightful recipients of Zakat:

> "Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those
employed to collect [zakah] and for bringing hearts together [for Islam] and for
freeing captives and for those in debt and for the cause of Allah and for the
stranded traveller — an obligation [imposed] by Allah."

(Quran 9:60)

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

> "Protect your wealth by giving Zakat, cure your sick by giving charity, and
prepare for trials through supplication."

(Sunan Abu Dawood 1569)

Through Zakat, Islam ensures that wealth benefits all sections of society and
prevents its accumulation in the hands of a few.

Helping others (charity, shelter, food)

Beyond the obligatory Zakat, Islam emphasizes voluntary charity (Sadaqah),
which has no fixed amount and can be given at any time.

Allah says:
> "Those who spend their wealth [in charity] by night and day, secretly and
publicly, they shall have their reward with their Lord. No fear shall be upon them,
nor shall they grieve."

(Quran 2:274)

Helping others by providing food, shelter, education, and healthcare is highly

rewarded in Islam.

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

> "The best charity is giving water to drink."

(Sunan Ibn Majah 3664)

Feeding the hungry and caring for the poor are among the deeds most loved by
Allah.

Another Hadith says:

> "He is not a believer whose stomach is filled while the neighbor to his side goes
hungry."

(Sunan al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi 19049)

Islam thus creates a society based on mutual support and compassion.

Islamic financial systems (interest-free loans, prohibition of

hoarding)
Islamic finance operates on principles of fairness, partnership, and prohibition of
exploitation. Two major aspects are:

Prohibition of Riba (Interest)

Charging or paying interest is strictly forbidden in Islam.

Allah says:

> "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except
as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity... But Allah has permitted
trade and has forbidden interest."
(Quran 2:275)

Moreover:

> "O you who have believed! Fear Allah and give up what remains [due to you] of
interest, if you are truly believers. And if you do not, then be informed of a war
against you from Allah and His Messenger."

(Quran 2:278-279)

Islam promotes profit-and-loss sharing contracts like Mudarabah and

Musharakah instead of interest-based loans.

Promotion of Interest-Free Loans (Qard Hasan)

Islam encourages Muslims to offer loans without expecting any profit.

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

> "Whoever grants time to a debtor facing hardship will have a reward equal to the
amount in charity for each day he gives respite."

(Sahih Ibn Majah 2418)

Prohibition of Hoarding Wealth

Islam condemns hoarding wealth without spending it for good causes.

Allah warns:

> "And those who hoard gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah – give
them tidings of a painful punishment."

(Quran 9:34)

Thus, wealth must circulate to benefit the whole society and not remain locked
with a few individuals.

Islam against corruption

Islam strictly opposes all forms of corruption, including bribery, fraud,
embezzlement, and deception.

The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said:

> "The curse of Allah is upon the one who offers a bribe and the one who takes it."

(Sunan Abi Dawood 3580)

Allah also commands:

> "And do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly or send it [in bribery] to the
rulers."

(Quran 2:188)

Leaders, judges, businessmen, and ordinary citizens must all uphold justice and
transparency in their dealings.

Corruption is seen not just as a social crime but as a severe spiritual and moral
failure that invites Allah’s wrath.

Political System of Islam

The political system of Islam is unique because it is based entirely on divine
guidance. Islam teaches that sovereignty belongs solely to Allah, and no
individual, group, or nation has the authority to legislate independently of Allah’s
command. Human beings are regarded as trustees (Khalifah) on earth who are
responsible for administering the affairs of the world according to the instructions
of Allah as revealed in the Qur'an and explained through the Sunnah (traditions of
the Prophet Muhammad ‫)ﷺ‬.

Allah says in the Qur'an:

> "The decision is only for Allah. He declares the truth, and He is the best of
judges."

(Surah Al-An'am 6:57)

Thus, governance in Islam is not based on personal desires or majority wishes if

they go against divine law. It aims to implement Shariah (Islamic law) with the
objectives of ensuring justice, protection of human dignity, economic fairness,
and the spiritual and material welfare of all citizens, Muslims and non-Muslims
alike.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Khulafa-e-Rashideen)
showed through their practical examples how an Islamic government should
function — with justice, mercy, consultation, and accountability at its core.

Concept of Theo-democracy
The concept of Theo-Democracy was beautifully envisioned by modern Islamic
thinkers like Allama Muhammad Iqbal and was practically present during the
Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬time and the Caliphates that followed. In a Theo-Democracy:

- Allah is the ultimate sovereign whose laws must be supreme.

- The people have the right to choose their leaders through consultation (Shura)
and participation.

- The ruler is not above the law, but is bound to implement Allah’s commands.

This system blends the religious principle of divine authority with democratic
principles of consultation and consent. The people elect a leader, but the leader
is obligated to rule by the law of Allah.

The Qur'an emphasizes consultation:

> "And consult them in affairs. Then when you have taken a decision, put your trust
in Allah."

(Surah Aal-e-Imran 3:159)

Another verse describes the believers:

> "And those who have responded to their lord and established prayer and whose
affair is [determined by] consultation among themselves..."

(Surah Ash-Shura 42:38)

Unlike Western democracy, where the majority may decide anything, in Islamic
Theo-Democracy, all laws must be within the framework of divine guidance.
Human freedom exists, but within the boundaries set by Allah.
Leadership selection and election
Leadership in Islam is not hereditary nor based on wealth or power. It is a trust
(Amanah) that must be assigned to those who are best suited — meaning they
must possess the necessary qualities of piety, honesty, knowledge, and justice.

Allah commands in the Qur'an:

> "Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when
you judge between people to judge with justice."

(Surah An-Nisa 4:58)

During the time of the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, and especially among the Khulafa-
e-Rashideen, the leadership was chosen by consensus and election.

For example:

- Abu Bakr ‫ رضي هللا عنه‬was selected by the mutual consultation and allegiance
(Bay'ah) of the people.

- Umar ‫ رضي هللا عنه‬was nominated by Abu Bakr and accepted by the Muslim
community.

- Uthman ‫ رضي هللا عنه‬was elected by a committee (Shura) of six senior companions.

- Ali ‫ رضي هللا عنه‬was chosen directly by the people during a time of crisis.

The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said:

> "When three people are on a journey, they should appoint one among themselves
as a leader."

(Abu Dawood, Hadith 2608)

Thus, even in small matters, leadership must be organized and decided upon
mutual agreement. A leader must be accountable, servant of the people, and
always fear Allah in their governance.
Role of Majlis-e-Shura (Advisory Council)
Majlis-e-Shura or the Advisory Council is an important organ of the Islamic
political system. It is a body of trustworthy, wise, and knowledgeable individuals
who assist the leader in making decisions that affect the public.

The Qur'an stresses:

> "...and consult them in affairs..."

(Surah Aal-e-Imran 3:159)

It is not only a recommendation but a duty for the ruler to consult his advisors and
the community before making major political, military, economic, or social
decisions.

Functions of the Majlis-e-Shura include:

- Advising on legislation (provided it aligns with Shariah).

- Representing the needs and concerns of the people.

- Acting as a check on the ruler's power.

- Ensuring justice and welfare for all citizens.

In the Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬time, even though he received divine revelation, he still

consulted his companions on major issues such as:

- The strategy in the Battle of Badr.

- Whether to fight outside or inside Medina during the Battle of Uhud.

- The terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.

This shows that consultation is a mandatory element of Islamic governance,

promoting participation, unity, and accountability.

Justice and governance in Islam

Justice (Adl) is the foundation and soul of Islamic governance. No governance is
Islamic if it does not establish and maintain justice.
Allah says in the Qur'an:

> "Indeed, Allah commands you to uphold justice and to do good..."

(Surah An-Nahl 16:90)

And also:

> "O you who believe! Stand firmly for justice as witnesses to Allah, even against
yourselves, your parents, or your relatives..."

(Surah An-Nisa 4:135)

In an Islamic system, justice must be established:

- Between Muslims and non-Muslims.

- Between rulers and subjects.

- Between the rich and the poor.

- Between men and women.

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

> "The most beloved of people to Allah on the Day of Resurrection and the closest
to Him will be the just leader."

(Tirmidhi, Hadith 1329)

A true Islamic government must:

- Protect the life, property, and dignity of all citizens.

- Ensure the welfare of the poor, orphans, and oppressed.

- Implement fair taxation and distribution of resources.

- Uphold the rights of minorities.

- Combat injustice, corruption, and tyranny.

Governance is not a privilege; it is a burden of responsibility. Leaders are

answerable to Allah on the Day of Judgment for how they ruled over the people.
Educational System of Islam
The educational system in Islam places great emphasis on the pursuit of
knowledge, character development, and spiritual growth. Islam teaches that
knowledge is an essential tool for personal development and the betterment of
society. Both religious and worldly knowledge are encouraged, with the ultimate
goal of seeking Allah's pleasure and fostering a society based on righteousness.

The Islamic educational system is built upon divine guidance, promoting an

individual’s intellectual, moral, and spiritual development. It covers not just the
acquisition of knowledge but also the importance of using knowledge responsibly,
spreading it, and ensuring it benefits society as a whole.

Seeking knowledge as an obligation

In Islam, acquiring knowledge is considered an obligation and a duty for every
Muslim. The Quran and Hadith strongly emphasize the importance of learning,
regardless of one's age, gender, or background. Knowledge is not merely a worldly
pursuit but a way to gain a deeper understanding of Allah’s will.

Quranic Emphasis on Knowledge

The Quran encourages the pursuit of knowledge in numerous verses. One of the
most notable verses is:

> “Are those who know equal to those who do not know?”

> (Surah Az-Zumar, 39:9)

This verse stresses the superiority of those who possess knowledge. Allah, in the
Quran, acknowledges the value of knowledge, elevating its importance above
other traits.

Another powerful verse in the Quran asserts that knowledge is a tool to attain
higher ranks:

> “Allah will raise those of you who have believed and those who were given
knowledge, by degrees.”

> (Surah Al-Mujadila, 58:11)

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬also emphasized the obligation of seeking knowledge
for all Muslims:

> “Seeking knowledge is an obligation upon every Muslim.”

> (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 224)

This Hadith underscores that knowledge is not optional but a necessary pursuit
for every Muslim, both men and women, young and old.

The Importance of Knowledge in the Hereafter

The pursuit of knowledge is not just for worldly benefits; it has eternal
significance. The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

> "The example of a scholar compared to a worshiper is like the moon compared
to the stars."

> (Sunan Abu Dawood, Hadith 3641)

This hadith compares the scholar to the moon, which shines brighter than the
stars, indicating the elevated status of those who impart knowledge and
contribute to the spiritual and intellectual well-being of society.

Respect for teachers and scholars

In Islam, teachers and scholars are held in the highest regard. They are viewed as
the heirs of the Prophets because they continue to convey the message of Allah
and His Messenger ‫ﷺ‬. Respecting and honouring teachers is not just a moral duty
but an essential part of a Muslim’s education.

Quranic Verses on Scholars

The Quran emphasizes the special status of scholars. One such verse is:

> “Allah bears witness that there is no deity except Him, and the angels and those
of knowledge — maintaining His creation in justice.”

> (Surah Aal-Imran, 3:18)

This verse highlights that scholars are among those closest to Allah, and their role
in maintaining justice is of paramount importance.
Additionally, Allah commands respect for those who are knowledgeable:

> “Say, Are those who know equal to those who do not know?”

> (Surah Az-Zumar, 39:9)

This shows that knowledge is a key differentiator between individuals, and those
who possess it should be respected and honoured for their wisdom.

Respecting Teachers and Scholars in Hadith

The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬stated:

> “The superiority of the scholar over the worshipper is like the superiority of the
full moon over the rest of the stars.”

> (Sunan Abu Dawood, Hadith 3641)

This Hadith emphasizes that scholars have a higher status than mere worshippers
because of the vital role they play in transmitting knowledge and guiding others.

The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also said:

> “He who does not honour our elders and does not show mercy to our young ones
is not one of us.”

> (Sunan Abu Dawood, Hadith 4943)

This shows the importance of showing respect, especially to those who have
experience and knowledge, including teachers, elders, and scholars.

Learning religious and worldly knowledge

Islam promotes the pursuit of both religious knowledge (Ilm-e-Deen) and worldly
knowledge (Ilm-e-Dunya). Both types of knowledge are seen as important for a
person’s development and for the betterment of society.

Religious Knowledge (Ilm-e-Deen)

Religious knowledge is the foundation of a Muslim’s faith and practice. This

includes knowledge of the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh (Islamic law), and other related
disciplines. Through these studies, a Muslim learns how to worship Allah
correctly, live righteously, and interact with others in accordance with Islamic
principles.

The Quran explicitly commands Muslims to seek religious knowledge:

> “It is only those who have knowledge among His servants that fear Allah.”

> (Surah Fatir, 35:28)

This verse demonstrates that knowledge is the key to developing true taqwa (God-
consciousness) and a deep understanding of Allah’s commands.

Worldly Knowledge (Ilm-e-Dunya)

Islam encourages the pursuit of worldly knowledge that benefits humanity, such
as science, mathematics, medicine, engineering, and other fields. The Quran
encourages Muslims to reflect on the natural world, to study it, and to use their
understanding to benefit society.

The Quran says:

> “Indeed, in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of the
night and day, are signs for those of understanding.”

> (Surah Aal-Imran, 3:190)

This verse highlights that the natural world is full of lessons and wisdom for those
who reflect and learn from it. The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬also encouraged the
Muslims to seek knowledge that benefits the world:

> “Seek knowledge even if it is as far as China.”

> (Sunan Ibn Majah, Hadith 224)

This Hadith indicates the importance of acquiring knowledge from all corners of
the earth, emphasizing its practical value in improving lives.

Spreading knowledge
In Islam, knowledge is not to be hoarded but shared with others. Teaching and
spreading knowledge are considered a great form of worship, and it carries a
reward that continues even after death.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

> “Convey from me, even if it is one verse.”

> (Sahih al-Bukhari, Hadith 3461)

This Hadith encourages every Muslim to share even the smallest amount of
knowledge that they have, as it can lead others to the truth and righteousness.

The Concept of Sadaqah Jariyah (Continuous Charity)

Spreading knowledge is a form of continuous charity (Sadaqah Jariyah). The

Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said:

> “When a person dies, his deeds come to an end except for three: Sadaqah Jariyah
(continuous charity), beneficial knowledge, or a righteous child who prays for
him.”

> (Sahih Muslim, Hadith 1631)

This means that teaching others or writing beneficial works that continue to guide
people long after one’s death can earn perpetual rewards from Allah.

Judicial System of Islam

The judicial system of Islam is a reflection of its deep commitment to justice,
fairness, and the rule of law. It is based on the principles laid out in the Quran and
the Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him).
Islamic law, known as Sharia, governs various aspects of life, including personal
matters, social justice, and criminal law. The judicial system seeks to ensure that
justice is served equitably and without bias, emphasizing the protection of human
rights and the fair treatment of all individuals, regardless of their status or
position in society.

Islamic courts and judicial framework

Islamic courts are an integral part of the judicial system in countries where Sharia
law is implemented. These courts are responsible for interpreting and applying
Islamic law to various cases. The judicial framework of Islam is designed to
provide justice in all aspects of life, from personal disputes to serious criminal
offenses.

Types of Islamic Courts

1. Shariah Courts:

- These courts primarily deal with matters concerning personal status law, such
as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody. They apply Sharia principles
to resolve issues related to family life and the duties and rights of individuals.

- Quranic Reference: Allah says in the Quran:

- "And those who, when they commit an immorality or wrong themselves [by
transgression], remember Allah and seek forgiveness for their sins..." (Quran
3:135). This reflects the importance of resolving personal disputes in a just
manner, seeking forgiveness and fairness through legal means.

2. Criminal Courts:

- Islamic criminal law is based on the Quran and Hadith, addressing offenses like
theft, adultery, apostasy, and false accusation. Serious offenses come under the
category of Hudud (fixed punishments), which carry specific and predetermined
punishments, such as the amputation of a hand for theft or stoning for adultery.

- Quranic Reference: Regarding theft, Allah says:

- "As for the thief, the male and the female, amputate their hands in
recompense for what they committed as a deterrent [punishment] from Allah."
(Quran 5:38).

3. Appeals Court:

- Some Islamic legal systems have a hierarchical court structure, where

decisions from lower courts can be appealed to higher authorities or more senior
judges. This system ensures a higher level of scrutiny for legal decisions.

Sources of Islamic Law

The judicial framework in Islam is based on four primary sources:

1. Quran:
 - The Quran is the primary and most authoritative source of Islamic law. It
contains direct instructions on many aspects of life and legal matters. The Quran
stresses justice in all dealings and prescribes guidelines for handling disputes.

- Quranic Reference: Allah commands:

- "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses
for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives." (Quran 4:135).

2. Hadith:

- The Hadith are the sayings, actions, and approvals of Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him), which explain and expand upon the principles found in the
Quran. The Hadith are used to interpret the Quran and provide clarity on how laws
should be applied.

- Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:

- "The best of judges is the one who is just." (Sunan Ibn Majah).

3. Ijma' (Consensus):

- Ijma' is the consensus of Islamic scholars on legal matters where the Quran and
Hadith are silent or unclear. It is the collective agreement of scholars on a
particular issue.

4. Qiyas (Analogy):

- When a legal issue arises that is not explicitly addressed in the Quran or Hadith,
scholars use analogy (Qiyas) to draw parallels from similar situations in Islamic
law and apply them to the new issue.

- Hadith Reference: The Prophet (peace be upon him) said:

- "Make use of the guidance of those who are learned among you to make your
judgment." (Sahih al-Bukhari).

Role of Qazi (Judge)

In the Islamic judicial system, the Qazi (also known as Qadi) plays a pivotal role in
administering justice. A Qazi is an Islamic judge who is responsible for
interpreting and applying Sharia law in the court system.
Qualifications of a Qazi

To become a Qazi, an individual must possess deep knowledge of Islamic

jurisprudence. They must be familiar with the Quran, Hadith, Ijma', and Qiyas to
ensure they can make sound legal judgments. Moreover, a Qazi must be of high
moral character, possessing honesty, integrity, and impartiality.

- Quranic Reference: Allah instructs:

- "And when you judge between people to judge with justice." (Quran 4:58).

- Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:

- "The judge is a shield. He protects from the wrath of Allah, so if he judges in a

just manner, he is rewarded; if he judges unjustly, he will be punished." (Sahih
Muslim).

Duties and Responsibilities of the Qazi

1. Presiding Over Trials:

- The Qazi presides over trials, ensuring the proper legal procedures are followed
and that justice is administered fairly. They are responsible for gathering
evidence, hearing the testimony of witnesses, and issuing judgments based on
Sharia law.

2. Ensuring Fairness:

- The Qazi must treat all parties equally and impartially, regardless of their social
or economic status. This is emphasized in the Quran:

- "And if you judge, judge between them with justice. Indeed, Allah loves those
who act justly." (Quran 5:42).

3. Issuing Fatwas (Legal Opinions):

- The Qazi may issue fatwas (legal rulings) in matters where the Quran and
Hadith do not provide explicit guidance. These fatwas help interpret the law in
contemporary contexts.

4. Enforcing Punishments:
 - In criminal matters, the Qazi is responsible for enforcing prescribed
punishments (such as Hudud punishments for theft or adultery), as well as issuing
discretionary punishments (Tazir) for less severe offenses.

- Quranic Reference: Allah says in the Quran:

- "And if you [believers] punish them, then punish them with an equivalent of
that with which you were harmed." (Quran 16:126).

Legal ethics and justice in Islam

Islamic law places a strong emphasis on justice, ethics, and the protection of
human rights. The Quran and Hadith provide clear guidelines on how legal
professionals, particularly judges, should behave and how justice should be
dispensed.

Key Ethical Principles in Islamic Justice

1. Impartiality and Fairness:

- The Quran and Hadith both emphasize the need for impartiality in the legal
process. Judges must ensure that their decisions are based solely on the facts of
the case and the principles of justice, not influenced by personal biases or external
pressures.

- Quranic Reference: Allah commands:

- "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice, witnesses
for Allah, even if it be against yourselves or parents and relatives." (Quran 4:135).

- Hadith Reference: The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:

- "The best of judges is the one who is just." (Sunan Ibn Majah).

2. Accountability:

- In Islam, judges are not only accountable to the people but also to Allah for
their actions. They must act in accordance with Islamic principles of justice and
fairness. On the Day of Judgment, they will be held accountable for their
decisions.

- Quranic Reference: Allah says:

 - "And if you judge, judge between them with justice. Indeed, Allah loves those
who act justly." (Quran 5:42).

3. Honesty and Integrity:

- A judge must be honest and transparent in all proceedings. They must not
deceive, mislead, or act dishonestly in any way. This is reflected in the Quran:

- "And do not mix the truth with falsehood or conceal the truth while you know
[it]." (Quran 2:42).

4. Rights of the Accused:

- Islam guarantees the right of the accused to a fair trial and the presumption of
innocence until proven guilty. The accused must be given the opportunity to
defend themselves and present evidence.

- Quranic Reference: Allah says:

- "Do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right." (Quran
17:33).

5. Social Justice:

- Islamic law is designed to ensure social justice, particularly for the weak,
oppressed, and marginalized. The Quran stresses the need to uphold justice for
all, especially those who are disadvantaged.

- Quranic Reference: Allah commands:

- "Indeed, Allah commands you to render trusts to whom they are due and when
you judge between people to judge with justice." (Quran 4:58).

Conclusion
Islam provides a complete code of life that guides individuals in all aspects of their
existence, from spiritual beliefs to social and economic interactions. It
encompasses the foundational principles of belief, including the oneness of Allah
(Tawhid), belief in angels, prophets, and the Day of Judgment, creating a
framework for both personal and collective guidance. Through its five pillars—
Shahada, Salah, Sawm, Zakat, and Hajj Islam establishes the essential practices
that promote spiritual growth and social responsibility.

In comparison with other religions and systems, Islam stands as a comprehensive

and holistic system, addressing both material and spiritual needs, fostering
justice, equality, and respect for all of creation. The rights of individuals, including
women, children, and the environment, are safeguarded under Islamic teachings,
promoting a balanced and just society.

Furthermore, Islam’s economic, political, educational, and judicial systems

encourage fairness, ethical conduct, and the pursuit of knowledge, while its
financial systems emphasize the importance of lawful earnings and charity.
Islam’s emphasis on education, justice, and governance fosters a harmonious
society based on mutual respect and shared values.

Ultimately, Islam serves as a complete code of life, offering not just a set of
beliefs, but a comprehensive way of life that guides its followers towards personal
development, social responsibility, and global harmony. It provides practical
solutions for everyday challenges while ensuring that the spiritual, social, and
ethical needs of humanity are met.