Examples for geo 6 markers:

Topography:
• Mountains, glaciers, lakes, rivers, etc.

Climate:
2010 Floods:

How to use:

“The 2010 monsoon floods, displaced millions of people, killed over 1,700 people and affected over 20%
of the land area causing damage worth billions.”

Heatwaves in Karachi (2015):

“In 2015, a heatwave in Karachi caused over 1,200 deaths and leaving another 50,000 sick due
to inadequate public awareness and emergency response.”

Cyclone Biparjoy (2023)

“Cyclone Biparjoy affected the Sindh coast, forcing 81,000 evacuations and damaging infrastructure.
Heavy gusts and rains caused 4 fatalities and 5 injuries, and damaged 2,460 houses and destroyed 190.”

Cyclone Yemyin (2007)

“It hit coastal Balochistan and Sindh, causing flash floods, strong winds, and over 200 deaths.
It damaged homes, crops, and infrastructure, especially in Gwadar and Turbat.
The disaster exposed weak disaster preparedness and delayed rescue efforts.”

Relevant organizations:

• Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD)

“PMD monitors weather patterns and issues early warnings for floods and storms, helping
reduce disaster impacts.”
 • NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority)

“NDMA coordinates disaster response during floods and heatwaves, aiming to minimize human
and economic losses.”

• WWF Pakistan

“WWF Pakistan runs climate awareness campaigns and promotes environmental sustainability
in schools and communities.”

Water resources:

• Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)

• NIAB Faisalabad ( Nuclear Institute for Agriculture & Biology) developed salt-tolerant wheat and
rice, allowing cultivation on saline soils, especially in southern Punjab.

• The SCARP Project (Salinity Control and Reclamation Project), launched in the 1960s with World
Bank support, reclaimed saline land in central and southern Punjab and northern Sindh using
tube wells, canal lining, and drainage system.

Forests:

• Illegal logging and over grazing in balochistan

• Community forest programs in the Swat Valley focus on sustainable forestry, where local
communities manage and protect forests.

• Forest Department of Pakistan manages national parks and protected areas, aiming to reverse
deforestation trends and conserve forests.

• Check examples from book for afforestation and mangroves ki development

Fishing:
 • Marine Fisheries Department
responsible for the management and development of marine fisheries resources within Pakistan's
Exclusive Fishing Zone. It also regulates the export of fish and fisheries products, ensuring they
meet international standards. (book mai iske bare mai dekh lena)

Mining:
• Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation

“it plays a central role in the exploration and development of mineral resources across Pakistan.”

• Coal Mine Explosion (2011)

on March 21, 2011 in the Soranj Coalfield around 35 kilometers from Quetta. At least 43 poor
miners were killed within a 600 feet deep pit in the mine. It took three to four days to retrieve
their bodies.

• Harnai coal mine explosion 2023

On 3 March 2023, a coal mine explosion in the Harnai district of Balochistan, Pakistan resulted in the
death of six miners who were digging at a depth of 1,500 feet. On 19 March 2023, about 18 miners
were trapped after an explosion inside a coal mine in the Harnai district.

Agriculture:

• The Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC)

(check book for its work)

• In 2011, lumpy skin disease resulted in the culling of thousands of cattle, disrupting dairy
production and livestock incomes, severely affecting farmers’ livelihoods.

• Bird flu (I’ll send details)

Power resources:
 • Coal, oil, natural gas fields, power stations, nuclear power plants, hydel power stations
(check from book)

• In January 2021, a major technical fault at the Guddu Thermal Power Plant triggered a
nationwide blackout, affecting cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta for up to 18
hours. The breakdown led to a cascading failure in the National Transmission and
Dispatch Company system. This incident highlighted Pakistan’s poor grid infrastructure
and maintenance failures.

• Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park (Bahawalpur, Punjab – 2015)

Pakistan’s largest solar power project generates up to 1,000 MW in the Cholistan
Desert. It provides clean electricity to southern Punjab, especially rural and off-grid
areas. This reduces power shortages and reliance on fossil fuels.

• Gharo-Jhimpir Wind Corridor (Sindh)

The region hosts over 1,000 MW of wind energy projects by companies like Zorlu and
HydroChina. It supplies electricity to rural Sindh, improving power access and
sustainability. This reduces load shedding and supports local industries.

Industries, tourism and trade:

- DG Khan Cement
- Lucky cement
- Engro Fertilizers
- Fauji fertilizer

• Leaf curl virus

• Bollworm
• USA withdrew the general system of preferences for carpets, rugs, sports good and
surgical instruments in 1996 due to child labour

• Marriott Hotel Bombing – Islamabad (2008)

On September 20, 2008, a suicide truck bomb devastated the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad,
killing over 50 people, including foreigners. The attack severely impacted Pakistan's
tourism and hospitality sectors, leading to a significant decline in foreign visitors. It also
heightened security concerns among international investors.

• Army Public School Massacre – Peshawar (2014)

 On December 16, 2014, militants attacked the Army Public School in Peshawar, killing 149
people, including 132 children. The tragedy led to nationwide grief and prompted the
government to implement stricter anti-terrorism measures. It also caused widespread
fear, affecting school attendance and public gatherings.

• Nanga Parbat Base Camp Attack – 2013

In June 2013, militants attacked a mountaineering base camp at Nanga Parbat, killing 11
people, including 10 foreign climbers. The Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan claimed responsibility,
citing retaliation for drone strikes. This incident led to a sharp decline in mountain tourism
in Gilgit-Baltistan.

• 9\11 incident
• Sri lankan cricket team got attacked in 2009
• Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) development and promotion of
tourism)

Transport and telecommunication:

- Motorways (book)
- Highways (book)
- CPEC ko achi tarah parhlo book se (good example cuz can be used for other chapters too)

Population:

• The Lady Health Worker (LHW) Program: Introduced in the 1990s, this program deploys trained
female health workers in rural areas to provide family planning services, which has been crucial
in empowering women and improving access to contraception.

• Family planning examples check karlo book se cuz they’re good.

• One child policy of china

• The Benazir Income Support Program (BISP), launched in 2008, is a social welfare initiative
in Pakistan that provides cash transfers to low-income families, focusing especially on women in
both rural and urban areas. By helping families meet basic needs, the program improves
livelihoods and empowers women to make informed decisions about health, education, and
family planning—indirectly supporting population control. BISP also encourages families to
 invest in children’s education, particularly that of girls, addressing historical gender disparities in
access to schooling.

• The Ehsaas Program, launched in 2020, is a comprehensive social protection initiative aimed at
reducing inequality and supporting vulnerable populations in Pakistan. It offers cash transfers,
health insurance, educational incentives, and vocational training to poor households, improving
their economic conditions. The program promotes female education by providing extra support
to families that enroll their children, especially girls, in school. By easing financial hardship,
Ehsaas enables families to prioritize education over child labor, fostering long-term investment
in children's futures.

• The Kamyab Jawan Program, launched in 2019, addresses youth unemployment in Pakistan by
providing low-interest loans and skill development opportunities to individuals aged 18 to 40. It
empowers young entrepreneurs through financial support to start businesses and offers
vocational training in key sectors like IT, agriculture, and handicrafts. By increasing youth
economic participation and improving living standards, the program helps reduce
unemployment and indirectly supports population control by easing financial pressure on young
families.