Electrical Machines - I

Prof. Tapas Kumar Bhattacharya

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Lecture - 64
Generator & Motor Operation – Basics

Welcome to lecture 64. The previous lectures were very important, because of the fact that
we derived a two relationships; one is when a DC machine will be operating, then it will
have generated EMF, no matter whether it is acting as a motor or generator, a conductor
moving in a magnetic field will have generated EMF. Although, we considered generator
mode of operation and we found that a DC machine, which is represented like this here
and this is the flux per pole created by the machine.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:57)

When you pass some current, 𝐼𝑓 here and we considered generator mode of operation and
suppose, it was running in this direction with a speed 𝑛, then this side is North Pole, this
side is South Pole. So, what I am trying to tell in the schematic diagram, we must try to
understand that whatever is happening in the armature conductors under a pair pole, same
thing is going to happen to other armature conductors under the next pair of pole.

So, people represent the this simplified diagram pretending it is a two pole machine, if you
know what is happening under a pair of pole, same thing will happen. So, that is why it is
done like a two pole machine North Pole, South Pole, a pair of pole. This degree is 180°
electrical and so on.

Anyway, we found out that if this is rotated in this case, the voltage across the armature
𝑃𝑍
terminals A1-A2, under open circuit condition if I say generated emf 𝐸𝑔 = 𝜑𝑛. So,
𝑎

much volts if 𝜑 is in Weber and 𝑛 is in rps, do not forget that it can be changed to rpm and
another thing is the polarity of this voltages can be found out, instead of drawing all the
conductors here in this slots, I will just draw two conductors, because this side DC machine
one good thing is under a particular pole, the direction of currents will remain same in all
the conductors or generated emf polarity will remain same.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:45)

So, if you apply right hand rule we found that it will be equal to cross under a North Pole.
So, applying right hand rule this side will be cross and this will be dot. This is the thing;
this is the polarity of the induced emf in each conductor. Suppose, the brush becomes plus
from this, I am unable to tell which brush will become plus minus ok. Unless, I go through
the actual machine and I will be able to tell, but for my mathematical analysis it does not
matter whether this is plus this is minus or this is plus this is minus. Anyway, let us assume
A1 becomes plus when this is generated emf cross dot here this becomes plus.

And then you have a load 𝑅𝐿 where you want to consume power. Now, several things
comes out; if this switch is opened, then there is no external current supplied by the
armature and therefore, no current in the conductors as well, but if it is closed, then it will
deliver power to the load. If it delivers power to the load, this current and current in the
𝐼
conductors will not be same, it will be 𝑎𝑎.

What is 𝑎 this, small 𝑎 is the number of parallel paths that will be the current in each
conductor and if they carry current in this direction, then by applying left hand rule we
observed that the electromagnetic torque (𝑇𝑒 ) will be in this direction. Direction of rotation
is decided by the prime mover torque 𝑇𝑃𝑀 and if these two are equal then only generator
will run continuously at a constant rpm delivering power. Any disbalance between 𝑇𝑒 and
𝑇𝑃𝑀 will either accelerate or decelerate the generator and this will happen, when the
machine will be under transient conditions and finally, machine will always seek to reach
a state where 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑃𝑀 .

Now, therefore, a DC machine in case of generator, I am telling it will be like this. Then
when it delivers a current, we would like to know how much electromagnetic torque the
generator is producing. We also find out that and these two expressions are most vital in
understanding the operations of DC machines whether generator or motor it does not
matter and we will do that, but here it will be like this. So much of Newton metre provided
𝐼𝑎 is in ampere, and 𝜑 in Weber.

Similarly here, 𝜑 is in Weber then only it will be in volts. These are the two most important
equations and DC machine anything you want to explain about DC machines, you cannot
𝑃𝑍
do without these two equations that is why they are so vital. Remember this things is a
𝑎

constant of a machine. Now, the constant appearing in generated voltage and constant
appearing in the torque expression differs by a factor of 2𝜋 you should be very careful
about it ok.

Sometimes what people do is this expression can be also written as

𝑃𝑍 𝑃𝑍 𝑃𝑍
𝐸𝑔 = 𝜑𝑛 = 𝜑2𝜋𝑛 = 𝜑𝜔
𝑎 2𝜋𝑎 2𝜋𝑎

I can do like this, 𝑛 is in rps I told you and this is nothing, but 𝜔 in rad/sec if you express
this speed then these two constants will be equal it is important to point it out that. If you
express the speed in rad/sec mechanical rad/sec mind you nothing electrical here then these
two constants will be same anyway you should be careful if it is in rps then these two
constant of proportionality are not same.

In any rotating machines, I have been telling to you a through my machine two course that
to produce torque in a AC machine number of stator poles and number of rotor poles must
be same. And another thing, I told you that the field produced by stator and field produced
by the rotor the angle between them should be time invariant should be constant, then only
it can produce sustain the electromagnetic torque.

Now, in case of DC machine also this is true, why? Let us see that. Suppose, I redraw the
same thing, this is the thing, this is the armature rotor and this is the stator field. Suppose,
when you pass current, it produces field lines like this, this side is north, that is what we
have been telling and this side there is a South Pole here, all this means like this and
physically it is like this north south ok.

Now, if there is no armature current that is if this switch is open then of course, there is no
rotor field stator field is present. Mind you armature is the rotor, the armature winding is
housed in rotor not on stator. Stator is this field winding. So, anyway this is the defined
case. Now, for example; if armature carries current under what condition it will carry
current, when you want to draw power out of the generator this 𝐼𝑎 then this is the thing oh
sorry, these are the lines of force we understand this is north, this is south, I am not
drawing.

So, armature conductors will be here bigger, I am drawing and if the armature current is
𝐼𝑎 , armature conductors will carry has to carry current cross dot applying right hand rule I
get and all the conductors here under North Pole will carry cross current and they will
𝐼𝑎
carry same current. Mind you whichever conductor is under South Pole and whichever
𝑎

conductor is on this line, they will not carry; induced voltage will be 0 ok, current will be
there.

Now, let us see what will be the poles of this machine. Rotor, the these are the conductors
which are cross this side this side dot therefore, the direction of the field produced by the
armature current will be like this, right hand rule, this side cross, this side dot. So, lines of
force created by the armature will be going like this top to bottom, that is lines of force
produced by the armature will be somewhat like this is not this will be the line of force
green lines are the lines of force.

Now, look at the rotor iron, rotor iron then this phase of the rotor iron will it become North
Pole or South Pole? North Pole, because lines of force this is iron mind you iron slotted
iron in which conductors you have placed, but I iron it is rotor cylindrical iron. So, lines
of force if they come out from this, this portion of this it will become Nr, let me.

So, rotor this portion will become North Pole Nr rotor and this will become South Pole
lines of force are entering and you see interaction of these two poles produces
electromagnetic torque. This North Pole will be repaired by the stator North Pole that is
what the electromagnetic torque is in this direction. This South Pole will be attracted by
this. So, this is the direction of electromagnetic force.

It is for a two pole thing, for four pole same thing will happen Nr Sr, Nr Sr therefore, those
things are valid. Now, the question is a stationary observer, if he is looking to this things,
you will say there is stator poles NS, NS, this N, this S and they are stationary in space.
He will also conclude there is rotor field Nr Sr although, conductors are moving, but Nr
Sr are fixed in space that is the stator field is like this and rotor field is like this.

This is the rotor field Fr, this is the stator field Fs and angle between them is 90° always,
no matter. Unlike, a induction machine or synchronous machines with respect to a
stationary observer, they may move, but they must move with same velocity. So, that a
stationary observer must conclude these two fields are angle between them. These two are
fixed, then only a constant torque will be produced.

In case of induction or synchronous machine as we changed, if the load power factor is an

important issue there that also decides where the rotor position of the field will be, where
the stator field will be, we discussed at length in our machine two courses and this angle
changes with change of load on the machine shaft. If it is a motor or your electrical load,
if it is a generator, position of this two fields might change, but in steady state condition
they must have some sin 𝛿 etc matters.

But in this case this angle, 90° is always ensured. No matter what is the degree of loading
increase load, load current increases this strength of this two field will increase rotor field
there by more electromagnetic torque in the opposite direction. Mind you prime mover
torque is here, in this direction getting therefore, it is like this. This is slightly, I mean not
surprising, it is interesting to note that armature conductors are moving they are carrying
current, but the direction in which the armature field is present that is Fr, that is always
fixed. What do I mean by this?

Suppose, you have a coil a coil it is carrying a current cross and dot it will produce a field
here is not a rectangular a coil is there, it will produce a field here. Suppose, you say that
I will move this coil by certain angle carrying same current then the field it will create will
also move by that same angle is not, the field produced by a single coil let us understand,
it is like this perpendicular to the plane of the coil. If you move the field created, once
again will move in space, but here something surprising is happening.

Coils are physically moving, but the direction of the field is always remaining fixed, that
is why the armature winding, armature coils are also called are also called stationary
Pseudo coil, Pseudo I am not mass spelling Pseudo stationary coil. What is this Pseudo
stationary coil? Coil is really moving, but so far as the magnetic field is concerned, it is as
if stationary and who is behind all this things. Why this is happening? It is the commutator
segment and brush arrangement, because any conductor coming under the influence from
the North Pole is distinct to carry a current in the same direction.

Now, it is conductor want to hear after sometime this 1 will come this side and 2 will come
this side, but the moment they crosses this side they cannot, but carry dot current cross to
dot, that is the most interesting part of the DC machine, that is the coils are moving
physically, but it is the commutator segment and brush arrangement which makes any
conductor whoever, comes under the influence of north pole will always carry north
current. That is this armature is moving, it is not that same conductor is just resting in piece
here no everything is moving, but it will be replaced by this fellow after some time, this
fellow, this will cross over and so on.

So, mind you, it is like this and therefore, in case of DC machine number of poles of stator
and rotor must be same and not only that the we can draw knowing the whether it is
operating as a generator or motor, the current distribution by applying right hand rule and
it is all DC therefore, direction of emf decides the direction of the current no question of
any power factor coming in between therefore, the distribution of current, I mean polarity
of the currents under north and South Pole is fixed once it is you know it is generator or
motor. Similarly, let us see what will happen in case of generator.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:03)

Suppose, this is your armature, this is your field which creates North Pole here and South
Pole there and there are brushes. Suppose, I say it is operating as a motor what do I do I
will connect a this armature terminals A1 A2 to some supply, DC supply now, DC source,
voltage source and it will carry some current, 𝐼𝑎 armature current to the outside world.
Mind you, this is not the conductor currents and this goes like this, then this current will
𝐼𝑎
be divided into various parallel paths will be the currents. Anyway, that will be the
𝑎

current. Now, I will draw just a one conductors to avoid clumsiness in the figure.

Now, this current whether this will be cross or this will be dot I am not pretty sure is not
outside, how can I say, but if this current gets divided into parallel paths and if it so happens
that this is cross this is dot this armature current divides like this then I will apply left hand
rule to say in which direction it is moving that is now, I have to apply left hand rule.

So, this is north this is the direction of the current provided by external source current is
fixed first and it will experience force in this direction and this fellow will experience force
in this direction and all the conductors will experience force like this it will start running
and suppose so, motor will run like this, in the anti clockwise direction, because I applied
left hand rule.
Similarly, here you see this is dot same direction of. So, this is the rps at which it is moving
in the anticlockwise direction that is fine. How much is the electromagnetic torque? It will
be equal to, if it is steadily running suppose at some rps I am then certain that the
electromagnetic torque if it is suppose constant it, I find a DC machine is running in the
anti clockwise direction, then I will say electromagnetic torque developed by the machine
𝑃𝑍
is 2𝜋𝑎 𝜑𝐼𝑎 , this 𝐼𝑎 is the total current 𝑎 is the number of parallel paths.

So, this is the electromagnetic torque and I will say electric by applying this rule,
electromagnetic torque is acting in the counter clockwise direction and if everything is
running steadily, then I will say oh there must be an opposing torque present on the shaft
of the machine, which is the load torque and this must be equal to the load torque as well,
the magnitude.

So, electromagnetic torque in the case of motor decides the direction of rotation. So, in
case of motor mode, direction of rotation and electromagnetic torque will be acting in the
same direction and the mechanical load torque will be acting in the opposite direction that
is what I know and at steady state operation 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝐿 . It is running at a constant rpm
therefore, net torque acting on the machine must be 0 and it will do like this.

In this case also, it is acting as a motor, if you wish the armature field rotor field will be
always vertical. Once again, here in this case lines of force for rotor field will be like this
vertically downwards therefore, this side will become Nr is not this will be this is the
armature current, this is Nr and this is Sr.

And this Nr will be repealed by this therefore, electromagnetic torque which we got from
left hand side could be also just now, right now tell this Nr will be replaced, but interesting
thing is I am repeating the this Nr the position of this Nr and Sr remains same. No matter
whether this conductor is here or it as gone this side, this conductor has come there that is
the thing. So, in case of motor mode, it will be like this.

So, in case of motor mode, you connect a DC source, pump current into the armature and
this one. Another point, I want to tell, this is the direction of the rotor field, this is the
direction of the stator field they are at quadrature fine. Another good thing is in case of DC
machines these two are decoupled they call it, I mean armature and field are practically
decoupled that shunt field coil.
That is why this armature field whatever will be produced since, it is in quadrature with
the field access that is the stator field is like this and armature field will be along this
vertical line in may be this direction also depending upon current etc, but they are at right
angles therefore, this armature field is not going to disturb your field circuit in any case,
because component of this flux along this line is 0 is not.

Therefore, the interaction of these two fields is not there, that is why when you are drawing
power out of the prime mover in case of out of the DC machine in case of a generator
mode. For example here, this field circuit as if it never knows that what happens is this
𝑉
field circuit current is whatever is the voltage applied here 𝑅 nothing you change the load
𝑓

this that this field current is not going to affect whether the armature is carrying or not, this
𝑉
field current will be 𝑅 only, no interaction between field and armature.
𝑓

In the field circuit whatever power you give that is lost in the field circuit resistance. Field
circuit only creates the flux, main power is handled by the armature circuit. It is the prime
mover which gives power to this armature and that power is translated here. In no way
through the field circuit power comes in the armature circuit, which is not possible because
they are at quadrature.

𝑉
Similarly, in case of motor mode, field circuit current is decided by 𝑅 , field circuit game
𝑓

is over, it is you connect a mechanical load on the shaft that is load torque in the opposite
direction, its speed will get adjusted such that it can produce enough electromagnetic
torque to counterbalance this and make your machine run at constant rpm therefore, to
conclude what I am telling today, is that last, but one thing I must tell that in case of motor
mode, this is this thing, this is the supply DC voltage 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 .

Now, if I look at the conductors this direction of the current, current is forced into the
armature circuit cross dot ok. Now, you see this conductor is moving and it is placed in a
magnetic field therefore, why not there will be induced voltage in the conductor or across
𝑃𝑍
the armature terminal, following the rule 𝜑𝑛, because what you need across the
𝑎

armature to get generated voltage you need a flux per pole created by 𝐼𝑓 .
You need a rotation which is N in any case the conductor is rotating, because of whatever
reason I do not care, but then across the armature there must be some induced emf and
what will be the polarity of that voltage apply the right hand rule. Now, in this conductor
what will be the polarity of the voltage 𝑣 direction of rotation is like this like this that is is
like this direction of rotation assume to be this way.

So, direction of V is this. So, apply right hand rule and polarity of the induced voltage will
be a dot 𝐸𝑔 are you getting this. This is very interesting that is the armature circuit
equivalent circuit if I draw, this is your I mean for motor mode, it will be like this plus
minus V supply there may be some armature resistance ra is there armature coil resistance
then or I will draw it like this, this is your armature ok.

There will be an armature resistance here, conductors is having resistance, here is your
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 and between these two points across the armature, there is an emf which is in
opposition to the current flow and that emf is back emf 𝐸𝑏 and whose value will be your
this

𝑃𝑍
𝐸𝑏 = 𝜑𝑛
𝑎

So, this is the equivalent circuit of the armature as a motor mode. In case of generator the
equivalent circuit will be generated voltage 𝑟𝑎 and then load resistance that is all and
armature will deliver current like this, in case of motor it will draw current, but the
direction of the armature current and direction of the generated emf are in opposite
directions.

In fact, it will 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 > 𝐸𝑏 , then only it is acting as a motor drawing power from the
supply and doing things. We will continue with this, but you these two formulas are so
simple to remember better memorize them, I do not mind when it is complicated I said do
not remember them, but it is. So, you can also apply some physics torque is force.

𝑃𝑍
So, force is 𝐵𝑖𝑙. So, some 𝜑𝐼𝑎 product and similarly, generated emf is 𝐵𝑙𝑣. So, 𝜑𝑛
𝑎

velocity is taken care of by rps and so on and try to understand this points that armature
emf, armature field and actual field produced by the stator coils, they are at quadrature
always. No matter at what rpm it is running or things like that and in case of motor mode,
always see that there is a supply voltage, but the conductors are in any case moving in a
magnetic field.

We have also found out that expression for generated emf, if a conductor is moving in a
flux per pole 𝜑 then across the armature, there will become another source of emf across
the brush, if it is running at some speed 𝑛. We will continue with this, but physically try
to also understand, it is very simple way you can understand many things of a DC machine.

Thank you.