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RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

WEEK 9-10: RESEARCH

Jurusan teknik industri
DESIGN
 What’s research design?
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 Research design is the ‘science (and art)

of planning procedures for conducting
studies so as to get the most valid findings’
(Vogt, 1993, p. 196).
 A research design is.. simply the
framework or plan for a study used as a
guide in collecting and analyzing data.
(Churchill, 2001, p.104)
 What’s research design?
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 “….There is never a single, standard, correct method

of carrying out research. Do not wait to start your
research until you find out the proper approach,
because there are many ways to tackle a problem_
some good, some bad, but probably several good
ways. There is no single perfect design… “
 Types of Research
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 Exploratory research
Research design in which the major emphasis is on gaining
ideas and insight. It is particularly helpful in braking broad,
vague problem statements into smaller, more precise sub-
problem statements
 Descriptive research
Research design in which the major emphasis is on determining
the frequency with which something occurs or the extent to
which two variables covary. It is typically guided by an initial
hypothesis
 Causal Research
The major emphasis is on determining cause-and effect
relationship
 Exploratory Studies
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 The purposes of study:

o Formulating a problem for more precise investigation
o Developing hypotheses
o Establishing priorities for future research
o Gathering information about the practical problems
o Increase the familiarity of problem
o Clarifying concepts
 Types of Exploratory Studies
o Literature Research
o Experience Survey
o Focus Groups
o Analysis of Selected Cases
 Type of Descriptive Studies
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 Longitudinal Studies
Investigation involving a fixed sample of elements that is measured
repeatedly through time
True Panel : A fixed sample of respondents who are measured repeatedly
over time with respect to the same variables
Omnibus panel : A fixed sample of respondents who are measured
repeatedly over time but on variables that change from measurement to
measurement
 Cross-Sectional
Investigation involving a sample of elements selected from the population of
interest that are measured at a single point in time
◼ Sample Survey
Cross-sectional study in which the sample is selected to be representative
of the target population and in which the emphasis is on the generation
of summary statistics such as averages and percentages
 Causal Research
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Experimentation as Causal Research,

Experiment is Scientific investigation in which an investigator
manipulates and controls one or more independent variables and
observes the dependent variable or variables for variation concomitant
to the manipulation of the independent variables
 Laboratory experiment

Research investigation in which investigator create a situation with

exact conditions so as to control some, and manipulate other,
variables.
 Field experiment

Research study in a realistic situation in which one or more

independent variables are manipulated by the experimenter under as
carefully controlled conditions as the situation will permit
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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METHODOLOGIES
Quantitative research methodologies are meant to create
numeric statistics by using survey research to gather data
(Dawson, 2019). This approach tends to reach a larger amount
of people in a shorter amount of time. According to Labaree
(2020), there are three parts that make up a quantitative
research methodology:

 Sample population
 How you will collect your data (this is the research method)

 How you will analyze your data

Once you decide on a methodology, you can consider the

method to which you will apply your methodology.

https://library.tiffin.edu/researchmethodologies/whatareresearchmethodologies
 Population vs Sample
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 A population is a complete set of people with a

specialized set of characteristics, and a sample is a
subset of the population.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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METHODOLOGIES
Qualitative research methodologies examine the
behaviors, opinions, and experiences of individuals
through methods of examination (Dawson, 2019). This
type of approach typically requires less participants,
but more time with each participant. It gives research
subjects the opportunity to provide their own opinion
on a certain topic.

https://library.tiffin.edu/researchmethodologies/whatareresearchmethodologies
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
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METHODOLOGIES
 Examples of Qualitative Research Methodologies

• Action research: This is when the researcher works with a group of people to improve something
in a certain environment. It is a common approach for research in organizational management,
community development, education, and agriculture (Dawson, 2019).

• Ethnography: The process of organizing and describing cultural behaviors (Dawson,

2019). Researchers may immerse themselves into another culture to receive in "inside look" into
the group they are studying. It is often a time consuming process because the researcher will do
this for a long period of time. This can also be called "participant observation" (Dawson, 2019).

• Feminist research: The goal of this methodology is to study topics that have been dominated by
male test subjects. It aims to study females and compare the results to previous studies that
used male participants (Dawson, 2019).

• Grounded theory: The process of developing a theory to describe a phenomenon strictly through
the data results collected in a study. It is different from other research methodologies where the
researcher attempts to prove a hypothesis that they create before collecting data. Popular
research methods for this approach include focus groups and interviews (Dawson, 2019).

https://library.tiffin.edu/researchmethodologies/whatareresearchmethodologies
 MIXED METHOD METHODOLOGIES
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A mixed methodology allows you to implement

the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative
research methods. In some cases, you may find
that your research project would benefit from this.
This approach is beneficial because it allows
each methodology to counteract the weaknesses
of the other (Dawson, 2019). You should
consider this option carefully, as it can make your
research complicated if not planned correctly.

https://library.tiffin.edu/researchmethodologies/whatareresearchmethodologies
 Research design process
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Identify research problem

Determine purpose of research

Develop theoretical framework

Define terms

Define research questions/hypotheses

Identify limitation of study

Decide method
Determine expected outcomes
Procedure for identifying a research problem
 Issues in Identifying a research
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problem
Creswell (1994, p. 3) suggests that the following
questions provide a useful checklist for students
planning a study:
1. Is the project researchable, given time, resources, and
availability of data?
2. Is there a personal interest in the topic in order to sustain
attention?
3. Will the results from the study be of interest to others,
especially to the research committee who will be
responsible for accepting or rejecting your proposal?
 Issues in Identifying a research
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problem
4. Does the study fill a void replicate
extend; or develop new ideas in the
literature?
5. Is the research likely to be publishable
in an academic journal?
6. Will the project contribute to your
career goals?
 Issues in Identifying a research
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problem
More to consider…
 Availability of data

 Knowledge gaps

 Time and cost constraints

 Availability of data
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Availability of data
 Data : known facts or things used as basis for
inference
 Crucial to the successful of your research
 Need to find out whether you will be able to collect
the necessary data for your research project
(literature, official statistics, industry data, company
data, in company data, people, surveys)
Knowledge Gaps
 What you need to know and do to complete your
research
 Other skills you may need for your research
(statistical analysis, data coding, interviewing skills,
etc)
Time and cost constraints
 Discuss with your supervisor
 Determining the purpose of the research
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 Stating the purpose

 Choosing the unit of analysis

Determining the purpose of the research

Stating the purpose

Research problem -> Research objective/aims

In few sentences, aim to convey the overall purpose of

the study
Choosing the unit of analysis
 Kind of case to which the variables or phenomena under
study and the research problem refer and about which
data is collected and analyzed
 As low as possible , at the level of decision are made

 Example:

An individual (a manager, a customer)

An event (a purchase)
An object (a machine, a product)
An body of individuals (group of people/organization)
A relationships (connection between two more
individuals/bodies)
An aggregate (collection of undifferentiated
individuals/bodies)
 Unit of analysis
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Developing a theoretical framework

 A collection of theories and model from literature

which underpins a positivist research study
 Developing a theoretical framework
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theories can be classified into three types:

 grand theories, which are most often found
in the natural sciences
 middle-range theories, which are placed
higher than mere working hypotheses, but do
not have the status of a grand theory
 substantive theories, which are developed
within a certain context.
Merriam (1988)
DEFINING TERMS
 Define any term use, especially in first use
 Should consistent
Defining research questions or
hypothesis
 Purpose statement explain general direction of
study
 Research questions/hypotheses provide detail of
the study

 If you do not ask the appropriate questions ->

unable to collect suitable data and arrive at
sensible conclusions
 Defining research questions or hypothesis
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Research questions in positivist studies

 Express relationship between variables

 Be stated in unambiguous terms in question form
 Imply the possibility of empirical testing

Example:
What is the pattern of recruitment of skilled female
staff over the last ten years in the company?

Ho: there is no relationship between employee’s age

and productivity
H1: there is relationship between employee’s age and
productivity
 Research questions
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positivistic phenomenological
 express a relationship  avoid wording that
between variables suggests a relationship
 be stated in unambiguous between variables, such as
terms in question form ‘effect’, ‘influence’,
‘impact’, ‘determine’
 imply the possibility of
empirical testing. (Kerlinger,  use open-ended questions
1986) without reference to the
literature or theory, unless
otherwise dictated by the
research design
 use a single focus and
specify the research site.
(Creswell , 1994)
 Identifying limitation and delimitations
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 A limitation identifies potential weaknesses in the

research
 A delimitation explains how the scope of your
study is focused on one particular area.
 Deciding the method
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 Depend of the research paradigm

 Why you have selected a particular method?

---You need to explain this

 Determining the expected outcome
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 Some institutions require students to comment on the

expected outcome of their research project
 Writing the research proposal
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 Is my proposed research interesting, important and

relevant?
 Who has already done work in this area?
 What are my aims and objectives, my research
questions?
 How do I intend to conduct the research?
 Where do I intend to do the research?
 What is my timetable for conducting the research?
 What do I expect the outcome of the research to be?