ProsStats Range is the difference between the maximum and the

minimum values in a data set.

• The word statistics comes from the Italian
• Range for grouped data is defined as the difference
word "statista" meaning stateman.
between upper class boundary of the highest class
• statistics is a branch of mathematical
Variance is the average of the squared deviation of each item
Qualitative data is obtained when a given
from the mean.
population or sample
The positive square root of variance is called standard
• Quantitative data is that obtained by
deviation.
assigning a real number to each member
of the population, under study. An Experiment is an activity (measurement or observation)
• A number, which is used to describe the that generates results (outcomes).
attribute and which can take different Outcome (Sample point) is any result obtained in an
values is called a variable. experiment.
Discrete Variable is one which takes only whole Sample Space (S) is a set that contains all possible outcomes of
number values. It is usually obtained by counting. an experiment.
Continuous Variable is one which takes all real Event is any subset of a sample space.
values between two given real values. Permutation is the number of arrangements of objects with
Frequency distribution is a table which shows the attention given to the order of arrangements.
list of all values of data obtained and the number • The number of ways r objects can be chosen from a set
of times these values occur (frequency). of n objects without,considering the order of selection
• The raw data obtained will be organized is called the number of combinations
and summarized into a grouped random experiment is an experiment (activity) which produces
frequency distribution table for the
some well defined results.
purpose of summarizing a large amount of
Tree Diagram- handy visual tool used to find the no. of possible
data.
outcome
• The first and the last elements of a given
Probability Distribution- describes the probability of different
class interval are called class limits.
possible values pf a variable
• The average of the upper and lower class
Probability Histogram- graph that shoes the probability of a set
limit is called the class mark or class mid
point. of discrete numerical outcomes
• The correction factor is half the difference Z-score or Standard score- simply defined as the no. of
standard deviation from the mean, z= x-m/Ꝺ
between the upper class limit of a class
Normal Probability Distribution (also known as Gaussian
and the lower class limit of the subsequent
Probability Distribution) is the most common continuous
class.
probability distribution.
• In order to smoothen, you add the
correction factor to the upper limits of each 1. The graph is a continuous curve, that is, there are no gaps or
class and subtract from the lower class holes.
limits of each class to get what are called 2. The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis.
class boundaries. 3. The curve is symmetrical about the mean, that is, half of the
• Averages are also called measures of values fall
location or measures of central tendency.
below the mean and half above the mean.
The most commonly used measures of
4. The highest point on the curve occurs at x = µ (mean).
central tendency are Mean (or Arithmetic
5. The mean, median, and mode are exactly the same.
mean), Median, Mode,
6. It is a unimodal (only one mode).
•The symbol Ꝺ, is called sigma or the summation
7. The graph is a bell shaped-curve with two inflection points.
notation and i is called an index,
8. The total area under the normal curve is equal to 100% or 1.
•The Mode of a set of data is the value in the data 9. The parameters of normal probability distribution are mean
which appears most frequently in the set of (µ) and
values. standard deviation (σ).
•The degree to which numerical data is spread 10. Every normal curve corresponds to the “empirical rule”
about an average value is called the variation or (also called the 68.3% - 95.4% - 99.7% rule).
dispersion of the data. standard normal distribution, also called the z-
• The common measures of variation that distribution, is a special normal distribution where the
we are going to see are Range, Variance and
mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.
Standard Deviation.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sampling is a method of choosing the sample out of

the population.

Population is the entire group of individuals or

observations that a researcher is interested in

studying.

Sample is a smaller group chosen to represent the

population in a study.

Parameters are numbers that summarize data for an

entire population.

Statistic are numbers that summarize data from a

sample

There are two types of Sampling Techniques

A. Probability Sampling

• Every member of the population has an

equal chance of being selected as sample.

1. Simple Random Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling

3. Stratified Random Sampling

4. Cluster Random Sampling

5. Multistage Random Sampling

B. Non-Probability Sampling

• Every member in the population does not

have an equal chance of being selected.

1. Convenience Sampling

2. Purposive Sampling

3. Quota Sampling

4. Snowball Sampling