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The document discusses key terminology in power supply, including connected load, maximum demand, load factor, and diversity factor, which are essential for understanding power plant operations. It emphasizes the importance of high load factors and diversity factors for economic operation and efficient energy production. Additionally, it explains the relationships between various factors such as capacity factor and plant use factor, highlighting their impact on electricity production costs.

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MOHAMMAD SABRAJ HOSSEN 1902025
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3 views

nipu_4

The document discusses key terminology in power supply, including connected load, maximum demand, load factor, and diversity factor, which are essential for understanding power plant operations. It emphasizes the importance of high load factors and diversity factors for economic operation and efficient energy production. Additionally, it explains the relationships between various factors such as capacity factor and plant use factor, highlighting their impact on electricity production costs.

Uploaded by

MOHAMMAD SABRAJ HOSSEN 1902025
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE-481 Power Plant Engineering

Prof. Dr. Nipu Kumar Das


TERMINOLOGY USED IN POWER SUPPLY

Connected load: The connected load is the sum of ratings in kilo-


watts of the equipment's installed in the consumer’s premises.

Maximum demand: The maximum demand is the maximum load that


a consumer uses at any time. It is always less than the connected load
or equal to the connected load.
Load factor
➢ For estimating the expected
maximum load, the most useful
tool is the construction of a
hypothetical load curve.
Load factor
Load factor: It is the ratio of the
average load to the peak or maximum
load determined by the consumer.
The load factor is always less than
unity. The power plants that are used
to take the base load run on a high
load factor and the plants that are
used to take the peak load run on low
load factors.
Load factor
Low load factor is an indication of high
cost of electric production as the power
plant is not used to its full capacity for
the whole period (24 hr) considered.
For the low production cost of the
electric energy, it is always desirable to
run the plant to its full capacity for the
maximum period of operation to give a
high load factor. This is the reason why
the base load plants of very high capacity
run at high load factor (nearly unity) and
peak load plants are allowed to run at low
load factors to reduce the overall
production cost.
Load factor
Average load
➢ The average load is estimated
by dividing the area under the
daily load curve by the time
period considered.

➢ Average load

➢ Capacity factor (or plant factor)


Reserve factor
➢ If the rated capacity of the plant
is equal to the peak load, then
the load factor and capacity
factor will be numerically equal.
➢ The difference between load
factor and capacity factor is an
indication of the reserve
capacity

➢ Reserve factor
Demand factor:

Demand factor: It is defined as the ratio of maximum demand to


connected load. The maximum value of the demand factor is unity.
Diversity factor
The time distribution of maximum demands for similar types of consumers is
measured by a term called “ diversity factor”. The diversity factor is the ratio
of the sum of the maximum demands of the individual consumers and the
simultaneous maximum demand of the whole group during a particular time.

Diversity helps to improve the load


factor and economic operation of
the power plant.
Diversity factor
Diversity factor

Diversity helps to improve the load factor and


economic operation of the power plant.
As the total maximum demand required at any
time during the day is less than the sum of the
maximum demands due to diversity, the total load
factor of the system increases which is desirable
for the economic operation of the power plant and
helps to supply more energy with less plant
capacity and at a cheaper rate as the power factor
of the system improves.
Diversity factor

Diversity helps to improve the load factor and


economic operation of the power plant.

➢ A high load factor is, in general, an


indication of a balanced load curve with
relatively small load changes.
➢ High values of demand factor, load factor,
diversity factor, and capacity factor are
desired for the economic operation of the
plant and to produce electricity at less cost.
Diversity factor
The high diversity factor is always desirable
for the economic operation of the plant
because the load factor increases with an
increase in the diversity factor. The effective
demand of a consumer on the generator is
determined by multiplying his connected load
by the demand factor and dividing the
product by the diversity factor.

Maximum effective demand :


Diversity factor
The peak demand of a system is sum of the
individual demands of the devices that are
functioning at the time of the peak. At the time of
the system peak demand, the demand of a
particular group of similar consumers is seldom at
the maximum value that it may reach at some
other time of the year
Peak diversity factor:

System peak demand

When peak diversity factor is not given, it can be


taken as unity.
Plant use factor

It is the ratio of energy produced in a


given time to the maximum possible
energy that could have been produced
during the same time of operation. If the
operating time is 1 year or 8760 hrs, the
plant use factor is equal to the capacity
factor (i.e., u = n)
Plant use factor

As the plant-use factor approaches 1, it


indicates the need for additional capacity of
the plant. The plant capacity is always
designed to be greater than the peak load to
take extra loads coming in future. The high
value of the plant use factor indi cates that the
plant is operating quite efficiently. In some
inter-connected systems, the plant use factor
may exceed unity (e.g., 1.1 or 1.2) indicating
that the loads carried are in excess of the
rated capacity since an equipment is always
de signed to take 10 to 20% more load than
rated.
Representation of different factors
It can be seen that
Load factor × Use factor = Capacity factor
The larger the unit size, the less is the cost of electricity produced.
Therefore, larger units are more economical than smaller units as
regards investment per kW and operating expenses per kWh.
The construction of a load duration curve

The construction of a load duration curve for one day from the chronological
load curve of this day is illustrated in Fig. 1.6(b). It rearranges the load
elements of a chronological curve in the descending order of magnitude.
The construction of a load duration curve

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