Reviewer

Globalization:

o Steger (2013): Expansion and intensification of social relations and

consciousness across world-time and space.
o McGrew (1990): Comprises sameness and interconnectedness beyond nation-
states.
o Reich (1998): Described as "obscure."
o ( Mcluhan) Media has connected the world in ways that it created a global village.
o RALPH DAHRENDORF FORESEES A THREAT TO SOCIAL COHESION DUE TO INCREASE IN
INDIVIDUALISM AND COMPETITION
2. Interpretations:
o Process: Economic, social, cultural, and institutional changes fostering global
interconnectedness.
o Condition: Result of multinational/transnational corporations and global
economic integration.
o Ideology: Linked to liberalization, democracy, and neoliberalism.
3. Expert Perspectives:
o Political Scientists: Challenges nation-states (e.g., global political norms,
corporate influence).
o Economists: Emphasizes free trade, economic globalization, and organizations
(IMF, WTO).
o Culture/Communication Experts: Global village (Mcluhan), cultural
imperialism.
4. Theories:
o Hyperglobalists (Optimists): Believe globalization drives economic growth,
prosperity, and democracy.
o Skeptics: Criticize negative impacts (individualism, competition, social
fragmentation).
o Transformationalists: Acknowledge globalization’s impact but reject extreme
views.
5. Other Concepts:
o Global Economic Imperialism: One nation’s economic dominance over others.
o Westernization/Americanization: Adoption of Western/N. American cultural
traits.
o Global Citizenship: Awareness of global issues and interconnectedness.

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1. Definition of Economic Globalization

• Economic Globalization: The expanding interdependence of world economies driven by cross-

border trade, international capital flow, and rapid technology diffusion (Shangquan, 2000).
• Historical Context: Traced back to the Silk Road, which connected Asia, Africa, and Europe
through trade routes.

2. Actors Facilitating Economic Globalization

• Nation-States: Governments that negotiate trade agreements (e.g., Philippines-Japan Economic

Partnership Agreement).
• Global Corporations: Multinational companies that establish production/services abroad (e.g.,
FDI).
• International Monetary Systems: Institutions like the IMF that regulate global financial flows.
• Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): Pacts reducing trade barriers (e.g., ASEAN, RCEP).

3. Dimensions of Economic Globalization (Istvan Benczes)

1. Globalization of trade in goods/services.

2. Globalization of financial/capital markets.
3. Globalization of technology/communication.
4. Globalization of production.

4. Stance on Global Economic Integration

• Pros (Benczes): Fosters universal economic growth, development, and technological diffusion.
• Cons (Wallerstein): Exacerbates inequality by concentrating benefits in skilled/wealthy regions.

Key Terms

• Cross-Border Trade: Exchange of goods/services between countries (e.g., FTAs).

• Free Trade Agreement (FTA): Pact to reduce import/export barriers (e.g., PJEPA, RCEP).
• Tariff: Tax on imported goods.
• Quota: Government-imposed limit on trade volume/value.
• Export Subsidy: Government payment to domestic firms to boost exports.
• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Investment in foreign business operations with management
control.
• Silk Road: Ancient trade network linking East and West.
• Four Dimensions of Globalization: Trade, finance, technology, production.
• Nation-State: Sovereign country influencing global policies.

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 1. Market Integration:
o Defined as the merging of separate markets into a single market, leading to synchronized price movements of
related goods/services.
o Types:
▪ Horizontal Integration: Acquiring competitors at the same production level (e.g., Facebook
acquiring Instagram).
▪ Vertical Integration: Controlling multiple stages of the supply chain (e.g., Netflix producing
original content).
▪ Conglomeration: Owning diverse businesses under one umbrella (e.g., Citigroup’s global
investments).
2. International Financial Institutions (IFIs):
o World Bank (WB): Focuses on poverty reduction via loans and policy advice. Funded by member nations and
bonds. The Philippines was its top borrower in 2021 ($3.07B).
o IMF: Promotes global monetary stability through quotas and loans (e.g., $2.8B SDRs to the Philippines).
o Regional Banks: ADB and AfDB drive sustainable development in member countries.
3. Global Corporations:
o Types:
▪ International: Operate via exports without foreign branches.
▪ Multinational (MNC): Adapt products to local markets (e.g., Unilever).
▪ Global: Operate in 15–20+ countries (e.g., Coca-Cola).
▪ Transnational (TNC): Decentralized decision-making (e.g., Nestlé).
o Attributes: Agents of economic development, economic prominence, and significant influence (capable of
triggering crises).
4. Environmental Impacts:
o Increased CO₂ emissions (e.g., transport sector projected to rise 16% by 2050).
o Habitat destruction from infrastructure development.
o Plastic pollution (Philippines among top ocean plastic polluters).

GNP vs. GDP

• GNP (Gross National Product):

Measures total value of goods/services produced by a country’s residents and businesses, regardless of location. Reflects
the financial health of citizens and multinationals (e.g., U.S. corporations operating abroad).
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product):
Measures production within a country’s borders, regardless of ownership. Indicates the domestic economy’s health (e.g.,
manufacturing in Germany by a Japanese company counts toward Germany’s GDP).

Recession

A prolonged economic downturn marked by declines in GDP, income, employment, and trade. Recessions disrupt market
integration by reducing cross-border investments, tightening credit (e.g., IFIs may reduce loans), and lowering consumer demand.
For example, the 2008 crisis slowed global trade and corporate expansions.

Critical Analysis

• Strengths:
o Clear examples (e.g., Instagram, Netflix) demystify complex concepts.
o Data on IFIs (e.g., WB lending to the Philippines) highlights real-world impacts.
• Weaknesses:
o Limited discussion on how recessions directly affect market integration.
o Environmental sections lack actionable solutions.

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 1. Global Interstate System: A framework of political globalization where nation-states collaborate through
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) to address transnational challenges while balancing sovereignty.
2. Internationalism vs. Nationalism:
o Internationalism: Prioritizes global governance, shared norms, and multilateral cooperation.
o Nationalism: Emphasizes state sovereignty, cultural identity, and domestic priorities.

Key Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)

1. United Nations (UN)

o Founded: 1945 | Members: 193 states.
o Role: Maintain peace, promote human rights, foster sustainable development.
o Key Organs: General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice (ICJ), Secretariat.
2. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
o Founded: 1967 | Members: 10 states.
o Role: Accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural cooperation in Southeast Asia.
3. European Union (EU)
o Founded: 1993 | Members: 27 states.
o Role: Achieve economic/political integration, ensure free movement of people/goods/services, uphold
democracy and human rights.
4. International Criminal Court (ICC)
o Founded: 2002 | Members: 123 states.
o Role: Prosecute individuals for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression.
5. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
o Founded: 1949 | Members: 32 states.
o Role: Ensure collective defense (Article 5) and transatlantic security through military cooperation.
6. World Trade Organization (WTO)
o Founded: 1995 | Members: 164 states.
o Role: Regulate trade, reduce barriers, and resolve disputes.

Effects of Globalization on Nation-States

1. Forced Adoption of Neoliberal Policies: Pressure to deregulate markets, privatize industries, and embrace free trade.
2. Integration into Global Systems: Participation in regional blocs (e.g., EU’s monetary union, ASEAN’s economic
collaboration).
3. Compliance with International Laws: Adherence to UN resolutions, ICC prosecutions, and human rights norms.
4. Transnational Activism: NGOs and global movements (e.g., climate activism) influencing state policies.
5. Digital Communication Networks: Social media enabling cross-border political discourse and mobilization.

Internationalism vs. Nationalism

AspectInternationalismNationalismCore PrincipleGlobal cooperation through IGOs (UN, EU).Sovereignty and self-

interest.Legal ApproachPrioritizes international treaties (e.g., Paris Agreement).Emphasizes domestic laws and
autonomy.Cultural FocusRooted in shared global norms (Kant’s liberal ideals).Stresses cultural identity and territorial
control.ExampleEU’s collective policymaking.Brexit (UK reclaiming sovereignty from the EU).

Key Tension: Globalization drives collaboration (e.g., climate agreements), while nationalism resists perceived erosion of
sovereignty (e.g., rejecting ICC jurisdiction).

Preventing Wars: Kant’s Vision

Immanuel Kant’s liberal internationalism (1795) proposed a global governance system where states surrender some sovereignty
to enforce universal laws. This idea underpins modern IGOs like the UN and ICC, aiming to resolve conflicts through dialogue
and shared principles.

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1. Global Governance Overview

• Definition: A rule-based system for managing global affairs to ensure security, order, and predictability. It
operates without a central authority, relying on cooperation among states and institutions.
• Purpose: To address transnational issues (e.g., peace, human rights, development) through coordinated
action.

2. United Nations (UN) Structure

Established in 1945 with 193 member states, the UN’s primary mission is to maintain international peace and security.
Its principal organs include:

1. General Assembly:
o Deliberative body with equal representation for all members.
o Sets budgets, discusses global policies, and coordinates international law.
2. Security Council:
o Maintains peace and security; authorizes troop deployments, ceasefires, and sanctions.
o 5 permanent members (with veto power) and 10 rotating members.
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC):
o Promotes economic growth, social progress, and environmental sustainability.
4. Trusteeship Council:
o Oversaw 11 trust territories until 1994 (now inactive).
5. International Court of Justice (ICJ):
o Judicial organ resolving disputes between states and providing legal advisory opinions.
6. Secretariat:
o Administrative arm led by the Secretary-General (Antonio Guterres).

3. Key UN Frameworks

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948):

o 30 articles affirming universal civil/political rights (e.g., life, liberty, equality).
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
o 17 goals (2015–2030) targeting poverty, climate action, gender equality, and more.

4. Challenges in Global Governance

Weiss and Thakur (2014) identify key issues:

• Knowledge: Underutilization of the UN’s capacity to consolidate and disseminate global knowledge.
• Norms: Conflicting cultural/moral standards among states hinder universal normative frameworks.
• Policy: Marginalization of NGOs and poor execution of recommendations.
• Compliance: Lack of enforcement mechanisms for international laws; frequent violations by member states.

5. Role of Nation-States

• Remain central to global governance as they design and implement international agreements.
• Intergovernmental organizations (e.g., UN) depend on state cooperation for legitimacy and action.