A computer is a programmable machine.

It accepts information in the form of

digitalized data and manipulates it for some result based on a program or
sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.

It consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing

unit (CPU) and some form of memory. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can
change the order of operations based on stored information.

Computer History:

The first use of the word “computer” was recorded in 1613 in a book called
“The young man’s gleanings” by English writer Richard Braithwaite” I have
read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that ever
breathed, and he reduced thy days into a short number.” It referred to a
person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word
continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From
the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar
meaning, a machine that carries out computations.

Computer Types:

Computers are also categorized on the basis of physical structures and the
purpose of their use. Based on Capacity, speed and reliability they can be
divided into four categories of computers:

1. Microcomputer: A small, single-user computer based on a

microprocessor.
2. Minicomputer: A multi-user computer capable of supporting up to
hundreds of users simultaneously.
3. Mainframe: A powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting
many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously.
4. Supercomputer: An extremely fast computer that can perform
hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

2. MICROCOMPUTER
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a
microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). It includes a
microprocessor, memory, and input/output (I/O) facilities. Microcomputers
became popular in the 1970s and 80s with the advent of increasingly
powerful microprocessors.

Microcomputer or personal computer can be defined as a small, relatively

inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. Businesses use
microcomputers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for
running spread sheet and database management applications. At home, the
most popular use for microcomputers is for playing games and recently for
surfing the Internet.

The characteristics of a microcomputer are Monitors, keyboards and other

devices for input and output may be integrated or separate. Computer
memory in the form of RAM, and at least one other less volatile, memory
storage device are usually combined with the CPU on a system bus in one
unit. Other devices that make up a complete microcomputer system include
batteries, a power supply unit, a keyboard and various input/output devices
used to convey information to and from a human operator (printers,
monitors, human interface devices). Microcomputers are designed to serve
only one user at a time, although they can often be modified with software or
hardware to concurrently serve more than one user. Microcomputers fit well
on or under desks or tables, so that they are within easy access of users.
Bigger computers like minicomputers, mainframes, and supercomputers take
up large cabinets or even dedicated rooms.

Actual microcomputer can be generally classified by size and chassis / case.

The chassis or case is the metal frame that serves as the structural support
for electronic components. Every computer system requires at least one
chassis to house the circuit boards and wiring. The chassis also contains slots
for expansion boards. If you want to insert more boards than there are slots,
you will need an expansion chassis, which provides additional slots. There
are two basic flavours of chassis designs-desktop models and tower models-
but there are many variations on these two basic types. Then come the
portable computers that are computers small enough to carry. Portable
computers include notebook and subnotebook computers, hand-held
computers, palmtops, and PDAs.

Tower model

The term refers to a computer in which the power supply, motherboard, and
mass storage devices are stacked on top of each other in a cabinet. This is in
contrast to desktop models, in which these components are housed in a
more compact box. The main advantage of tower models is that there are
fewer space constraints, which makes installation of additional storage
devices easier.

Desktop model

A computer designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk, typically with the

monitor sitting on top of the computer. Desktop model computers are broad
and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and tall. Because of
their shape, desktop model computers are generally limited to three internal
mass storage devices. Desktop models designed to be very small are
sometimes referred to as slim line models.

Notebook computer

Notebook is extremely lightweight personal computer. Notebook computers

typically weigh less than 6 pounds and are small enough to fit easily in a
briefcase. Aside from size, the principal difference between a notebook
computer and a personal computer is the display screen. Notebook
computers use a variety of techniques, known as flat-panel technologies, to
produce a lightweight and non-bulky display screen. The quality of notebook
display screens varies considerably. In terms of computing power, modern
notebook computers are nearly equivalent to personal computers. They have
the same CPUs, memory capacity, and disk drives. However, all this power in
a small package is expensive. Notebook computers cost about twice as much
as equivalent regular-sized computers. Notebook computers come with
battery packs that enable you to run them without plugging them in.
However, the batteries need to be recharged every few hours.

Laptop computer

A small, portable computer small enough that it can sit on your lap.
Nowadays, laptop computers are more frequently called notebook
computers.

Subnotebook computer

A portable computer that is slightly lighter and smaller than a full-sized

notebook computer. Typically, subnotebook computers have a smaller
keyboard and screen, but are otherwise equivalent to notebook computers.

Hand-held computer

A portable computer that is small enough to be held in one’s hand. Although

extremely convenient to carry, handheld computers have not replaced
notebook computers because of their small keyboards and screens. The most
popular hand-held computers are those that are specifically designed to
provide PIM (personal information manager) functions, such as a calendar
and address book. Some manufacturers are trying to solve the small
keyboard problem by replacing the keyboard with an electronic pen.
However, these pen-based devices rely on handwriting recognition
technologies, which are still in their infancy. Hand-held computers are also
called PDAs, palmtops and pocket computers.

Palmtop
Palmtop is small computer that literally fits in your palm. Compared to full-
size computers, palmtops are severely limited, but they are practical for
certain functions such as phone books and calendars. Palmtops that use a
pen rather than a keyboard for input are often called hand-held computers or
PDAs. Because of their small size, most palmtop computers do not include
disk drives. However, many contain PCMCIA slots in which you can insert disk
drives, modems, memory, and other devices. Palmtops are also called PDAs,
hand-held computers and pocket computers.

PDA

PDA is short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that combines
computing, telephone/fax, and networking features. A typical PDA can
function as a cellular phone, fax sender, and personal organizer. Unlike
portable computers, most PDAs are pen-based, using a stylus rather than a
keyboard for input. This means that they also incorporate handwriting
recognition features. Some PDAs can also react to voice input by using voice
recognition technologies. The field of PDA was pioneered by Apple Computer,
which introduced the Newton Message Pad in 1993. Shortly thereafter,
several other manufacturers offered similar products. To date, PDAs have
had only modest success in the marketplace, due to their high price tags and
limited applications. However, many experts believe that PDAs will
eventually become common gadgets.

PDAs are also called palmtops, hand-held computers and pocket computers.

3. MINICOMPUTER
Another type of computer is Micro Computer which is design to support more
than one user at a time but it can be used by one person at a time. It is a
computer of a size intermediate between a microcomputer and a mainframe
computer and includes a microprocessor, memory, input and output facility
and it comes equipped with at least one type of data storage, usually RAM.
Typically, mini computers have been stand-alone computers sold to small
and mid-size businesses for general business applications and to large
enterprises for department-level operations. . Mini computers were designed
for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication
switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. They have great
storage capacity and work at a high speed rate. It is often use in place where
several people have to work at the same time, so it let many users use data
at the same time without any inconvenient. Mini computers are not only
used in organization for work but many of mini computers are also used as
personal computer. It has a large cheap array of silicon logic gate which
allows utility programs and self-booting kernel to be stored within
microcomputers. These stored programs let the minicomputer to
automatically load further more complex software from external storage
device without the user intervention.

The Minicomputers were first built in in 1960s and they immediately became
a huge success as 40,000 of the minicomputer systems were immediately
sold of making the computers hugely available to the general public. With
such a successful market possibility many companies stepped in to venture
in the minicomputer market. The most successful among these two hundred
companies was DEC that launched the minicomputer models PDP-11 and
VAX 11/780.

Some significant characteristics and historical facts about the mini computer
system have been summarized as follows:

They are much smaller in size than the mainframe computer systems. As
such they do not occupy an entire room but usually occupy space similar in
size to that of a standard refrigerator.

They are much less expensive than the mainframes.

Their invention was possible because of the invention of core memory

technologies and transistors.

Minicomputers can give parallel access to up to 100 users. Hence they were
used in places such as business organizations for maintaining billings and
finances.

Some of the very first companies to manufacture the minicomputer systems

were Hewlett Packard, DEC and Data General.

A few models of minicomputers which have been a marked success over the
years are:

DEC VAX series and PDP series

Hewlett Packard HP3000 series

SDS,SDS-92

Prime Computers, Prime 50 Series

Norsk Data, Nord-1, Nord-10, Nord-100

IBM Midrange Computers

Control Data Corporation’s CDC 160A, CDC-1700

Data General Nova

Honeywell-Bull Level 6/DPS Level6/DPS 6000 series

Minicomputers have eventually evolved in to microcomputers. With the

launch of microcomputers, the public have

Had a greater access to the advantage of incorporating computers in the

daily stride of their lives.

4. MAINFRAME COMPUTER
In another hand we have the Mainframe Computer which is quite expensive
than the Mini computer. In comparison the mainframe computer perform
better than the mini computer, it can process data at a very high speed rate,
for example, millions of instruction per second and Compared to a typical PC,
mainframes commonly have hundreds to thousands of times as much data
storage online, and can access it much faster. They contain a large number
of self-maintenance features, including built-in security features and high
data handling capacity. Because of mainframe’s ability to handle high level
data transactions they are used by the biggest firms in almost all the
industry such as banks, government agencies and organizations which need
to store great volume of complex and important data at a high security level,
which means that this is the most secure than other type of computer.

Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and output and
emphasize throughput computing. This type of computer can work for long
period without being interrupted, they are reliable. It can run multiple
different instance of different operating system and can handle the work of
many users at the same time. The term RAS (reliability, availability and
serviceability) is a defining characteristic of the mainframe computer. Test,
development, training, and production workload for applications and
databases can run on a single machine, except for extremely large demands
where the capacity of one machine might be limiting. They are usually
protected by multiple levels of security and power backup, both internal and
external. Among the self-protection measures commonly found in
mainframes are an enhanced heat-protection mechanism. Because these
computers run all day along with 24x7x365 ability, a large amount of heat
generated must be expelled. The fans in mainframe computers are among
the most efficient helping in keeping the data centers cool.

Features

They are huge computers installed in space centers, nuclear power stations
etc. They are used for performing complex mathematical calculations. Only
scientists and mathematicians can operate them. They are having huge
memories & tremendous processing speed. They are used for weather
forecasting, animation graphics…

Mainframes run multiple sessions, and with high reliability. Companies can
run their IT operations for years without problems or interruptions with
minimum down time. Administration is very easy due to the fact that all
applications layers are monitored in one Server.

A central computer alone can replace dozens or hundreds of smaller PCs,

reducing management and administrative costs while providing a much
better scalability and reliability.

Mainframes can run more than one operating system at once, which allows
companies to run multiple sessions with a super-fast speed, high reliability,
and high secure.

5. SUPERCOMPUTER
Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently
available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for
specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical
calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting requires
a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations,
(animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of geological data (e.g. in petrochemical
prospecting). Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray
Research.

Approaches to supercomputer architecture have taken dramatic turns since

the earliest systems were introduced in the 1960s. Early supercomputer
architectures pioneered by Seymour Cray relied on compact innovative
designs and local parallelism to achieve superior computational peak
performance. However, in time the demand for increased computational
power ushered in the age of massively parallel systems.

Here are some examples of supercomputer:

– IBM Roadrunner

– Cray Jaguar

– Tianhe-IA

– Fujitsu K computer

– IBM Sequoia
– Cray Titan

Advantages of supercomputer
The primary advantage that supercomputers offer is decreased processing
time. Computer speed is commonly measured in “floating point operations,”
or “FLOPS.” Average home computers can perform up to a hundred billion of
these operations per second, or 100 “gigaflops.” Supercomputers, however,
are tens of thousands of times faster, meaning that calculations that would
take your home computer hours or days can be solved by a supercomputer
in a matter of seconds.

Supercomputers are usually used to tackle large, real-world problems that

would be too time consuming on regular computers. For example, weather
forecasters use supercomputers to create models of the weather and to
forecast the weather. Obviously, forecasts have to be made in a timely
manner to make them useful so the more powerful the computer the better.
Only supercomputers have the ability to perform these calculations in a
timely fashion. One of the sayings of computing is that the higher the
technology, the more trivial the application and the most powerful
computers in the world are used by digital effects/computer animation
companies. The sheer processing power of supercomputers means that they
can be used to do things that ordinary computers simply couldn’t handle.
Supercomputers have also permitted great strides in filmmaking and special
effects.

Disadvantages of supercomputer
There have no great difference between mainframe computers because like
the mainframe it takes up a large space and cost very high. It requires
trained staff to can handle and use the supercomputer and it may only be
good for specific application. It is high power consumption, it use a lot of
electricity, for instance, about millions Rupees in a year.

Other disadvantage is that supercomputers require massive external storage

drives whose bandwidth is fast enough to accommodate the data being
analyzed and produced. If storage and bandwidth can’t keep up with the
data flow, the supercomputer will not be able to work at its full capacity.

Unlike ordinary desktop computers that may finish calculating a problem in a

few minutes or overnight, supercomputers work on tasks that require
intensive calculations which can take extremely long periods to complete.
For example, a supercomputer could spend months performing calculations
to support research on climate change or to help cure a disease, presenting
a disadvantage to people who are in a hurry for quick results.
6. CONCLUSION
After all we can say that computer has made his way since 19xx. It has
begun with the microcomputer which consisted of simple technology. Then
we have the minicomputer which becomes more and more personal and
sophisticated for users. It makes great progress when the mainframe
computer comes in 19xx (put the date). It comes with more performance and
more memory with high security level. Their process increased more than
100 times and finally when the famous supercomputer comes which is 1000
times more powerful than the predecessor. And nowadays with the great
evolution we have four type of computer.