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Computer_Networking_Mid2

The document provides detailed explanations of various networking concepts, including IP and MAC addresses, IPv4 datagram protocol, subnetting, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It also covers the characteristics of IPv4, the working principle of firewalls, and various types of security threats. Key differences between MAC and IP addresses are highlighted, along with the advantages and disadvantages of IPv4 and firewalls.

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Manthan Patel
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Computer_Networking_Mid2

The document provides detailed explanations of various networking concepts, including IP and MAC addresses, IPv4 datagram protocol, subnetting, and the differences between IPv4 and IPv6. It also covers the characteristics of IPv4, the working principle of firewalls, and various types of security threats. Key differences between MAC and IP addresses are highlighted, along with the advantages and disadvantages of IPv4 and firewalls.

Uploaded by

Manthan Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Networking - Mid-2 (Updated Answers)

Q: 1. EXPLAIN IP AND MAC ADDRESS IN DETAIL?


A: IP Address (Internet Protocol Address):
An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a
network using the Internet Protocol for communication.
- Versions: IPv4 (e.g., 192.168.0.1) and IPv6 (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334).
- Uses: Routing data across networks, host identification.
- Types: Static, Dynamic, Public, Private.

MAC Address (Media Access Control Address):


A MAC address is a unique hardware identifier assigned to the Network Interface Card
(NIC) by the manufacturer. It operates at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
- Format: 48-bit address usually written in hexadecimal (e.g., 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E).
- Role: Ensures delivery of frames on a local area network (LAN).
- Fixed: Unlike IP, MAC does not change with network.

Key Difference: IP is logical and changeable; MAC is physical and fixed.

Q: 2. IPV4 DATAGRAM PROTOCOL?


A: An IPv4 datagram is a packet format used in the IPv4 protocol to transport data from a
source to a destination across a network. It consists of a header and data section.

Structure of IPv4 Datagram Header (20 to 60 bytes):


1. Version (4 bits): Indicates IP version; for IPv4, it is 4.
2. Header Length (4 bits): Length of the header in 32-bit words.
3. Type of Service (8 bits): Specifies priority and QoS.
4. Total Length (16 bits): Total datagram size (header + data).
5. Identification (16 bits): Used for uniquely identifying fragments.
6. Flags (3 bits): Control fragmentation.
7. Fragment Offset (13 bits): Position of this fragment in original datagram.
8. Time to Live (TTL) (8 bits): Limits packet lifetime to prevent looping.
9. Protocol (8 bits): Indicates next layer protocol (e.g., TCP = 6, UDP = 17).
10. Header Checksum (16 bits): Error checking for the header.
11. Source IP Address (32 bits): IP of sender.
12. Destination IP Address (32 bits): IP of receiver.
13. Options (variable): Used for special control options.

Data Section: Contains the payload (actual data) from upper-layer protocols (like
TCP/UDP).

Importance: Provides a flexible and efficient method to encapsulate and route data.
Supports fragmentation and reassembly across networks.

Q: 3. EXPLAIN SUBNETTING, SUBNET MASKING WITH EXAMPLE?


A: Subnetting divides a large network into smaller sub-networks for better management
and security.

A subnet mask helps determine the network and host parts of an IP address.

Example:
- IP: 192.168.1.10
- Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
This gives 256 IPs per subnet (254 usable).

Q: 4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IPV4 AND IPV6?


A: IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses (e.g., 192.168.0.1), while IPv6 uses 128-bit (e.g.,
2001:db8::1).

IPv6 supports a much larger address space, built-in security, and no need for NAT, unlike
IPv4.

Q: 5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAC AND IP?


A: MAC is a physical address assigned to a NIC; it doesn’t change.

IP is a logical address used for identifying devices over networks; it can change.

Q: 6. PACKET STRUCTURE OF IPV6 WITH DIAGRAM?


A: IPv6 header is 40 bytes with fields: Version, Traffic Class, Flow Label, Payload Length,
Next Header, Hop Limit, Source and Destination IPs.

It removes many IPv4 fields and uses extension headers.

Q: 7. EXPLAIN ADDRESS CLASSES OF IPV4 IN DETAIL?


A: IPv4 has 5 classes:
- A (1.0.0.0): Large networks
- B (128.0.0.0): Medium networks
- C (192.0.0.0): Small networks
- D (224.0.0.0): Multicasting
- E (240.0.0.0): Reserved

Q: 8. EXPLAIN RESERVED ADDRESS IN DETAIL?


A: Reserved IPs include:
- Private: 10.0.0.0, 192.168.0.0
- Loopback: 127.0.0.1
- Broadcast: 255.255.255.255

These are not routable on public internet.


Q: 9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IP PROTOCOL IPV4 ADDRESS?
A: Advantages:
- Simpler routing
- Widely supported

Disadvantages:
- Limited address space
- No built-in security

Q: 10. EXPLAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF IPV4?


A: - 32-bit addresses
- Supports NAT and subnetting
- Best-effort delivery
- Connectionless protocol

Q: 11. EXPLAIN WORKING AND PRINCIPLE OF FIREWALL?


A: Firewalls filter network traffic based on rules.

They block unauthorized access while allowing safe communication, using packet
filtering, proxies, and inspection.

Q: 12. LIST OUT ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FIREWALL?


A: Advantages:
- Blocks threats
- Controls access

Disadvantages:
- Can't stop insider attacks
- May slow network

Q: 13. DEFINE INSIDERS IN DETAIL?


A: Insiders are trusted users who can harm systems.

Types: Malicious, negligent, and compromised insiders.

Q: 14. DEFINE CONFIDENTIALITY, INTEGRITY, AVAILABILITY IN DETAIL?


A: Confidentiality: Only authorized access.

Integrity: Data is correct.

Availability: Systems accessible when needed.

Q: 15. EXPLAIN VARIOUS TYPES OF SECURITY THREATS?


A: Threats include malware, phishing, DoS, SQL injection, and MITM attacks.

They exploit weaknesses in systems or users.

Differences in Computer Networking

4. Difference between IPv4 and IPv6?


Feature IPv4 IPv6
Address Length 32-bit 128-bit
Address Format Decimal (e.g., 192.168.0.1) Hexadecimal (e.g.,
2001:db8::1)
Address Space ~4.3 billion addresses 3.4 x 10^38 addresses
Security Optional (IPSec not Built-in IPSec support
mandatory)
Configuration Manual/DHCP Auto-configuration
supported
Header Size 20-60 bytes Fixed 40 bytes
Broadcasting Supports broadcast No broadcast, uses
multicast
Compatibility Widely deployed Still being adopted

5. Difference between MAC and IP?


Feature MAC Address IP Address
Layer Data Link Layer (Layer 2) Network Layer (Layer 3)
Nature Physical Address Logical Address
Permanence Permanent (hardware- Changeable (software-
based) assigned)
Format 48-bit Hexadecimal 32-bit (IPv4) or 128-bit
(IPv6)
Example 00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E 192.168.1.1 or 2001:db8::1
Use Used within LAN Used for routing across
networks
Assignment Assigned by manufacturer Assigned by ISP or admin

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