QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS has been replace by another piece containing matters different 3.

ece containing matters different 3. System - refers to the particular style or system of writing
from those of the removed page. practiced or learned in childhood.
DOCUMENT, 5. Cancellation and Obliteration - Type of fraudulent alteration in
- is any material which contains marks, symbols or signs, visible, which the writer draws line in form of latticework, or vertical or Four General System of writing:
partially visible or invisible that may presently or ultimately horizontal lines through the writing. 1. Old Round Hand - was develop sometimes in 1860's; rounder
convey a meaning or message to someone. letters; continuous writing
2. Handwriting Identification - to determine whether a certain 2. Spencerian - was develop later than the old round hand; forms
Kinds Of Documents: instrument or document has been written by a certain person by like oblong; continuous writing
1. Public documents - any documents notarized by a notary public comparing the standard writing of same person. 3. Modern Vertical - was develop during 1890 or 1900
or competent public official with solemnity required by law. 4. Angular - made of angles either connected or not connected or
2. Official Document - any document issued by the government, Two Categories of Document a combination
its agent or its office are having the authority to do so and the 1. Questioned Document - the focal point of the examination and
offices which is in accordance with their creation are authorized to which the document examiner relies as the extent of the Four Different writing movements employed by different writers,
to issue. problem. namely.
3. Private Documents - any documents executed by a private 2. Standard Documents (exemplar) - Documents which is origin is 1.Finger Movement - thumb, index and middle fingers are used
person without the known and can be proven and can legally be used as sample to exclusively in the writing of the letters. This is the movements
intervention of a notary or of any other legally authorized person compare with the questioned document. employed by children, or illiterates or generally by those with
by which documents, disposition or agreement are proved and set whom writing is an unfamiliar process.
forth. Types of Standards 2. Hand Movement - involves action of the hand as a whole, with
4. Commercial Documents - any documents executed in 1. Collected or Procured Standard - standard specimen executed fingers playing but a minor role. Pivot of lateral motion is the
accordance with the code of commerce or any mercantile law, in the course of man's activity or that which are executed on the wrist.
containing disposition of commercial rights or obligation. day-to-day writing activity. 3.Forearm (or muscular) movement - writing is produced by
2.Requested or Dictated Standard - standard documents which are movement of both hand and arm and also fingers in some cases.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT executed upon request, they are prepared at one time. The elbow is the pivot of lateral movement.
- any document about which some issue has been raised or which 4.Whole - arm Movement - this movement involves action of the
is under scrutiny. Graphology and Bibliotics, Distinguished: entre arm without rest and is employed in very large writing. In
Graphology is the study of handwriting for the purpose of ornamental penmanship, in blackboard writing, and by few
DISPUTED DOCUMENT determining the writer’s personality, character and aptitude. writers in making all the capital letters.
- any document that there is an argument or controversy Bibliotics is the science of hand writing analysis. It is the study of
A disputed Document is, therefore, always a questioned document and writing materials to determine its genuineness or General Pictorial aspect of the Handwriting:
document, while a authorship. 1. General Formation of letters or stroke - defined handwriting
“Questioned Document is not always a disputed document.” relation to the four general system of handwriting
HANDWRITING, Defined 2. Alignment - refer to the relation of the successive characters of
Classes of Questioned Document - is a/visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost a word, signature, or line of writing, to an actual or imaginary
1. Documents with questioned signature e.g. commercial of legal unconscious expression of certain ideas associated with script baseline.
papers; check notes, agreement, wills, etc. form. 3. Arrangement - refers to the artistic ability, or sense of
2. Documents containing allege fraudulent alterations proportion of the writing, and like all of the most significant
3. Holograph Documents WRITING, Defined writing habits, are in considerable part at least, developed and
4. Document Questioned as to their age or date -Is the Visible result of a very complicated series of acts, being as grown into rather than consciously acquired.
5. Documents as to the material used in their production. a whole or a combination of certain forms which are the very 4. Size and Proportion - refers to the size and proportion of the
6. Documents involving typewriting, and are investigated or visible result of mental and muscular habits acquired by long capital letters vis-a- vis or in relation to, the small letter or vice
examined for the purpose of determining the following: continued painstaking effort. versa.
● a. their source ● b. their date ● c. whether or not it contains 5. Spacing - refers to the distance between character or letters or
fraudulent alterations or substituted pages Disguised Writing strokes in writing.
7. Documents which may identify a person through handwritings. -is the deliberate attempt on the part of the writer to alter his 6. Slant - refers to the inclination of the writing whether to the left
e.g. anonymous letter such as extortion notes, letters of treat, writing habit by endeavoring to invent a new writing style of by or right reckoned from the vertical line.
ransom note. imitating the writing of another person. 7. Artistic Quality - partly a result of manual skill but main grows
8. Genuine documents erroneously or fraudulently attacked or out of a sense of
disputed. System of Writing, Defined proportion and arrangement which puts writing in the proper
-Is the combination of the basic shape and designs of letter and place and makes it of the proper size and graduation.
CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT the writing movement which 8. Connecting stroke - whether garlanded, oblong or angular.
EXAMINATIONS was taught in school. 9. Line Quality - refers to the harmonious recurrence of stress or
impulse or motion, or the flowing succession of motions, or the
1. Criminalistics Examination - for the detection of Writing Movement balance quality of movement producing a natural and not a
forgery erasures, alterations and obliterations. -Refers to the factors relative to the motion of the pen such constrained or artificial result.
pressure, rhythm, pen lifting, etc. 10. Pen Pressure - the unconscious emphasis in the writing
Kinds Criminalistics Examination: 11. movement - refer to the weight of hand, gradation of pressure,
1. Ultraviolet Examination - ultra violet radiation is invisible and Copy Book Form, Defined and placing of emphasis in writing.
occurs in the wavelength just below the blue-violet, end of the -Is an illustrated of the basic designs of letter that is fundamental 12. Shading - refers to the more obvious increase in weight of
spectrum. These invisible rays react on some substances so that to the writing system strokes, manifested by widening and the thickening of the
visible light is reflected, a phenomenon called as "Fluorescence" particular portion of the stroke.
2. Infrared Examination - employs invisible radiation beyond the Writing Habits 13. Initial and terminal Strokes - whether blunt, tapered,
red portion of the visible spectrum which is usually is recorded on Refers to any repeated elements of once handwriting which serves vanishing, or flying.
specially sensitized photographic emulsions. as an identifying characteristic.
3. Oblique or side light examination - an examination with the Elements of Forms in writing:
illumination so controlled that it grazes or strike the surface of the Types Of Writing 1. Arc - the rounded inner part of an upper curve, bend or
documents from one side at very low angle 1. Cursive - Writing in which the letters are for the most part 2. Beard - is an introductory up and down strokes found in s
4. Transmitted Light Examination - the document is viewed with joined together. capital letters. Also called as "double hitch"
the source of illumination and the light passing through the paper. 2. Hand Lettering - refers to the writing characterized by a 3. Blunt - is a part of a stroke characterized by an abrupt
disconnected style. beginning or end at which the pen does not creates a diminishing
Forgery - committed by any person who, with intent to defraud, 3. Natural Writing - a specimen of writing executed normally and stroke.
signs the name of another, or of a fictitious person, knowing what without any attempt of altering its usual writing habits. 4. Buckle Knot - is the horizontal or loop stroke used to complete
he has no authority to do so. 4. Disguised Writing (refer to definition above) letters 'A" "H" "F" and "D”
Erasure - the removal of writing from the document 5. Block - all letters are capitalized. * - RETUERTO 5 Central Part - the body of the letter. Characterized by a small
6. Guided or Assisted writing - a specimen of writing executed rounded or circular stroke.
Kinds of Erasure while the writers’ hand is at steadied. Usually employed by 6. Ducktus-Link - refers to the connection between letters either
a. Chemical - writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents beginners. join or disconnected.
b. Mechanical or Abrasive - writing is effaced by rubbing with a 7. Eyelet - refers to small oblong strokes
rubber eraser or scratching out with a knife or other sharp Physiological Basis of Handwriting: 8. Hitch - an introductory backward stroke found in most capital
implement. 1. Cortex - where the impulses to form a letter begins. letters and in some small letters.
2. Agraphia - a disease makes a person loses the ability to write 9. Humps - is the outer portion of an upper curve bend or crooks.
Obliteration - the blotting out of writings to make the original 3. Extensor Muscle - push up the pen to form the upward strokes 10. Knob - is the tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending
invisible. This refers to the obscuring of writing by super 4. Flexor Muscle - push down the pen to form the downward strokes.
imposing ink pen or other marking material. strokes. 11. loop - is an oblong stroke.
5. Lumbrical Muscles - it combines with extensor and flexor 12. Steam/shank/staff - is considered as the backbone of the letter
Alteration - the revising or altering of writings in the document muscle to form lateral strokes characterized by a long downward stroke.
Types of Fraudulent alterations on the documents 6. Motor Coordination - the delicate way in which the various 13. Initial/terminal Spur - a long running initial or terminal
1. Erasure - the act of removing the writings in the document muscles used in writing work together to produce written forms. strokes.
2. Addition - the act of adding words sentences or even pages on 14. Through - refers to any garland form of the letter strokes.
the original documents to alter its original meaning. Writing Characteristics: 15. Whirl - is the lone upward strokes usually found opposite the
3. Interlineation - The process of writing between the lines of an 1. Angles - usually serve as a junction between straight lines and steam.
instrument, that which is written between the lines of a document. curves in writing strokes.
4. Substitution - Forms of fraudulent alteration that is committed 2. Form - this refers to the shape or design of the individual Factors that affect writing characteristics:
when an entire page has been removed from an instrument and letters. 1. Natural Variations
2. Transitory Change 1. Casting - is a common method of making gold coins. Plaster Other definition of terms used in questioned documents
3. Tremor molds bearing an image of gold coin are filled within a low 1. ADDITION original preparation - Any matter made a part of
4. Writing Condition temperature alloy made with lead or tin. the document after its original preparation
5. Writing Instrument 2. Striking or stamping - consist of making impression of a coin 2. ALIGNMENT - is the relation of the successive characters of a
on a metal blank by pressure. Stamping is done by way of steel word, signature or line of writing to an actual or imaginary
Kinds of Tremors. dies. baseline
Genuine tremors, such as: 3. BALL POINT PEN - a writing instrument which has its
a. tremor of age Methods of making paper money: marking tip a small freely rotating ball bearing which rolls the ink
b. tremor of illiteracy. 1. Engraving - is a process by which the lines to be printed are cut on the paper. Was first used in Argentina in 1943
C. tremor of weakness into pieces of metal by hand or with a machine. Ink is rubbed over 4. BASE LINE - the ruled or imaginary line upon which the
2. Tremor of fraud - tremor at the wrong place. the plate to fill the cuts in the metal and the extra ink wiped off writing rests
the top. Pressure of the paper on the plate causes the ink in the 5. BIBLIOTICS - censorship writing analysis to determine the
Writing Instruments holes to be left on the surface of the paper. The engraving process genuineness or authorship of writing
1. Ball Pen - it usually leaves rounded line showing no tip is used for the production of all genuine bank notes. 6. BIBLIOTIST - handwriting expert or questioned document
separation even when pressed heavily, Smudge maybe deposited 2. Letter press Printing - is the most common forth of printing for examiner.
on the line. The ink not being a true liquid does flow into the books, magazines, letterheads and the usual printed forms in 7. BUCLE KNOT - the horizontal and loop stoke that are often
fibers and spread in the same way as fluid ink does. commonly used. In this process, the letters are made on raises use to complete such letter A, D, F, H, L
2. Fountain Pen - the line is more or less round but when pressure pieces of metal which are covered with ink and then impressed 8. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS - a features or characteristics
is increased there is separation of the nib which is easily detected. upon the paper in the same form as a rubber stamp or cliche. which is common to a group
There is evenness in the flow of ink. 3. Offset printing - in this method, a photograph is taken of the 9. COMPARISON - the act of setting two or more items side by
3. Steel Pen - there is unevenness in the flow of ink and leaves a desired material and a print is made on a specially prepared side to weigh their identifying qualities.
scratchy appearance. aluminum plate. The plate is keep wet with water. When ink is 10. CONNECTIONS - the strokes of links which connect a letter
4. Pencil - lead of pencil is composed of graphite and clay with applied, it sticks only to those parts of the plate where printing is with the one following
kaolin as binder. Soft pencil has greater proportion of graphite desired. The aluminum plate is then put in contact with a rubber 11. COPY BOOK FORMS - the design of letters which are
while hard once have relatively more clay. Cheap quality pencil ruler which transfers ink to the paper. fundamental to a writing system.
has frequently gritty impurities which scratch the paper while It is the most common modern method used by counterfeiters to 12. CURVES - refer to the writing stroke made by the point of a
high grade pencils are free from such grit. make false paper money. Used by Philippine Currency. writing instrument with a continuous change of direction.
13. DECIPHERMENT - is the process of making out what is
Types of Ink: Security features of genuine bank notes: illegible or indistinct.
1. Iron Gallotannate Ink - commonly used in "blue-black ink" and 1. Paper - made of special high-quality rag from the combination 14. DIACRITIC - up crossing and dot of I and j, unconnected
still the bases of the greatest number of commercial ink. of cotton and abaca fibers, strong and tough, easy to recognize by stokes but necessary
2. Washable inks - a solution of a single or a mixture of dyes. a distinctive feel. 15. EXAMINATION - the act of making a close and critical study
3. Logwood Inks - made of logwood extract with salt of iron, 2. Portrait and Vignette - printed with specially engraved plates to of any material, and with questioned documents is the process
copper or chromium. Bieotgive that embossed impression and deep life-like expression necessary to discover the facts about them.
4. Carbon ink - it is fine suspension in water of carbon with to the portrait or designs defected. 16. FOUNTAIN PEN - a type of writing instrument that shows
stabilizing agent. 3. Background - are multi colored fine patterns of line in varying the tut characteristics of person handwriting those present chances
5. Ball point ink - a thick suspension of dye in a liquid which is Benera tones and shades interacting with each other. of forgery
usually a drying oil. 4. Metallic Tread - already imbedded in the paper during 17. GRAPHOLOGY - Study of handwriting for the purpose of
Forgery, Defined manufacture determining the writer's personality character, and aptitude.
- Is an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasury or 5. Windowed Security Tread - it is a deterrent to counterfeit 18. GRAPHOMETRY - analysis by comparison or measurement
banknotes paper bill or any documents which are payable to the money through the colored copier of computer scanner. 19. GUIDED WRITING - writing usually written by the sick or
bearer 6. Security Fibers - are red and blue fibers scattered at random of aged person with unnatural appearance of misalignment,
- Is an act of simulating or tracing somebody’s signatures without both side of the hote ends can be picked off by pointed abnormal letter formations, abrupt changes in direction and poor
the latter’s consent for profit instrument. These are luminous under ultra-violet light. spacing of letters.
7. Iridescent Band - is glossy ink printed vertically which can be 20. HABIT - any repeated element or detail which may serve to
Signature, Defined easily seen by a naked eye to allow easy detection by ordinary individualized writing
- A name of a person signed by himself on a document as a sign layman. 21. HIATUS OR PEN FAILURE - a gap occurring between
of acknowledgement 8. Watermark - is an image based on the same artwork as the bill's continuous strokes without lifting the pen
portrait, ingrained in the note in the white space to the left of the 22. HITCH - introductory backward stroke added to capital letter.
Classes of Signature portrait. 23. HOLOGRAPHIC DOCUMENT -any document which is
1. Formal or Incomplete - use in signing very important document 9. Lacework design - are geometric patterns composed of sharp completely written and signed by one person.
2. Informal or cursory - used for routine document lines embellishing the portrait value panel and vignette, which are 24. IMPULSE - independent separate movement or stroke
3. Careless Scribble - Used for not so important document such as continuous and traceable even at the joints. 25. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS - a characteristic which
delivery of mail or receipt of purchase equipment. 10. Color - multi-colored and varies of each denomination for is highly personal or peculiar and is unlikely to occur in other
easy recognition. instances.
Kinds of Forgery: 26. INFRARED EXAMINATION - employs invisible radiation
1. Simple Forgery - a kind of forgery best termed as a Typewriting Identification beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum (rainbow) which is
SPORIOUS. - is a questioned document examination involving typewriting usually recorded on especially sensitized photographic emulsions.
SIGNATURE; the fraudulent writing of the signature of another 27. INK - is a fluid or vicious marking material used for writing
in r the natural or disguised writing of the forger, the latter Type Face, Defined or printing
exerting no effort to effect a resemblance between the forge and -The printing surface of the type block. 28. INTERLINEATIONS - The insertion between lines
genuine signature, of the individual whose signature is being Type Face Impression: 29. LINE QUALITY- the visible record in the written stroke of
forge, or, the latter merely signs the name on his own. 1. Pica - 10 characters per inch the bask movements and manner of holding the writing
2. Simulated Forgery - this is a simulation, copying or an 2. Elite - 12 characters per inch instrument.
imitation of a genuine signature or writing.
3. Traced Forgery - any fraudulent signature which was executed General Classification Typeface defects:
by usually following the outline of a genuine signature with a 1. Permanent defects - any identifying characteristics of a
writing instrument. typewriter which cannot be corrected by simply cleaning the type
face or replacing the ribbon, such as actual breaks on typeface,
Kinds of Traced Forgery: like worn-off series, and cut on shanks.
1. Carton Process or “Carbon Outline Method” - a carbon paper is 2. Transitory defects - identifying characteristics of a typewriter
placed between the genuine signature (top sheet) and the which can be corrected by simply cleaning the type face or
fraudulent document (below). Outline of model signature is traced replacing the ribbon such as clogged type faces.
with dry pen or pointed instrument to make a carbon offset on the
lower sheet. Outline is finally re-written or retraced with suitable Specific Typeface Defects:
ink stroke. 1. Vertical Mal-alignment - a character printing above or below of
2. Indented Process - An indented or "canal like" outline of the its proper position.
genuine signature is 2. Horizontal Mal-alignment - an alignment defect in which
produced on the fraudulent document (lower sheet) by tracing characters are printed to the left or right of its proper position
(with suitable pressure or force) the outline of the genuine 3. Twisted Letters - letters and characters are designed to be
signature (top sheet) with a pointed instrument. The outline is printed at a certain angle to the base line. Once letter leans to the
then directly inked; left or right of its proper position such is called twisted letter.
3. Projection process or "transmitted-light process" - spurious 4. Off-its- feet - is a condition of a typeface printing at which then
document is placed immediately over the genuine signature, with character outline is not equally printed, that is the printing is
strong light directed through the two sheets of paper from below heavier in one side that the remainder of the outline of the
or behind; outline which is seen through upper sheet is then character.
traced. 5. Rebound - typeface defects in which a character prints a double
impression with the lighter one slighter off-set to the right or left.
COUNTERFEIT, Defined 6. Actual Breakage - any peculiarity of type writing caused by.
- is something made to imitate the real thing and used for gain. Actual damage to the type face metal.
The word is usually applied to a term of forgery involving money. 7. Clogged Typeface - is a typeface defects characterized by dirty
prints due to constant used without cleaning of the type bar or due
Methods Of Making Coins: to use of new carbon.