STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

PROBLEM SOLVING & PROGRAM

DESIGN
Two phases involved in the design of any program:

(i) Problem Solving Phase

(ii) Implementation Phase

 PROBLEM SOLVING & PROGRAM
DESIGN
In the problem-solving phase the following steps are
carried out:
Define the problem
Outline the solution
Develop the outline into an algorithm
Test the algorithm for correctness

The implementation phase comprises the following

steps:
Code the algorithm using a specific programming
language
Run the program on the computer
Document and maintain the program
STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPT
Structured programming techniques
assist the programmer in writing
effective error free programs.
The elements of structured of
programming include:
Top-down development
Modular design.
 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPT
The Structure Theorem:
It is possible to write any computer program by
using only three (3) basic control structures,
namely:
Sequence
– one command is executed after previous one.
Decision (Selection (if-then-else)) –
– statement(s) is (are) executed if certain condition
gives TRUE or FALSE value.
Loops(Repetition (iteration, looping, Do
While)) -
Sequences
Decisions (selections)

Three selection
structure in C
programming:
If
If – else
Switch
Decisions (selections)
Loops (repetition)

Three repetition
structure in C
programming:
While
Do – while
For
Loops (repetition)
Pseudocode and Flowchart for
a Decision Structure
 Example
• Write an algorithm to determine a
student’s average grade and indicate
whether he is successful or not.
• The average grade is calculated as the
average of mid-term and final marks.
• Student will be successful if his average
grade is grater or equals to 60.
Pseudocode
Detailed Algorithm
Flowchart
Pseudocode and Flowchart for a
Loop
 Example
• Write an algorithm which calculates the
average exam grade for a class of 5 students.
• What are the program inputs?
– the exam grades
• Processing:
– Find the sum of the grades;
– count the number of students; (counter
controlled)
– calculate average grade = sum of grades /
number of students.
• What is the program output?
– the average exam grade
 Pseudocode
• Start
• Use variables total, counter, grade, average
• Initialize total = 0
• Initialize counter = 1
• While (counter <= 5)
• Input grade
• Calculate total = total + grade
• Calculate counter = counter + 1
• End-while
• Calculate average = total / 5
• Display average
• Stop
Flowchart
• Write an algorithm which calculates the average
exam grade for a class of unknown number of
students.
• What are the program inputs?
– the exam grades
• Processing:
Find the sum of the grades till sentinel value is
given; for example -99 to break loop (sentinel
controlled)
calculate average grade = sum of grades / number
of students.
• What is the program output?
the average exam grade
 Pseudocode
• Start
• Use variables total, counter, grade, average
• Initialize total = 0
• Initialize counter = 0
• While (grade != -99)
• Input grade
• Calculate total = total + grade
• Calculate counter = counter + 1
• End-while
• Calculate average = total / counter
• Display average
• Stop
 Example
• Write an algorithm which calculates the
average exam grade for a class of
unknown number of students.
• This time, the number of students have
been asked at the beginning of the
program.
• Use counter controlled structure.
 Pseudocode
• Start
• Use variables total, counter, grade, average,
number_of_students
• Initialize total = 0 , number_of_students = 0 , counter =
1
• Display “write number of students”
• Input number_of_students
• While (counter <= number_of_students)
• Input grade
• Calculate total = total + grade
• Calculate counter = counter + 1
• End-while
• Calculate average = total / number_of_students
• Display average
• Stop
 Flowchart
• Draw a flowchart for the above example
 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPT
There is no standard definition of structured
programs available but it is often thought to be
programming without the use of a goto statement.
Structured programming is:
o Concerned with improving the programming
process through better organization of program
and better programming notation to facilitate
correct and clear description of data and control
structure.
o Concerned with improved programming languages
and organized programming techniques which
should be understandable and therefore, more
easily modifi-able and suitable for documentation.
 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPT
There is no standard definition of structured
programs available but it is often thought to be
programming without the use of a goto statement.
Structured programming is:
o More economical to run because good organization
and notation make it easier for an optimizing
compiler to understand the program logic.
o More correct and therefore more easily debugged,
because general correctness theorems dealing with
structures can be applied to proving the
correctness of programs.
 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
CONCEPT
Structured programming can be defined
as a
top–down analysis for program solving
modularization for program structure
and organization
structured code for individual modules
 Top–Down Analysis
A program is a collection of instructions in a
particular language that is prepared to solve a
specific problem.
Top-down analysis reduces the complexity of
the process of problem solving. It provides a
strategy that has to be followed for solving all
problems.
There are two essential ideas in top-down analysis:
• subdivision of a problem – breaking a big problem
into two or more smaller problems. To solve the
big problem, first these smaller problems have
to be solved.
• hierarchy of tasks -Top-down analysis does not
simply divide a problem into two or more smaller
problems. This process continues downwards,
 Top–Down Analysis
The four basic steps to top-down analysis are as
follows:
Step 1:
Define the complete scope of the problem to
determine the basic requirement for its solution.
Three factors must be considered in the definition
of a programming problem.
Input: What data is required to be processed by
the program?
Process: What must be done with the input data?
What type of processing is required?
Output: What information should the program
produce? In what form should it be presented?
 Top–Down Analysis
Step 2:
Based on the definition of the problem, divide
the problem into two or more separate parts.
Step 3:
Carefully define the scope of each of these
separate tasks and subdivide them further, if
necessary, into two or more smaller tasks.
Step 4:
Repeat step 3. Every step at the lowest level
describes a simple task, which cannot be
broken further.
 Modular Programming
• Modular programming is a program that
is divided into logically independent
smaller sections, which can be written
separately.
• These sections, being separate and
independent units, are called modules.
 Modular Programming
• A module consists of a series of program
instructions or statements in some programming
language.
• A module is clearly terminated by some special
markers required by the syntax of the language.
For example, a BASIC language subroutine is
terminated by the return statement.
• A module as a whole has a unique name.
• A module has only one entry point to which
control is transferred from the outside and only
one exit point from which control is returned to
the calling module.
 Modular Programming
Some advantages of modular programming.
• Complex programs may be divided into
simpler and more manageable elements.
• Simultaneous coding of different modules
by several programmers is possible.
• A library of modules may be created, and
these modules may be used in other
programs as and when needed.
• The location of program errors may be
traced to a particular module; thus,
debugging and maintenance may be
simplified.
 Structured Code
• Structured programming is a method of
coding, i.e., writing a program that
produces a well-organized module.
• A high-level language supports several
control statements, also called structured
control statements or structured code, to
produce a well-organized structured
module.
• These control statements represent
conditional and repetitive type of
executions.
• Each programming language has different
syntax for these statements.
 The Process of Programming
• The job of a programmer is not just writing
program instructions.
• The programmer does several other additional jobs
to create a working program.
• Some logical and sequential job steps which the
programmer has to follow to make the program
operational are as follows:
1. Understand the problem to be solved
2. Think and design the solution logic
3. Write the program in the chosen programming
language
4. Translate the program to machine code
5. Test the program with sample data
6. Put the program into operation