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 Building Web
Services with Java
M A K I N G S E N S E O F X M L , S O A P,
W S D L , A N D U D D I

Second Edition

Steve Graham
Doug Davis
Simeon Simeonov
Glen Daniels
Peter Brittenham
Yuichi Nakamura
Paul Fremantle
Dieter König
Claudia Zentner

DEVELOPER’S
LIBRARY

Sams Publishing, 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46240

Building Web Services with Java, Associate Publisher
Michael Stephens
Second Edition
Copyright © 2005 by Sams Publishing Acquisitions Editor
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored Todd Green
in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, Development Editor
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written
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permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with
respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although Managing Editor
every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the Charlotte Clapp
publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omis-
sions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use Senior Project Editor
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1

I Web Services Basics

1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented
Architectures 9
2 XML Primer 31
3 The SOAP Protocol 111
4 Describing Web Services 167
5 Implementing Web Services with Apache Axis 233
6 Discovering Web Services 307

II Enterprise Web Services

7 Web Services and J2EE 347
8 Web Services and Stateful Resources 383
9 Securing Web Services 445
10 Web Services Reliable Messaging 507
11 Web Services Transactions 525
12 Orchestrating Web Services 549

III Web Services in the Real World

13 Web Services Interoperability 609
14 Web Services Pragmatics 673
15 Epilogue:Web Services Futures 717

Appendix
A Glossary 731
Index 755
Table of Contents
Introduction 1

I Web Services Basics

1 Web Services Overview and Service-

Oriented Architectures 9
What Is a Web Service? 10
Business Perspective 11
Technical Perspective 12
Service-Oriented Architectures 13
Why Is SOA So Important? 15
SOA and Web Services: Related but Distinct 17
Trends in E-Business 17
Why Do We Need Web Services? 18
Scoping the Problem 18
Core Technologies 19
Industry Dynamics 20
What Makes a Good Web Service? 21
The Web Service Opportunity 22
Application Integration 22
B2B 24
Integration of Human Interaction with Systems:
B2C 24
Justifying Web Services 25
Web Services Interoperability Stack 26
Transport Layer 27
Messaging Layer 28
Description Layer 28
Quality of Experience Layer 29
Compositional Layer 29
Understanding the Web Services Interoperability
Stack 29
Summary 30
 Contents v

2 XML Primer 31
Document- Versus Data-Centric XML 32
Document-Centric XML 32
Data-Centric XML 33
Document Lifetime 34
XML Instances 35
Document Prolog 35
Elements 36
Attributes 38
Character Data 42
A Simpler Purchase Order 44
XML Namespaces 44
Namespace Mechanism 46
Namespace Syntax 47
Namespace-Prefixed Attributes 49
XML Schemas 51
Well-Formedness and Validity 51
XML Schema Basics 52
Associating Schemas with Documents 54
Simple Types 55
Complex types 59
The Purchase Order Schema 62
Global Versus Local Elements and Attributes 63
Basic Schema Reusability 64
Advanced Schema Reusability 70
There’s More 78
Processing XML 78
Basic Operations 78
Data-Oriented XML Processing 81
SAX-Based checkInvoice() 85
DOM-Based checkInvoice() 91
JAXB-Based checkInvoice() 96
Testing the Code 105
Summary 107
Resources 109
vi Contents

3 The SOAP Protocol 111

Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 112
What Is SOAP, Really? 113
Doing Business with SkatesTown 114
Inventory Check Web Service 117
Choosing a Web Service Engine 117
Service Provider View 117
Deploying the Service 118
The Client View 118
A Closer Look at SOAP 120
The Structure of the Spec 120
The SOAP Messaging Framework 121
Vertical Extensibility 123
The mustUnderstand Flag 125
SOAP Modules 126
SOAP Intermediaries 126
The Need for Intermediaries 127
Transparent and Explicit Intermediaries 128
Intermediaries in SOAP 129
Forwarding and Active Intermediaries 130
Rules for Intermediaries and Headers 130
The SOAP Body 132
The SOAP Processing Model 132
Versioning in SOAP 133
Processing Headers and Bodies 134
Faults: Error Handling in SOAP 134
Structure of a Fault 135
Using Headers in Faults 138
Objects in XML:The SOAP Data Model 141
Object Graphs 141
The SOAP Encoding 143
The SOAP RPC Conventions 148
out and inout Parameters 149
XML, Straight Up: Document-Style SOAP 151
When to Use Which Style 151
 Contents vii

The Transport Binding Framework 152

Features and Properties 153
The HTTP Binding 157
The SOAPAction Feature 158
The Web Method Feature 159
Using SOAP to Send Binary Data 160
SOAP with Attachments and DIME 160
PASWA, MTOM, and XOP 162
Small-Scale SOAP, Big-Time SOAP 163
Summary 165
Resources 165

4 Describing Web Services 167

Why Service Descriptions? 167
Role of Service Description in a Service-Oriented
Architecture 168
Well-Defined Service 169
Functional Description 169
Nonfunctional Description 170
Description Summary 170
History of Interface Definition Languages (IDLs) 171
Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 173
WSDL Information Model 174
Parts of the WSDL Language 176
Structure of a WSDL Document:
Definitions 178
PortType 179
Operation 180
Message 180
Part 181
Types 184
Binding 186
Port 190
Service 191
Documentation 192
Import 192
Exploring More WSDL Features 195
viii Contents

Transmission Primitives 201

Rounding Out WSDL Bindings 205
WSDL Extension Mechanism 210
A Sketch of How WSDL Maps to Java 213
Nonfunctional Descriptions in WSDL 214
Policies 214
WS-Policy 216
Policy Assertions 220
Policy Attachments 220
Standardizing WSDL:W3C and WSDL 2.0 223
What’s New in WSDL 2.0 223
Overview of WSDL 2.0 224
A Complete WSDL 2.0 Description 229
Summary 230
Resources 231

5 Implementing Web Services with

Apache Axis 233
A Brief History of Axis 234
JAX-RPC, JAXM/SAAJ, and JAXB 234
Current State of the Project 235
Axis Architecture 236
Handlers and Chains: Concepts 236
Server-Side Message Processing 238
Client-Side Message Processing 240
The MessageContext and Its Many Uses 242
The Message APIs and SAAJ 243
A Message by Any Other Name 244
Accessing the SOAP Envelope, Bodies, and
Headers 244
The Axis Client APIs 246
The Service Object 246
Using the Call Object for Dynamic
Invocation 247
Using Stubs and WSDL2Java 253
Holders: Mapping inout/out Parameters
to Java 256
 Contents ix

Web Service Deployment Descriptor (WSDD) 258

Handler Declarations 259
Chain Definitions 260
Transports 261
Type Mappings 262
Building Services 263
Instant Deployment: JWS 263
WSDD for Services 264
Deploying Services and the AdminClient 267
Getting at the MessageContext 268
Service Lifecycle and Scopes 270
Sessions on the Server Side 272
Using WSDL2Java to Generate Services 272
Generating WSDL for Your Services 273
A Guide to Web Service Styles 275
RPC Style 275
Wrapped Style 276
Document Style 277
Message Style 278
From XML to Java and Back Again:The Axis Type-
Mapping System 279
Registering Mappings 279
Default Type Mappings 281
Default Type Mapping and XML/Java
Naming 283
Custom Serializers and Deserializers 284
Using the MessageElement
XML/Object APIs 286
When Things Go Wrong: Faults and Exceptions 288
The AxisFault Class 288
Using Typed Exceptions 289
Axis as an Intermediary 291
Reasons for Roles 291
How to Write a Handler 292
The SkatesTown EmailHandler 292
The SkatesTown GlobalHandler 295
x Contents

Built-in Security 297

Using the Authentication/Authorization
Handlers 297
Understanding Axis Transports 298
Client Transports 298
Server Transports 299
Transports Included with Axis 299
Custom Transports 300
No API Is an Island: Axis and Its Environment 300
Commons-Discovery and Obtaining
Resources 300
Logging Infrastructure 300
Security Providers 301
Compilers 301
Development/Debugging Tools 301
The happyAxis Page 301
Configuring Logging 301
Using tcpmon and SOAPMonitor 303
Axis Futures: A Quick Tour 304
Participating in the Axis Community 305
Summary 305
Resources 306

6 Discovering Web Services 307

What Is Service Discovery? 307
Role of Service Discovery in a Service-Oriented
Architecture 307
Service Discovery Mechanisms 308
Service Discovery at Design Time and
Runtime 309
Scenario Updates 310
UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery,
and Integration) 310
UDDI Datatypes 311
Using a UDDI Registry 325
What’s New in UDDI Version 3.0 335
Using WSDL with UDDI 337
 Contents xi

Other Service Discovery Methods 343

WS-Inspection 343
WS-ServiceGroup 343
Summary 344
Resources 344

II Enterprise Web Services

7 Web Services and J2EE 347

J2EE Overview 347
Containers 348
Enterprise JavaBeans 348
Roles: Development, Assembly, and
Deployment 350
Benefits of Using Web Services with J2EE 351
J2EE Versions 353
Using EJBs from Axis 354
The Entity Bean 355
The Session Bean 358
The Deployment Unit 360
Exposing the EJBs via Axis 361
WebSphere Deployment Process 363
EJB Deployment 363
Configuring Axis to Invoke the
SkatesService Session Bean 367
EJB Wrap-Up 375
Using JSR109: Implementing
Enterprise Web Services 375
Step 1: Creating the WSDL File 376
Step 2: Creating the Deployment Descriptors
376
Step 3: Assembling the Application Files 378
Step 4: Enabling the EAR File for Web
Services 379
Step 5: Deploying the Application 379
JSR109 Client Code 380
JSR109 Wrap-Up 381
xii Contents

Summary 381
Resources 381

8 Web Services and

Stateful Resources 383
Web Services and State 384
Aspects of State 384
SkatesTown Scenario 385
WS-Resources 385
Stateful Resources 387
Cardinality of Web Services and
WS-Resources 387
Role of WS-Addressing 388
Implied Resource Pattern 391
Modeling Resource Properties 395
What Is a Resource Property? 395
WS-Resource Factory 399
Resource Property Operations 399
Rounding Out the POPortType 412
Using Notifications 412
Base Notification Concepts and Roles 413
Subscribing for Notification 415
The Subscription WS-Resource 419
Topics and Topic Spaces 420
Resource Properties of a Notification
Producer 428
The Other Notification Producer Operation:
GetCurrentMessage 429
Notification of Value Changes on Resource
Properties 430
Notification Consumers 432
Notification Brokers 433
Resource Lifetime 434
Immediate Termination 435
Scheduled Termination 436
Initializing Termination Time 439
Notification of WS-Resource Termination 440
 Contents xiii

Other WS-Resource Framework Specifications 441

WS-RenewableReferences 442
WS-ServiceGroup 442
WS-BaseFaults 442
Summary 443

9 Securing Web Services 445

Example Scenario 445
Security Basics 446
Security Requirements 446
Cryptography 447
Authentication 450
Security Protocols 451
Security Infrastructures 452
Security Domains 455
Web Services Security 456
Security Model for Web Services 456
Web Services Security Specifications 458
Extended SkatesTown Security Scenario 459
WS-Security 461
Digital Signatures 462
Encryption 466
Security Tokens 471
WS-Trust 474
Public Key Infrastructure 474
Kerberos 476
XML Key Management Specification 479
WS-SecurityPolicy 481
WS-SecureConversation 482
WS-SecureConversation Overview 483
The SSL Protocol 486
Negotiation Protocol Example 487
WS-Federation 492
Enterprise Security 495
J2EE Security 495
Authorization in J2EE 496
J2EE and Web Services Security 498
xiv Contents

Security Services 500

Summary 502
Resources 502

10 Web Services Reliable Messaging 507

Background of the Web Services Reliable Messaging
Protocol (WS-RM) 507
The WS-RM Specification 509
WS-RM Processing Model 510
Client-Side Processing 511
Server-Side Processing 513
Sequence Faults 517
Policy Assertions 518
SpecVersion Assertion 519
DeliveryAssurance Policy 519
SequenceExpiration Policy 519
InactivityTimeout Assertion 520
BaseRetransmissionInterval
Assertion 520
AcknowledgementInterval Assertion 520
SequenceRef Element 520
Flaws and Other Thoughts on the WS-RM Spec 521
Putting WS-RM into Use 521
Summary 523
Resources 523

11 Web Services Transactions 525

Web Services Coordination and Transaction
(WS-C/Tx) 525
Transactions: A Brief Introduction 527
WS-Coordination 529
The CoordinationContext 530
The CreateCoordinationContext
Operation 530
The Register Operation 532
WS-Coordination Fault Codes 536
WS-Transaction: Atomic Transactions 536
WS-AT Operations 537
Commit and Rollback 537
 Contents xv

AT Protocols 538
Two-Phase Commit Protocols 538
Committing the Transaction 539
Transaction Flow Overview 543
Business Activity Protocol 544
Reliable Delivery and Security 545
Summary 546
Resources 547

12 Orchestrating Web Services 549

Why Are We Composing Web Services? 549
Two-Level Programming Model 550
Stateless and Stateful Web Services 550
Evolution of Business Process Languages 550
SkatesTown Requirements 551
Business Process Execution Language for
Web Services 552
Design Goals 553
External Interface of a Process 554
Overall Structure of a Process 558
Basic and Structured Activities 561
Process Lifecycle and Related Activities 562
Partner Links 563
Properties and Correlation Sets 565
Invoking Web Services and Providing Web
Services 568
Data Handling and Related Activities 572
More Basic Activities: wait, empty 575
Flows 576
More Structured Activities: sequence, while,
switch, scope 580
Fault Handling 582
Compensation Handling 585
Event Handling 587
SkatesTown: Putting It All Together 588
xvi Contents

Advanced Considerations 601

Abstract Processes 601
Language Extensibility 604
Summary 604
Resources 605

III Web Services in the Real World

13 Web Services Interoperability 609

Web Services Interoperability Organization 610
WS-I Basic Profile 1.0 611
Common Requirements for SOAP Envelope,
WSDL Document, and XML Schema
Document 619
Understanding the WSDL Document
Structure 620
Importing XML Schema and WSDL
Documents 622
Defining the Service Interface 623
Defining a SOAP Binding 626
Publishing a Service Description 637
HTTP and SOAP Message Content 638
Web Service Security 641
WS-I Conformance Claims 641
Service Provider, Requestor, and Registry
Requirements 643
Summary of Basic Profile 1.0 Requirements
645
Future WS-I Profiles 648
Basic Profile 1.1 648
Simple SOAP Binding Profile 1.0 649
Attachments Profile 1.0 650
Basic Security Profile 1.0 660
WS-I Sample Applications 661
WS-I Test Tools 663
Monitor Overview 663
Monitor Configuration File 665
 Contents xvii

Message Log File 665

Analyzer Overview 667
Analyzer Configuration File 667
Test Assertion Document 668
Profile Configuration Report 668
Summary 671
Resources 672

14 Web Services Pragmatics 673

Enterprise Adoption of Web Services 674
Time-Based Adoption Challenges 676
Inherent Limitations of SOA 677
Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up 679
Policies and Processes 682
Putting Web Services in Production 683
Web Services Technology Map 685
System Architectures for Web Services 691
Features, Capabilities, and Approaches 696
Tools and Platforms 696
SOA Testing 697
Deployment and Provisioning 699
Business Process Automation Using Web
Services 700
Operations 708
Summary 715
Resources 715

15 Epilogue: Web Services Futures 717

A Roadmap for Web Services 717
Age of Invention (Base SOAP,WSDL,
UDDI) 717
Age of Development (from Hype to
Delivery) 718
Age of Mainstream Acceptance (Web
Services Become Boring) 719
xviii Contents

Future Trends in Web Services 720

Short-Term Trends and Issues 720
Medium-Term Trends 723
Longer-Term Trends 727
Summary 729

A Glossary 731

Index 755
About the Authors
Steve Graham is a Senior Technical Staff Member in IBM’s Systems Group and a
member of the IBM Academy of Technology. Steve is an architect in the On Demand
Architecture group. He has spent the last several years working on service-oriented
architectures as part of IBM’s Web Services Initiative and IBM’s On Demand Initiative.
Most recently, Steve has applied service-oriented concepts to problems in Grid comput-
ing as part of the Open Grid Services Architecture work in the Global Grid Forum.
Prior to this, Steve worked as a technologist and consultant with various emerging tech-
nologies such as Java and XML, and before that he was an architect and consultant with
the IBM Smalltalk consulting organization. Before joining IBM, Steve was a developer
with Sybase, a consultant, and a faculty member in the Department of Computer
Science at the University of Waterloo. Steve holds a BMath and MMath in computer
science from the University of Waterloo and an MBA from the Kenan Flagler Business
School at University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Doug Davis works as an architect in the Emerging Technology organization of IBM.
Previous activities include being the technical lead of IBM’s Emerging
Technologies/Web Services Toolkit, being one of IBM’s representatives in the W3C
XML Protocol working group, and working on WebSphere’s Machine Translation proj-
ect,TeamConnection, and IBM’s FORTRAN 90 compiler. Doug has a bachelor of sci-
ence degree from the University of California at Davis and a master’s degree in comput-
er science from Michigan State University.
Simeon Simeonov is a Principal at Polaris Venture Partners in Boston, where he helps
early-stage IT companies accelerate their growth. Prior to joining Polaris, Sim was Vice
President of Emerging Technologies and Chief Architect at Macromedia. Earlier, Sim was
a founding member and Chief Architect at Allaire. Sim has played a key role in eight
v1.0 product initiatives. His innovation and leadership have brought about category-
defining products with significant market impact: the first Web application server (Allaire
ColdFusion), the best open-source Web services engine (Apache Axis) and the first rich
Internet application platform (Macromedia Flash/Flex). Sim has been working with
XML and precursors to Web services since 1997 and has developed standards in this
space at W3C, JCP, and OASIS. Sim has a master’s degree in computer science from
Boston University and bachelor’s degrees in computer science, economics, and mathe-
matics from Macalester College.
Glen Daniels is the Standards Strategist for Sonic Software, creator of the first
Enterprise Service Bus. Glen bridges the gap between Sonic’s development organization
and the evolving world of standards. He is one of the primary designers and developers
for the Apache Axis project, is a member of the Apache Software Foundation, and partic-
ipates actively in organizations like the W3C, OASIS, and the JCP. Prior to Sonic, he was
a principal software engineer at Macromedia and Allaire, where he architected new ini-
tiatives and helped to bring the company into the Web services era.When not at stan-
dards meetings or writing code, he enjoys playing music, cooking, and spending time
with his friends, his family, and his two amazing cats.
Peter Brittenham is a Senior Technical Staff Member working in the IBM Emerging
Technology group. Peter is currently an architect applying service-oriented architecture
concepts to IBM’s Autonomic Computing initiative. Prior to this, he was the lead archi-
tect for the IBM Web Services Toolkit, which provided a preview of emerging Web serv-
ice technologies. Peter also was one of the IBM representatives to the Web Services
Interoperability (WS-I) organization. In this role, he was responsible for the architecture
and overall development of the first release of the Java version of the WS-I Test Tools.
Peter has a BS in business administration from Boston University and an MS in comput-
er science from Marist College.
Yuichi Nakamura leads the XML & Security group at the IBM Tokyo Research
Laboratory. He joined IBM in 1990 and has worked in several areas such as object-
oriented systems, multi-agent systems, B2B e-commerce, and knowledge engineering.
Since 1999 he has been working on Web services, addressing security, caching, and per-
formance.Yuichi contributed to the Apache Axis project during its start-up phase, and he
has been contributing to the development of security and cache components for IBM’s
WebSphere Application Server. He received an MSc and a PhD in applied physics from
Osaka University.
Paul Fremantle is a Senior Technical Staff Member in IBM’s Software division, based in
the Hursley Park laboratory near Winchester in England. Paul works on IBM’s
Enterprise Service Bus initiative and other Web services activities in the WebSphere
product. Paul has been working on Web services and XML at IBM since 1999, when he
wrote early XML utilities for IBM’s alphaWorks website. Since then he has co-authored
The XML Files, an IBM redbook, as well as a number of articles on J2EE and Web serv-
ices both in print and on the Web. Paul’s involvement on the WebSphere Application
Server includes architectural responsibility for the first SOAP support, the Web Services
Invocation Framework, and the Web Services Gateway. Paul is the co-lead of the JWSDL
standard in the Java Community Process and has initiated two open-source projects. Paul
has an MSc in computation and an MA in mathematics and philosophy, both from
Balliol College, Oxford.
Dieter König is a software architect for workflow systems at the IBM Germany
Development Laboratory. He joined the laboratory in 1988 and has worked on
Resource Measurement Facility for z/OS, MQSeries Workflow, and WebSphere Process
Choreographer. Dieter is a member of the OASIS WS-BPEL Technical Committee,
which is working toward an industry standard based on the Business Process Execution
Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS) specification. He holds a master’s degree
(Dipl.inform.) in computer science from the University of Bonn, Germany.
Claudia Zentner is an architect working for IBM’s Software Group at the IBM
Development Laboratory in Böblingen, Germany. Since joining IBM in 1989, she has
worked on various middleware projects. For many years Claudia has been focusing on
workflow, starting with FlowMark and MQSeries Workflow; currently she is an architect
for the process choreography component of the WebSphere Business Integration offer-
ing. Claudia graduated in computer science from the University of Cooperative
Education in Stuttgart, Germany.
Acknowledgments
Steve Graham
Once again, to Karen, Erin, and Jessie, my family, my inspiration. For all the moments
sacrificed to create this book, my most heartfelt thanks for your understanding. My
thanks to my co-workers at IBM for providing an excellent environment for creative
work.
My thanks also to the staff at Sams, particularly Tiffany Taylor and Michael Stephens,
for the hard work that went into making this project a reality.
Romans 12:2.
Doug Davis
Thanks to my parents, family, and friends, without whose support and guidance none of
the joys in my life would be possible. Lin—thanks to your never-ending patience and
understanding, we managed to make it through another one! Sorry for forcing you to
learn far more about Web services than you ever feared. :-)
Sim Simeonov
As always, my deepest thanks to Pyrra: my true love and a constant source of inspiration.
Second editions are not easy when the topic of writing is changing as fast as Web servic-
es are evolving.Thanks go to all that helped me keep my finger on the pulse of the
industry, notably, the good people working with Web services at Service Integrity,
WebLayers, Orbitz, Amazon.com, eBay, CA, BMC, IBM, BEA, Microsoft, ZapThink,
Burton Group, AT&T, GE, Ford, Bank of America,Wachovia, Fidelity, Morgan Stanley,
Merck, and Web Services Journal.
Many thanks to Tiffany,Todd, and Mike at Sams for supporting us all the way!
Glen Daniels
I would like to thank my friends and family (not to mention the rest of the authoring
team) for putting up with my overloaded schedule, and everyone at Sams for their great
work pulling the book together. Also thanks to all the readers of the first edition who’ve
made great comments and suggestions—we hope you like the new one!
Peter Brittenham
To my wife Abby, and my children Josh, Greg, and Jessica, thank you for your continued
patience and support.
Yuichi Nakamura
To my wife Michiyo, my daughter Arisa, and my son Ryotaro.Thank you for your sup-
port and patience. My thanks to my colleagues at IBM for providing this great environ-
ment to work on Web services.
My thanks also to the staff at Sams,Tiffany,Todd, and Mike. Particularly, I thank
Tiffany for her English editing on my chapter.
Paul Fremantle
To Jane, for being my supporter, friend, and advocate and making me laugh.To my chil-
dren Anna and Dan for keeping me sane and driving me crazy.Thanks to my colleagues,
especially Sanjiva Weerawarana,Tony Storey, Beth Hutchison, and Chris Sharp, for mak-
ing my working environment challenging and fun, and to John Carter for being a great
manager while I wrote this book. Finally, thanks to Tiffany,Todd, and Mike at Sams for
all their hard work, and to Steve for all his encouragement to us all.
Dieter König
To my wife Rita and my sons Daniel, Sebastian, Maximilian, and Jonas.Thank you for
your patience and support during this adventure.
Claudia Zentner
To Anneliese, Christian, Marion, and all my friends, thanks for your support and
patience.
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 Introduction

W ELCOME TO THE WORLD OF WEB SERVICES! Web services is an evolving collection

of standards, specifications, and implementation technologies that are showing great value
in the world of application integration and distributed computing.Web services continue
to evolve to address more sophisticated computing scenarios, and the authors of this
book are excited to bring you into what is widely believed to be the next generation of
distributed computing.
Before we get going, we need to clarify some things about the purpose and structure
of the book. Let’s talk about them now.

Goals of This Book

The overall goal of this book is to familiarize you with the concept of Web services and
what it will take to incorporate Web services as part of your business.We’ll introduce the
concept of Web services and give you a framework that describes how you can under-
stand the various standards associated with Web services, such as Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP),Web Services Description Language (WSDL), and Universal
Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI).We’ll help position Web services from a
business and technical perspective, explaining and demonstrating how Web services can
be used to address various business problems.
Another goal of this book is to help developers understand the issues and details relat-
ed to building Web services using the techniques covered by this book.What pieces are
required when you’re planning a Web services strategy? What things do you need to take
care of when you’re developing Web services? We provide lots of examples to demon-
strate these approaches.We also review in detail the Apache Axis Web services infrastruc-
ture with our examples.

Assumed Background
This book is meant for computing technical professionals with some experience building
Web applications and distributed computing systems.You don’t need to be a seasoned
veteran of the distributed object wars to appreciate this book, but some familiarity with
Web-based architectures and techniques such as HTTP and HTML is assumed. If you
don’t have any experience with these techniques, some of the material could be a little
confusing—particularly some of the code examples—but you should still be able to get a
lot out of the book.
2 Introduction

We assume you’re familiar with Java, in particular the Java servlet technology.We also
briefly discuss the relationship between Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs) and Web services, so
some familiarity with EJBs is helpful as well. If you need to supplement your under-
standing of these techniques, many good books on programming with Java, JSP, servlets,
and EJBs are available on the market.
You’ll also discover that the Extensible Markup Language (XML) is at the core of all
things dealing with Web service. Although we devote an entire chapter to explaining the
core pieces of XML needed to build Web services, the more understanding of XML you
have, the more successful you’ll be in building Web services.

Philosophy
The concepts and standards involved in Web services are very much interdependent. It’s
difficult to cover each topic in isolation, because it’s the combination of these concepts
and standards that makes Web services important to distributed computing.
The philosophy of this book can be summarized by four points: pragmatics, progres-
sive disclosure, a continuous example, and a service-oriented architecture framework.

Pragmatics
In this book, we try to get to programming examples and running code as quickly as
possible. In particular, we focus on building and consuming SOAP-based Web services
using the Java-based Apache Axis Web services infrastructure.Whereas we emphasize that
Web services are fundamentally programming language neutral, ultimately, any given
Web service is implemented in some programming language technology. In the case of
this book, we’ve chosen Java—probably not a surprise to you, given our title.Where
issues of interoperability with Web services written in other programming languages
appear, we note them. Detailed coverage of other Web services implementation
approaches, such as Microsoft’s .NET, is beyond the scope of this book.

Progressive Disclosure
After an overview of Web services, we start with the fundamentals of XML and then
layer on new concepts, motivated by a business computing problem.These layers
produce a series of Web services technology stacks. For each of the technologies and
standards in the Web services arena, we focus on explaining the technology from the
perspective of the problems it solves, balancing the explanation of the technology itself.

Business Example
The technologies and standards that make up the Web services concept are each exam-
ined in the context of an example (which we discuss later in this introduction).The use
of the example adds insight to the explanation of Web services in the text of the book
and supports the progressive disclosure approach as we follow the example, adding the
 Introduction 3

layers of Web services technology to the solution.This technique helps position various
best-practices approaches to Web service development and deployment.You can down-
load the source code for these running examples from www.samspublishing.com.When
you reach that page, enter this book’s ISBN number (0672326418) in the search box to
access information about the book and a Downloads link.

Service-Oriented Architecture
The examples and Web services concepts are discussed in the context of Service-
Oriented Architecture (SOA), which we introduce in Chapter 1, “Web Services
Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures.”We use the SOA framework to help
position the various Web services concepts in the context of a bigger picture.

Overview of the Book’s Composition

This book is divided into three major parts: “Web Services Basics,” “Enterprise Web
Services,” and “Web Services in the Real World.” Chapters 1 through 6 describe the core
concepts of Web services; you need to have a thorough understanding of this subject
matter to be successful with any Web services development project. Chapters 7 through
12 are organized around Web services topics that have an enterprise computing focus.
The topics discussed in this section address technical subjects that usually crop up when
you’re building “real” information technology solutions.The last part of the book,
Chapters 13 through 15, deals with development pragmatics that we’ve gleaned from
real-world experience with Web services. Let’s take a closer look at the topics in each of
the chapters.
Chapter 1 begins the book with an explanation of what the Web services approach is
all about.We describe what a Web service is, what standards and technologies are associ-
ated with Web services, and what problems can be solved using Web services.We use this
chapter to introduce the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) conceptual framework
and begin to explain how the various Web services standards such as SOAP,WSDL, and
UDDI fit together.This chapter will give you a solid conceptual basis for the rest of the
book.
Before we can get into the core Web services standards, we take a brief side trip to
explain XML in Chapter 2, “XML Primer.” Because XML is at the heart of all the Web
services standards and techniques, it’s important for you understand it well. XML is a
huge topic, but we focus our examination of XML on what you’ll need to know in
order to understand the rest of the Web services topics.
After the review of XML, Chapter 3, “The SOAP Protocol,” dives in to the core
mechanism of invoking a Web service.We review the topic of XML messaging in a dis-
tributed computing environment, focusing on the SOAP messaging standard from the
W3C. SOAP forms the core basis of communication between a service requestor and a
service provider in a Web services environment, and it’s the foundation on which you
can build the kinds of business-level extensions we’ll discuss later in the book.
4 Introduction

Chapter 4, “Describing Web Services,” introduces the important notion of service

description, which is key to making Web services a great application integration technol-
ogy for building loosely coupled systems.This chapter discusses how Web services use
service description to address the problem of communicating the details the service
requestor needs to know about the Web service in order to properly understand how
(and why) to invoke it.
Chapter 5, “Implementing Web Services with Apache Axis,” refines your understand-
ing of SOAP in the context of a particular SOAP infrastructure: the Apache Axis project.
This chapter dives into the details of how Axis works and how you can use it to both
consume Web services and deploy your own.
Now, you need to understand how the service requestor got the service description
in the first place. Chapter 6, “Discovering Web Services,” picks up where Chapter 4 left
off, discussing the various techniques for Web service discovery, such as UDDI.This
chapter examines the standards related to finding what Web services are provided by
businesses with which a company might want to collaborate.
Chapter 7, “Web Services and J2EE,” adds detail to the core concepts introduced in
Chapters 1 through 6.This chapter explains how the Web services concepts map to Java
2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE). Chapter 7 explains how to build Web services using Axis
and using the JSR109 Java standard.
In Chapter 8, “Web Services and Stateful Resources,” we review how the notion of
stateful resources can be combined with Web services, by introducing the concepts of
WS-Addressing, a referencing or pointer mechanism in Web services;WS-Resource
Framework, a specification for associating Web services with stateful resources; and WS-
Notification, a mechanism for doing publish-subscribe style of asynchronous messaging.
This work is an emerging standard for use in Grid computing and systems management
as well as e-business computing. (For more information on Grid computing, we recom-
mend that you browse www.globalgridforum.org.)
The very important issue of Web services security is discussed in Chapter 9, “Securing
Web Services.”This chapter reviews existing security technologies and takes a closer look
at the mapping from Web services security to those technologies.This chapter also
reviews how Web services security technologies are integrated into enterprise applica-
tions using the J2EE model.
In many applications, it’s critical to verify whether a message is sent or received by
another party. Chapter 10, “Web Services Reliable Messaging,” explores a Web services
specification that was written to try to overcome certain problems with Web services by
adding a reliability aspect to SOAP.
Chapter 11, “Web Services Transactions,” examines how Web services deal with trans-
actions. In an enterprise setting, it’s likely that Web services will need to be invoked and
coordinated under the scope of a single unit of work. In this chapter, we examine a
group of specifications that describe how to do this with Web services.
Web services allow designers to build applications that more closely resemble the
business processes they automate. Chapter 12, “Orchestrating Web Services,” describes
how to build Web services by coordinating or orchestrating simpler Web services into a
 Introduction 5

business process (which is also a Web service).This chapter introduces the Business
Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL4WS) specification.
Chapter 13, “Web Services Interoperability,” explores the Do’s and Don’ts of building
Web services that interoperate with other Web services.The Web Service Interoperability
(WS-I) Organization has developed a series of guidelines that help developers use the
Web services specifications in a consistent way across vendors.This chapter examines the
work of this organization.
Chapter 14, “Web Services Pragmatics,” deals with a list of issues that you may
encounter when you’re building and deploying Web services in the real world.
Chapter 15 provides a forward-looking epilogue, “Web Services Futures,” which spec-
ulates on some possible future uses of Web services technologies.

Note
This book introduces quite a few terms with which you might not be familiar. We’ve included a glossary at
the back of the book that acts as a great reference guide to the terminology we use. We’ll annotate the first
use of each term appearing in the glossary using the g symbol.

Introducing SkatesTown
Before we get started, let’s introduce the fictional company we’ll use for our examples
throughout this book: SkatesTown.We’ll follow SkatesTown as the company exploits
Web services to improve its business.
SkatesTown is a small but growing business in New York that was founded by three
mechanically inclined friends with a passion for skateboards.They started by designing
and selling custom prebuilt boards out of Dean Carroll’s garage, and word soon spread
about the quality of their work.They came up with some innovative new construction
techniques, and within months they had orders piling up. Now SkatesTown has a small
manufacturing operation in Brooklyn, and the company is selling boards, clothing, and
equipment to stores around the city. Dean, Frank Stemkowski, and Chad Washington
couldn’t be happier about how their business has grown.
Of the three, Chad is the real gearhead, and he has been responsible for most of the
daring construction and design choices that have helped SkatesTown get where it is
today. He’s the president and head of the team. Frank, gregarious and a smooth talker
ever since childhood, now handles marketing and sales. Dean has tightly tracked the
computer revolution over the years, and he’s chief technical officer for the company.
A few years back, Dean realized that networking technology was going to be big, and
he wanted to make sure that SkatesTown could catch the wave and utilize distributed
computing to leverage its business.This focus turned out to be a great move.
Dean set up a Web presence so SkatesTown could help its customers stay up to date
without requiring a large staff to answer phones and questions. He also built an online
order-processing system to help streamline the flow of the business with
6 Introduction

network-enabled clients. In recent months, more and more stores who carry SkatesTown
products have been using the system to great effect.

Our Story Begins

At present, Dean is pretty happy with the way things are working with SkatesTown’s
electronic commerce systems. But there have been a few problems, and Dean is sure that
the systems could be even better. He realizes that as the business grows, the manual tasks
associated with order gathering and inventory resupply will limit the company’s success.
Always one to watch the horizon, Dean has heard the buzz about Web services, and he
wants to know more. At the urging of a friend, he got in touch with Al Rosen, a con-
tractor for Silver Bullet Consulting (SBC). Silver Bullet specializes in Web services solu-
tions, and after a couple of meetings with Al, Dean was convinced—he hired SBC to
come in, evaluate SkatesTown’s systems, and help the company grow into a Web
service–enabled business.
As we move through the rest of the book, we’ll keep an eye on how SkatesTown uses
technologies like XML and, later, SOAP,WSDL, UDDI, and the rest of the Web services
stack to increase efficiency and productivity, and establish new and valuable relationships
with its customers and business partners. Silver Bullet, as you’ll see, usually lives up to its
name.
 I
Web Services Basics

1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Archectures

2 XML Primer
3 The SOAP Protocol
4 Describing Web Services
5 Implementing Web Services with Apache Axis
6 Discovering Web Services
 1
Web Services Overview and
Service-Oriented Architectures

O KAY, ENOUGH WITH THE HYPE. Some have said that Web services promised to be
everything to everyone, but clearly that isn’t going to happen.Where is the business ben-
efit behind the Web services technologies? That’s what this book will attempt to explain,
in the context of exploring the technologies themselves. Several things do seem to be
true:
n According to many industry analyst reports,Web services are being used by the
vast majority of Fortune 500 businesses.
n Web services technology promises to help small and medium businesses participate
more effectively in supply chains of large organizations.
n Information technology (IT) vendors have adopted Web services (more or less) as a
major part of their software strategy.
n The Web services industry is dominated by standards activities, minimizing the
likelihood of the technology being dominated by a single vendor.

That being said, several concerns remain:

n Widespread adoption, particularly after several pilot projects are completed, has
been slow to happen. Some people speculate that the business climate after 2000
was too conservative, and the dot-com bubble made businesses shy of shiny new
technology.
n Standards are being developed, but this is happening at a majestic (slow) pace.
Tooling and runtime support will follow, but when? Security standards have just
recently been finalized, and infrastructure products supporting those standards have
yet to be ubiquitously deployed. Additional concerns are lack of finalized reliable
messaging and transaction standards. Some analysts claim that the Web services
hype wasn’t about the technology’s promise (it’s well positioned to deliver value),
10 Chapter 1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures

but rather about the rate and pace of its maturity: It’s a lot harder to get industry
standards adopted than it’s to drive proprietary technologies.
n Best practices are slow in coming.Without a good base of solid implementation
experience, there will continue to be a lot of thrashing around as businesses figure
out what to use this technology for.
n Business process design is just beginning to take a service-oriented approach. Until
this happens, many powerful benefits of Web services won’t be realized.

So how can we move forward? We talk about adoption pragmatics toward the end of the
book, in Chapter 14, “Web Services Pragmatics”; until then, it’s important for developers
to understand the individual technologies and standards that make up the Web services
landscape. Discussing these technologies in the context of a scenario, like the SkatesTown
scenario we return to throughout the book, is one excellent way to get a basic under-
standing of Web services. After you learn the basic concepts, technology, and terminolo-
gy, the next step is for you to implement, practice, summarize, and discuss.
In this chapter, we’ll provide the basic terminology and set of concepts that put the
remainder of the book into context.We’ll define what we mean by a Web service g and
describe situations in which Web services play an important role.We’ll describe a simple
framework, called service-oriented architecture g, which helps structure the application of
Web services technologies.We’ll also provide a framework, in the form of an “interoper-
ability” stack that positions how the various Web services technologies including SOAP
g, Web Services Description Language (WSDL) g, and Universal Description Discovery
and Integration (UDDI) g relate.The rest of the book, then, is an elaboration of the
basic concepts presented here.

What Is a Web Service?

This is a book about building Web services.We can’t describe how to build a Web serv-
ice without first clarifying what we mean by Web service.
Web services have gained a lot of momentum since the term was introduced in the
year 2000. Many software vendors (large and small) have Web services initiatives and
products. In fact, some vendors are in the second or third version of their Web services
product offerings! Many organizations are involved in the refinement of Web services
standards. Early in the evolution of Web services there seemed to be a slow convergence
toward a common understanding of what the term means—there was no single, univer-
sally adopted definition of what is meant by the term Web service.This situation was rem-
iniscent of the early days of object-oriented programming: Not until the concepts of
inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism were well defined did object-oriented
programming become accepted into the mainstream of development methodologies.
Several major Web services infrastructure providers published their definitions for a
Web service. And through the process of open standards development, a commonly
accepted term emerged.The Web services Architecture working group of the World Wide
 What Is a Web Service? 11

Web Consortium g (W3C, which manages the evolution of the SOAP and WSDL spec-
ifications) developed the following definition for a Web service:
A Web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-
machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-
processable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service
in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed
using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related stan-
dards.
One important point is that a Web service need not necessarily exist on the World Wide
Web.This is an unfortunate historical naming issue. A Web service can live anywhere on
the network, Inter- or intranet. In fact,Web services have little to do with the browser-
centric, HTML-focused World Wide Web. (Sometimes the names we choose in the IT
industry don’t make a lot of sense; they simply take on a life of their own.)
Another important point is that a Web service’s implementation and deployment plat-
form details aren’t relevant to a program that’s invoking the service. A Web service is
available through its declared API and invocation mechanism (network protocol, data
encoding schemes, and so on).This is analogous to the relationship between a Web
browser and a Web application server:Very little shared understanding exists between the
two components.The Web browser doesn’t care if the Web application server is Apache
Tomcat, Microsoft Internet Information Services Server, or IBM WebSphere.The shared
understanding is that they both speak HTTP and converse in HTML or a limited set of
MIME types. Similarly, the Web application server doesn’t care what kind of client is
using it—various brands of Web browsers or even non-browser clients.This minimal
shared understanding between components allows Web services to form a system of
loosely coupled components.

Business Perspective
Web services have become an important concept for business people; they’re quickly
becoming a significant part of a business IT strategy.The vast majority of the Fortune
500 has already adopted Web services in some fashion. Although Web services–based sys-
tems are mainly deployed for internal application purposes, a growing minority (around
40–50% according to recent surveys) of companies are beginning to use Web services
with their customers, suppliers, and business partners.
To a business person, the Web services approach is all about integration: integrating
application functionality within an organization or integrating applications between busi-
ness partners (in a supply chain, for example).The scenario in this book illustrates this
approach. Application integration allows time and cost efficiencies for receiving purchase
orders, answering status inquiries, processing shipment requests, and so on.The important
point is that application integration is enabled without tight lock-in to any particular
business partner. If another supplier has better prices, shipping terms, or quality assur-
ance, then a company’s reorder systems can be easily repositioned to use that supplier;
12 Chapter 1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures

doing so is as easy as pointing a Web browser at a different Web site.With a broader

adoption of Web services and XML document format standards, this style of dynamic
business partner integration will become more broadly used.The Web services technolo-
gy has become so important in business that it’s even appearing in business school cur-
riculums. One of the authors of this book recently completed an MBA degree; Web
services were featured in several of the courses!
The systems integration thought isn’t new.The IT industry has offered numerous
integration technologies; many were proprietary, some were based on open standards.
Web services reflect the application of a trend broadly accepted in the IT community:
adoption of open standards.With Web services acting as a ubiquitous integration infra-
structure supported by most organizations, the task of building cross-organizational
information systems (such as a supply chain) becomes much easier and less expensive.
When systems are easy and inexpensive to integrate, an organization’s reach to suppli-
ers, customers, and other business partners is extended, yielding cost savings, flexible
business models, better customer service, higher customer retention, and so on.This fact
is driving change in the way organizations think about building IT systems, particularly
those involving integration of existing software programs and those of suppliers, cus-
tomers, and business partners. Just as IT is fundamental to the efficient operations of an
organization,Web services–based systems integration will be fundamental to flexible,
lightweight systems integration—for internal application integration within an organiza-
tion over an intranet and external partner integration over the Internet or extended vir-
tual private network.
So, from a business perspective, a Web service is a business process or step within a
business process that is made available over a network to internal and/or external busi-
ness partners to achieve a business goal.The key is ease of integration, particularly
between organizations, allowing business systems to be built quickly by combining Web
services built internally with those of business partners.

Technical Perspective
From a technical perspective, a Web service is nothing more than a collection of one or
more related operations that are accessible over a network and are described by a service
description. At this level, the Web services concept isn’t new.With Web services, the IT
industry is trying to address the fundamental challenge of distributed computing that has
been around for decades: locating and accessing remote components.The big difference
is that now the industry is approaching this problem using open technology (XML and
Internet protocols) and open standards managed by broad consortia such as OASIS g
and the W3C.
The role of loose coupling can’t be overemphasized. Instead of building an application
as a collection of tightly coupled components or subroutines, all of which are well
known to the developer at coding time, the Web services approach is much more
dynamic.The focus with Web services is on the interface: the contract between a Web
service and the component invoking it. Of course, this approach isn’t new; what is new
 Service-Oriented Architectures 13

is the way that Web services combine the loosely coupled component-based approach to
software development with the lessons learned from the World Wide Web—particularly
the important role of simple, open standards to achieve ubiquitously deployed infrastruc-
ture capabilities.

Service-Oriented Architectures
Early in the Web services technology evolution, we noticed a pattern that we called
service-oriented architecture (SOA). SOA is a simple concept, which makes it applicable to a
wide variety of Web services situations.
In an SOA, all software components (or functional units that are visible for other
entities to invoke or consume over the network) are modeled as services.That is, the
architectural premise is that all business tasks or business processes that are built in soft-
ware are designed as services to be consumed over a network.
In an SOA, the focus of design is the service’s interface.This is similar to component-
based software engineering approaches we’ve seen. However, a major difference is that
the focus of application design is shifted to composing services invoked over a network.
In the SOA approach, the designer isn’t building a program, a functional unit for one
purpose/use only; rather, they’re building a service that has a well-defined interface and
that can potentially be used in multiple business contexts.
Because SOA is focused on building applications using components with well-defined
interfaces, it allows applications to be loosely coupled. Applications are integrated at the
interface (contract) level, not at the implementation level.This allows greater flexibility,
because applications are built to work with any implementation of a contract, not to take
advantage of a feature or idiosyncrasy of a particular implementation. For example, dif-
ferent service providers (of the same interface) can be dynamically chosen based on poli-
cies (such as price, other QoS guarantees, current transaction volume, and so on).
Figure 1.1 depicts the main roles and operations in an SOA. Any service-oriented
architecture contains three roles: a service requestor g, a service provider g, and a service
registry g:
n A service provider is responsible for creating a service description g, deploying that
service in a runtime environment that makes it accessible by other entities over the
network, publishing that service description to one or more service registries, and
receiving Web service invocation messages from one or more service requestors. A
service provider, then, can be any company that hosts a Web service made available
on a network.You can think of a service provider as the “server side” of a client-
server relationship between the service requestor and the service provider.
n A service requestor is responsible for finding a service description published to one
or more service registries and is responsible for using service descriptions to bind
to or invoke Web services hosted by service providers. Any consumer of a Web
service can be considered a service requestor.You can think of a service requestor
as the “client side” of a client-server relationship between the service requestor and
the service provider.
14 Chapter 1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures

n The service registry is responsible for advertising Web service descriptions published
to it by service providers and for allowing service requestors to search the collec-
tion of service descriptions contained within the service registry.The service reg-
istry role is simple: to be a matchmaker between service requestor and service
provider. Once the service registry makes the match, it’s no longer needed in the
picture; the rest of the interaction takes place directly between the service
requestor and the service provider for the Web service invocation.

Service
Registry

Find Publish

Service Service
Requestor Bind Provider

Figure 1.1 Service-oriented architecture

Each of these roles can be played by any program or network node. In some circum-
stances, a single program might fulfill multiple roles; for example, a program can be a
service provider, providing a Web service to downstream consumers, as well as a service
requestor, itself consuming Web services provided by others.
An SOA also includes three operations: publish g, find g, and bind g.These
operations define the contracts between the SOA roles:
n The publish operation is an act of service registration or service advertisement. It
acts as the contract between the service registry and the service provider.When a
service provider publishes its Web service description to a service registry, it’s
advertising the details of that Web service to a community of service requestors.
The details of the publish API depend on how the service registry is implement-
ed. In certain simple or direct publish scenarios, the service registry role is played by
the network itself, with publish being an act of moving the service description
into a Web application server’s directory structure. Other services registry imple-
mentations, such as UDDI, define a sophisticated implementation of the publish
operation.
n The find operation is the logical dual of the publish operation. It’s the contract
between a service requestor and a service registry.With the find operation, the
service requestor states a search criteria, such as type of service, various other
aspects of the service such as quality of service guarantees, and so on.The service
 Service-Oriented Architectures 15

registry matches the find criteria against its collection of published Web service
descriptions.The result of the find operation is a list of service descriptions that
match the find criteria. Of course, the sophistication of the find operation varies
with the implementation of the service registry role. Simple service registries can
provide a find operation with nothing more sophisticated than an unparameterized
HTTP GET.This means the find operation always returns all Web services pub-
lished to the service registry, and it’s the service requestor’s job to figure out which
Web service description matches its needs. UDDI, of course, provides extremely
powerful find capabilities.
n The bind operation embodies the client-server relationship between the service
requestor and the service provider. It can be quite sophisticated and dynamic, such
as on-the-fly generation of a client-side proxy based on the service description
used to invoke the Web service; or it can be a static model, where a developer
hand-codes the way a client application invokes a Web service.

The key to SOA is the service description. It’s the service description that is published
by the service provider to the service registry. It’s the service description that is retrieved
by the service requestor as a result of the find operation. It’s a service description that
tells the service requestor everything it needs to know in order to bind to or invoke the
Web service provided by the service provider.The service description also indicates what
information (if any) is returned to the service requestor as a result of the Web service
invocation.
Each time an SOA is deployed, different technologies may fulfill each role. Chapter
6, “Discovering Web Services,” discusses various options for implementing a service reg-
istry and goes into great detail on the UDDI service registry technology. Chapter 4,
“Describing Web Services,” discusses service description in detail. Chapters 3 and 5, “The
SOAP Protocol” and “Implementing Web Services with Apache Axis,” focus on the use
of SOAP to fulfill the bind operation. Chapter 9, “Securing Web Services,” discusses how
to make Web services more secure. Chapters 10 and 11, “Web Services Reliable
Messaging” and “Web Services Transactions,” describe how to make invoking Web serv-
ices reliable and transactable. In Chapter 12, “Orchestrating Web Services,” you’ll learn
how to build applications by stitching services together using a workflow technique.
The choices of which techniques to use are driven by business needs. How secure
does a Web service invocation need to be? There is a price to pay for security (in com-
plexity and performance); sometimes it’s worth paying, and other times the risk doesn’t
warrant the cost. Is reliable message delivery important? For some Web services invoca-
tions, it clearly is; for others, it isn’t obvious that the complexity and the performance
price are warranted.The same is true for transactions and the other Web services capabil-
ities discussed in this book.

Why Is SOA So Important?

SOA is an important trend within the IT community.There is a lot of discussion among
analysts and developers about the term.Why all the fuss?
16 Chapter 1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures

With the SOA approach to application architecture, your view of the entire software
portfolio is different. SOA augments and grows your application portfolio. Existing appli-
cations can be easily converted to services, to be consumed by existing or new applica-
tions.Your portfolio of applications gradually shifts to become a portfolio of components
exposed as services and applications composed of services (service orchestrations).
Eventually, monolithic, tightly coupled, inflexible applications will be replaced by
SOA-architected applications.This won’t happen overnight, but rather will take place in
an evolutionary fashion, driven by business needs.
With an SOA, organizations will be better able to construct software to integrate
business processes and respond rapidly to changes in the business environment: the
arrival of a new supplier or competitor, a shift of business model, a postmerger combi-
nation of IT assets, the opportunity to outsource a business process, and so on.When
parts of the solution to the new business system were built by autonomous organiza-
tions, an SOA approach is the best approach to stitch the solution together. More than
any technical consideration, this concept of implicit, seamless software integration as a
major business benefit is one of the main drivers for service orientation.
The SOA approach isn’t lost on vendors of prepackaged software applications. Many
major application vendors are at the forefront of Web services standards and SOA prac-
tices.The forward-thinking among the software vendors recognize this new SOA
emphasis and are incrementally moving their product offerings away from tightly
coupled, shrink-wrapped software suites toward more flexible, mix-and-match, loosely
coupled SOA architectures of services.This approach will ease their customers’ task of
integrating packaged software components with existing business systems and processes.
Another important benefit of SOA comes from the notion of bringing IT concepts
and business concepts closer together. Previously, technical architectures reflected too
much technical detail and hid the underlying business process.With SOA, it’s easier to
focus on modeling business processes and tasks as services and building business systems
as workflow combinations of these underlying services.With a closer modeling of the
business system in technology, it becomes easier to isolate the parts of the system that
need changing to reflect those tasks in the business process that need changing.With an
SOA approach, technical details of the service are hidden behind the interface, and the
designer’s attention is focused on jointly (or unilaterally) designing useful service inter-
faces.
Thus the combination of a closer IT model of the business, together with loose cou-
pling, provides the overall business benefit of SOA.The benefit boils down to good
choice of service.What service interface design yields most benefit to the organization,
and which is most useful to important service requestors? Which existing applications
can be refactored or wrappered as services and let you quickly get to the point of build-
ing SOAs from existing IT investments? Which business processes will provide the
biggest benefit if they’re built or refactored as services? These are important questions to
address when you’re considering adopting SOA.
 Trends in E-Business 17

SOA and Web Services: Related but Distinct

Although Web services and SOA are often thought about in combination, these two
terms are distinct. SOA is an architectural concept, an approach to building systems that
focuses on a loosely coupled set of components (services) that can be dynamically com-
posed.Web services, on the other hand, is one approach to building an SOA.Web servic-
es provides a standard for a particular set of XML-based technologies that can be used to
build SOA systems.

Trends in E-Business
Interoperability, particularly between heterogeneous distributed systems components, has
been one of the major themes in software engineering in general, and application inte-
gration in particular, for the last decade. It’s unfortunate that the seamless interoperability
vision is still a dream. Brittleness in all current architectures is preventing software from
achieving this vision. Brittleness comes from tightly coupled systems that generate
dependencies at every level in the system. One of the most important lessons we learned
as developers and architects is that systems need to be able to find resources (software or
otherwise) automatically, when and as needed, without human intervention.This ability
frees business people to concentrate on their business and customers rather than worry
about IT complexities. At the same time, it frees system developers to concentrate on
enabling their business and their customers rather than deal with interoperability
headaches by writing glue code and patching systems together.
Trends in application design are moving from rigid structures to flexible architectures.
Trends in business partner interactions are moving from static agreements to more
dynamic agreements. In a so-called value-network g approach, competition isn’t
between individual companies but rather between value-networks of business partners
that can best cooperate and adapt to changing market needs.
We’re seeing these trends in many places, from operating system–level systems man-
agement efforts such as Grid computing all the way to packaged business application
suites. A flexible, dynamically reconfigurable stack of software components is being built,
heralding the era when software systems are less brittle and less expensive to configure,
maintain, and change.
Trends in B2B integration are moving from a proprietary technology-based integra-
tion to business process–based integration using open standards.There is a corresponding
shift in programming and architecture models to enable these trends: from tightly cou-
pled applications to loosely coupled services.
On the technical side, major shifts have occurred toward flexibility and interoperabili-
ty, through open and widely accepted standards.The first major shift happened almost
three decades ago with the advent of TCP/IP as an open platform for networking.This
step enabled such important and pervasive architectures as client-server computing. It
took the advent of the World Wide Web for the next major shift, with HTML and
HTTP providing the first truly universal open and portable user interface. Next, Java
gave us truly open portable programming, and finally XML brought with it open
18 Chapter 1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures

portable data exchange.The next step in this evolution of open standards is the integra-
tion step. How do all these ingredients come together to facilitate the next evolution of
e-business? Web services.
One aspect of more loosely coupled systems is reflected in the move from Remote
Procedure Call (RPC) interfaces toward a messaging or document-centric g model of
distributed computing interface.With a document-centric approach, the interface to the
Web service becomes much simpler and more flexible. An RPC interface presenting a
fixed set of parameters in a fixed order is quite brittle. Small changes to information (for
example, a new requirement for an expiration date on a credit card) require a new inter-
face to be created, published, and understood by the service requestor.With a document-
centric approach, the new information can be added to the document schema defined in
the Web service interface. Programs that use the older schema don’t necessarily break
when the new XML element is added (this is a property of XML namespaces that you
will see in Chapter 2, “XML Primer”).This approach yields Web services interfaces that
are much more flexible, resulting in systems that are adaptive.

Why Do We Need Web Services?

The beginning of this chapter explained the motivation for application-to-application
integration over the Internet to address the current challenges of distributed computing
and B2B integration in particular. Since late 1999, the software industry has been rapidly
evolving XML-based Web services technologies as the approach to solving these prob-
lems.Why build a completely new distributed computing stack based on Web services?
“Because Web services use XML” isn’t the right answer. It’s a correct observation, but
it doesn’t answer the crucial question as to why using XML makes such a big difference.
At a basic level, there are three key reasons why existing distributed computing
approaches are inferior to Web services for solving the problems of e-business:
n The scope of problems they try to address
n The choice of available technology
n Industry dynamics around standards control and innovation

This section will discuss those three key reasons and summarize with a discussion of
characteristics of a good Web service.

Scoping the Problem

Traditional distributed computing mechanisms have typically evolved around technical
architectures rather than broader problems of application integration. For example,
CORBA evolved as a solution to the problem of implementing rich distributed object
architectures. At the time, it was implicitly assumed that this was the right approach to
getting applications to communicate with one another. As we discussed earlier, experi-
ence has shown that RPCs aren’t always the best architecture for this requirement.The
need for loosely coupled applications and business process automation has shown the
 Why Do We Need Web Services? 19

benefits of exchanging messages containing data (typically a business document) between

the participants of e-business interactions, a so-called document-centric approach.
Distributed computing specifications address messaging as a computing architecture;
however, there has been no unifying approach that brings RPCs and document-centric
messaging to the same level of importance—until Web services, that is.
Web services have evolved not around predefined architectures but around the prob-
lem of application integration.This is an important distinction.The choice of problem
scope defines the focus of a technology initiative.Web services technologies have been
designed from the ground up to focus on the problems of application integration. As a
result, we can do things outside the scope of traditional distributed computing
approaches:
n Support both document-centric messaging and RPCs
n Transport encoded data from both applications and business documents
n Work over open Internet protocols such as HTTP and SMTP

In other words,Web services are better suited for the task than what we’ve used so far,
because we’ve built them with this in mind. COM/CORBA/RMI are great technolo-
gies for tying together distributed objects on the corporate network. However, the e-
business application integration problem is best tackled by Web services.

Core Technologies
Because Web services address a much more broadly scoped problem, they use much
more flexible technologies than traditional distributed computing approaches. Further,
with Web services, we can leverage all that we’ve learned about connecting and integrat-
ing applications since we began doing distributed computing.These two factors put Web
services on a better technology foundation for solving the problems of e-business than
traditional distributed computing approaches.
Later, in the “Web Services Interoperability Stack” section, we introduce a hierarchical
organization of the technologies and standards associated with Web services. It’s possible
to compare the Web services approach to traditional distributed computing approaches
level-by-level to see why the technical foundation of Web services is more appropriate
for the problems it needs to solve. Rather than going through this lengthy process, let’s
focus on two key capabilities: the ability to represent data structures and the ability to
describe these data structures.
Data encoding is a key weakness for traditional distributed computing approaches,
particularly those that are programming language independent. Sure, they typically have a
mechanism to represent simple data (numbers, strings, booleans, date-time values, and so
on), basic arrays, and structures with properties. However, mapping existing complex
datatypes in applications to the underlying data encoding mechanisms was difficult.
Adding new native datatypes was practically impossible.The fact that data was encoded
in binary formats further complicated matters.
20 Chapter 1 Web Services Overview and Service-Oriented Architectures

Web services address these issues by using XML to represent information. XML’s
text-based form eliminates byte-ordering concerns.The wide availability of XML pro-
cessing tools makes participation in the world of Web services relatively easy. XML’s hier-
archical structure (achieved by the nesting of XML elements) allows changes at some
level of nesting in an XML document to be made without worrying about the effect on
other parts of the document. Also, the expressive nature of attributes and nested elements
makes it easier to represent complex data structures in XML than in the pure binary for-
mats traditionally used by COM and CORBA, for example. In short, XML makes work-
ing with arbitrary data easier.
The choice of XML brought another advantage to Web services: the ability to
describe datatypes and validate whether data coming on the wire complies with its spec-
ification.This happens through the use of XML meta-languages such as XML Schema.

Industry Dynamics
Momentum is a very important aspect of the dynamics of software innovation. Great
problems lead to great opportunities.The desire to capitalize on the opportunities gener-
ates momentum around a set of initiatives targeted at solving the problem.This momen-
tum is the binding force of our industry.This is how major innovation takes place on a
broad scale.The challenge of e-business application integration is great; this is why all the
key players in the industry are focused on it. Customer need, market pressure, and the
desire to be part of the frontier-defining elite have pushed many companies to become
deeply engaged with Web services.
Good things are bound to happen. Consider this:The last time every one of the key
infrastructure vendors was focused on the same set of issues was during the early days of
e-business when the industry was trying to address the challenges of building Web appli-
cations.The net result was a new model for application development that leveraged the
Web browser as a universal client and the Web application server as a universal backend.
In short, trust that some of the very best minds in the industry working together under
the aegis of organizations such as the W3C and OASIS will be able to come up with a
good solution to the problems of e-business integration.
Parallelism is key to building real momentum and increasing the bandwidth of inno-
vation.Traditional distributed computing efforts could not achieve this kind of paral-
lelism because they were driven either by a single vendor (Microsoft promoting COM,
for example) or by a large, slow organization such as the Object Management Group
(OMG), which owns the CORBA standards. In both cases, the key barrier to fast
progress was the centralized management of standards. Any change had to be approved
by the body owning the standard. And Microsoft and OMG owned all of COM and
CORBA, respectively. Open-source efforts such as the Linux operating system and proj-
ects of the Apache Software Foundation fundamentally generate momentum because
people working on them can have a direct influence on the end product.The momen-
tum of Web services is real because standardization work is going on in parallel at the
W3C, OASIS, and many other horizontal and vertical industry standards organizations.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
wait upon the Lord, be of good courage, and he shall strengthen
your heart. Let your hands be ever at your Masters Work, and hold
your faces resolutely to his Cause. Watch ye, stand fast in the faith,
quite your selves like men, be strong, for ye shall see the salvation
of the Lord, and your labour shall not be in vain.
Subscribed in name of the Generall Assembly of the Church of
Scotland, by the Clerk of the Assembly.
 Commission of the Generall Assembly for these that
repair to the Kingdome of England.

T
HE Generall Assembly of the Church of Scotland, finding it
necessary to send some godly and learned of this Kirk to the
Kingdome of England, to the effect under-written. Therefore gives
full Power and Commission to Master Alexander Henderson, Master
Robert Douglas, Master Samuel Rutherfoord, Master Robert Bailzie,
and Master George Gillespie, Ministers, John Earle of Cassills, John
Lord Maitland, and Sir Archbald Johnstoun of Waristoun Elders, or
any three of them, whereof two shall be Ministers, to repair to the
Kingdome of England, and there to deliver the Declaration sent unto
the Parliament of England, and the Letter sent unto the Assembly of
Divines now sitting in that Kingdome. And to propone, consult, treat
and conclude with that Assembly or any Commissioners deputed by
them, or any Committees or Commissioners deputed by the Houses
of Parliament, in all matters which may further the Union of this
Island in one forme of Kirk-government, one confession of Faith, one
Catechisme, and one Directorie for the Worship of GOD, according to
the Instructions which they have received from the Assembly, or
shall receive from time to time hereafter from the Commissioners of
the Assembly deputed for that effect. With power also to them to
convey to his Majestie, the humble Answer sent from this Assembly
to his Majesties Letter, by such occasion as they shall think
convenient; And suchlike to deliver the Assemblies Answer to the
Letter sent from some wel-affected Brethren of the Ministery there.
And generally authorizes them to do all things which may further the
so much desired Union, and nearest conjunction of the two Churches
of Scotland and England, conform to their Instructions aforesaid.
 Reference to the Commission, anent the Persons
designed to repair to the Kingdome of England.

T
he Assembly having this day approven the nomination made by
the Commissioners of the late Assembly, of Persons to repair to
the Synod of Divines in England: And having of new elected and
nominated all the same persons, except Master Eleazar Borthwick,
who is now with GOD. Therefore gives power to the Commissioners
to be appointed by this Assembly for the publick affairs of this Kirk,
to nominate and appoint any other whom they shall think meet in
his place. And suchlike the Assembly refers to the said Commission,
to consider whether it be convenient to send now at this present
time to the Kingdome of England, all the persons appointed to go
thither, and to designe the Persons whom they think meet to go at
this present occasion, to determine the time of their dispatch, and to
give unto them their Instructions. And further in case of sicknesse or
death of any of the persons appointed for that employment, or in
the case of any other necessary impediment of their undertaking the
samine; Gives power to the said Commission, to nominate others in
their place if the Commission shall finde it convenient.
 Commission for the Publick affairs of this Kirk.

T
HE Generall Assembly, considering the laudable custome of this
Kirk, in appointing Commissions betwixt Assemblies for the
publick affairs of the Kirk, and the commendable practice of the late
Assembly at Saint Andrews, in appointing their Commission for
prosecuting that blessed Work, for uniting the Kirks of this Island in
Religion and Kirk-government, by all lawfull and Ecclesiastick wayes,
for continuance of our own peace at home, and of the common
peace betwixt the two Nations, and for other good ends, as at length
is exprest in that Commission: And finding that the painfull
endeavours and proceedings of that Commission, unanimously
approven in this Assembly, though they have much advanced that
glorious Work of Unity in Religion and Government; yet hes not
brought the samine to full perfection and a finall accomplishment:
And the Assembly being now much animate and encouraged to
prosecute that Work by the Parliament of England their Bills past
against Episcopacie, and sundry other corruptions, and the good
hopes of a solemne Covenant betwixt the Nations, And conceiving
that in thir times of danger, there may be some occasions for
conveening the Assembly, before the time indicted for their next
meeting. Therefore the Assembly finding it necessary to appoint a
new Commission, By these presents, nominates and appoints Mr
Andrew Ramsay, Mr Alexander Henderson, Mr Robert Douglas, Mr
William Colvill, Mr William Bennet, Mr George Gillespie, Mr John
Adamson, Mr John Sharpe, Mr James Sharpe, Mr William Dalgleish,
Mr David Calderwood, Mr Andrew Blackhall, Mr James Fleeming, Mr
Robert Ker, Mr John Macghie, Mr Oliver Colt, Mr Hugh Campbell, Mr
Adam Penman, Mr Richard Dickson, Mr Andrew Stevinson, Mr John
Lauder, Mr Robert Blair, Mr Samuel Rutherfoord, Mr Arthur Morton,
Mr Robert Traill, Mr Frederick Carmichell, Mr Mungo Law, Mr John
Smith, Mr Patrick Gillespie, Mr John Duncan, Mr John Hume, Mr
Robert Knox, Mr William Jameson, Mr Robert Murray, Mr Henry
Guthrie, Mr James Hamilton, Mr Bernard Sanderson, Mr John
Leviston, Mr James Bonar, Mr Evan Cameron, Mr David Dickson, Mr
Robert Bailzie, Mr James Cunninghame, Mr George Young, Mr
Andrew Auchinleck, Mr David Lindsay, Mr Andrew Cant, Mr John
Oiswald, Mr William Douglas, Mr Murdoe Mackenzie, Mr Coline
Mackenzie, Mr John Monroe, Mr Walter Stuart, Ministers: Marquesse
of Argyle, Earle Marshell, Earle of Sutherland, Earle of Eglintoun, Earl
of Cassills, Earle of Dumfermling, Earle of Lawderdail, Earle of
Lindsay, Earle of Queensberrie, Earle of Dalhousie, Lord Angus,
Vicount of Dudhope, Lord Maitland, Lord Elcho, Lord Balmerinoch,
Lord Cowper, Sir Patrick Hepburne of Wauchtoun, Sir Archbald
Johnstoun of Waristoun, Sir David Hume of Wedderburne, Sir
Alexander Areskine of Dun, Sir William Cockburne of Langtoun,
________________ Ruthven of Frieland, Sir James Arnot of Fernie,
Sir Walter Riddell of that Ilk, Sir Lodovick Houstoun of that Ilk, Sir
William Carmichaell, Fiar of that Ilk, Laird of Bonjedburgh, Laird of
Libbertoun, Laird of Brodie, Sir John Smith, James Dennistoun,
Master Robert Barclay, John Rutherfoord, William Glendinning, John
Sempill, John Kennedie, Master Alexander Douglas; To meet at
Edinburgh the 21 day of August next, and upon any other day
thereafter, and in any other place they shall think good. And gives
and grants unto them, or any fifteen of them, there being twelve
Ministers present, full power and Commission, to consider and
performe what they finde necessary by Praying and Preaching, by
supplicating his Majestie and all the Judicatories of this Kingdome,
by Declarations and Remonstrances to the Parliament of England, to
the Synod of Divines in that Kingdome, by Informations, Directions,
and Instructions to, and continuall correspondence with the
Commissioners, now designed by this Assembly to go to the Synod
of Divines in England, or by any other lawfull Ecclesiastick wayes, for
furtherance of this great Work, in the Union of this Island in Religion
and Kirk-government, and for continuance of our own Peace at
home, and of the common Peace betwixt the Nations, and keeping
of good correspondence betwixt the Kirks of this Island. With power
also to them to concurre with the Lords of Councell, Commissioners
of Peace, or with the Honourable Estates assembled in Convention or
Parliament, or with their Committees or Commissioners, in
prosecuting this good Work at home or abroad by all Ecclesiastick
wayes. And suchlike with power to them to prevent the dangers
conteined in the Remonstrance, presented unto the Convention of
Estates by the Commissioners of the late Assembly in June last, and
to prosecute the remedies of these dangers conteined in another
Remonstrance, presented by the saids Commissioners to the
Convention the 6 of July last, by admonitions, directions, censures,
and all other Ecclesiastick wayes. And further in case their Brethren
of England shall agree to the Covenant betwixt the Kingdomes, the
draught and frame whereof is now so unanimously approven in this
Assembly Gives also unto the Persons foresaid, or the Quorum
above-written, full Power and Authoritie to command and enjoyn the
samine to be subscribed and sworn by all the members of this Kirk:
And that in such order and manner, and with such solemnities as
they shall think convenient for so great and glorious a Work; And to
send their directions to Sessions, Presbyteries and Synods, for
execution of their orders thereanent. And with power to proceed
against any Person whatsoever, that shall refuse to subscribe and
swear the said Covenant, with all the censures of the Kirk, or to refer
the tryall and censures of such delinquents to Presbyteries or Synods
as they shall think convenient. And such like gives unto the persons
foresaids power and libertie, to call a Generall Assembly pro re nata,
in case they shall finde the necessity of the Kirk, and this great Work
to require the same: With full power also to them to give Answers in
name of the Assembly, to all Letters sent to the Assembly from the
Kirks of Holland, Zealand, or any other forraigne Reformed Kirks.
And further gives power to them to promove the other desires,
Overtures and recommendations of this, or of any former Assemblies
to the Kings Majestie, Parliament or Convention of Estates, to the
Lords of Councell, Session, Exchequer, Commissioners of
Parliaments, for plantations of Kirks, for the common burdens, and
for conserving the Peace. And suchlike gives us full power and
Commission to them to treat and decerne in any other matters
referred, or to be referred to them by this Assembly, as if the samine
were herein particularly insert. And generally gives unto the Persons
foresaids, or the Quorum above-mentioned full power and
Authoritie, to do and performe all things which may advance,
accomplish, and perfect the great Work of Unity of Religion, and
Uniformity of Kirk-government in all his Majesties Dominions, and
which may be necessary for good order in all the publick affairs of
this Kirk, until the next Assembly, ne quid detrimenti capiat Ecclesia.
With als ample power in all matters particularly or generally above-
mentioned, as any other Commission of Generall Assemblies, hes
had or been in use of before; They being alwayes countable to, and
censurable by the next Generall Assembly, for their proceedings
thereintill.

T
HE Generall Assembly appoints the meeting of the next Generall
Assembly, to be at Edinburgh the last Wednesday of May, in the
year 1644.
FINIS.
 Index of the Acts of the Assembly holden at Edinburgh,
1643. Not printed.
1.—The Kings Majesties Commission to Sir Thomas Hope of
Craighall, Knight, his Majesties Advocate.
2.—Election of Master Alexander Henderson, Moderatour.
3.—Appointment of Master John Scot, who was sent from the
Presbyterie in the Scottish Army in Ireland, to be present in the
Assembly every Session.
4.—Questions propounded by the Moderatour, to some brethren in
the North, anent some Papists there, and there answer thereunto.
5.—Commission for visitation of the University of S. Andrews.
6.—Letters from Master William Spang, Minister of the Scots Kirk
at Campheir, with attestations of some Dutch Kirks, anent hinging of
Pensills in Kirks, &c.
7.—Act for summar excommunication of Adam Abercrombie.
8.—Approbation of the deposition of Master John Forbes, with an
ordinance for his subscribing the Covenant.
9.—Questions from the Presbyterie of Hadington with the
Assemblies resolution thereof, anent Sir John Seaton, and his
daughter.
10.—Approbation of the advice of the Commissioners of the late
Assembly at S. Andrews, for not printing two Acts of the last
Assembly held at Aberdene.
11.—Approbation of the Lord Maitland his faithfull discharging the
Commission given to him by the late Assembly at S. Andrews for
repairing to the Kings Majestie, and Parliament of England, &c.
 12.—Committee appointed to meet with the English
Commissioners.
13.—Power of Collectorie to Master Robert Dalgleish, of the
annuitie of 500 lib. sterling, granted by his Majestie to the Kirk.
14.—Approbation of the Lord Marquesse of Argyle his
apprehending Ronald Macronald, Priest.
15.—Approbation of the Laird of Birkenboge, for apprehending
John Robeson, Priest.
16.—Renunciation of the unlawfull Band, conforme to the
ordinance of the Assembly at Edinburgh, 1641.
17.—Recommendation anent the captives in Argiers.
18.—Approbation of Master Alexander Henderson, his faithfull and
wise carriage in discharging of the Commission given to him by the
Commissioners of the late Assembly, for going to His Majestie, &c.
19.—Report of the Committee appointed to meet with the English
Commissioners.
20.—Report of the Committee appointed for trying the Presbyterie
of Auchterarder, The Assemblies approbation, admonition, and
publick rebuke of the severall brethren of that Presbyterie respective,
according to their behaviours.
21.—Suspension of Master John Grahame. With [Answers.]
22.—The ordinance for debarring the Ministers who are
Commissioners of that Presbyterie, from this Assembly.
23.—Recommendation to the Synod of Perth for reconciling the
differences amongst the brethren of that Presbyterie.
24.—Publick rebuke of Master Henry Futhie.
25.—Recommendation of the desire of Sir John Crawfurd of
Kilburnie, Knight, to the Presbyterie of Dumbartan.
26.—Anent Doctour Howies papers.
 27.—Act anent the desire of the Letters sent from the Minister of
the Scottish Kirk at Campheir.
28.—Recommendation to him, to urge the subscribing of the
Covenant.
29.—Deposition of Master Andro Logie.
30.—Erection of a Presbyterie at Biggar, with a suspension of
entrie thereunto.
31.—Reference of the matter betwixt the parishoners of
Closburne, &c., and the Presbyterie of Penpont, to the Synod of
Dumfreis.
32.—Reference of the Petition of Dunscoir to the Commiss. Parl.
for plantation of Kirks.
33.—Recommendation anent the Kirk of Carubie, to the
Presbyterie of S. Andrews.
34.—Remitt. anent Traflat and Drungrey, to the Synod of Dumfries.
35.—Act anent Roger Lindesay of Maines his Excommunication,
With a Recommendation to the Convention of Estates concerning
him.
36.—Recommendation to the Convention of Estates, anent
persons excommunicate.
37.—Commission for visitation of Orkney, Zetland, &c.
38.—Act anent the Kirk of Stracathro.
39.—Recommendation anent erecting a Kirk at Seatoun.
40.—Reference to the Commission to be appointed by this
Assembly, for the publick affairs of this Kirk, for providing the
Universitie of Aberdene with a Professour of Divinity.
41.—Reference to the said Commiss. for providing a Professour of
Divinitie to the Universitie of S. Andrews.
 42.—Committee appointed to conferre with the English
Commissioners upon the Papers presented by them to the Assembly
upon the 15 of August.
43.—Committee to conferre also with the Committee of the
Convention of Estates thereanent.
44.—Ordinance that Master Alexander Henderson, Master David
Calderwood, and Master David Dickson, make some draught and
forme of the publick Directorie for Worship.
45.—Act for proceeding with Ecclesiastick censures against the
murderers of William Creightoun.
46.—Commission appointed to sit at Air for the particulars
concerning the parochiners of Stainiekirk, &c.
47.—Triall of the Synod books.
48.—Approbation of the Act of the last Assembly, concerning the
power granted to Sir Archibald Johnstoun, Procurator of the Kirk,
and Clerk to the Assembly.
49.—Recommendation of the matter concerning a Collegue to the
Minister of Dumfreis, to the Commissioners of Parliament for
plantation of Kirks.
50.—Recommendation to the Synod of Lowthian, to try the
proceedings of the Presbyterie of Peebles, in admission of Master
John Hay to the Kirk of Peebles.
51.—Reference of Master John Mackinzie to the Commission of the
Generall Assembly.
52.—Act for proceeding against the Presbyterie of Sky, for not
keeping the Synod.
53.—Recommendation to the Lord Marquesse Argyle, to move the
ruling Elders in Argyle, to be more observant of Presbyteries and
Synods.
 54.—Recommendation to the Lord Marquesse Argyle for planting
Loquhaber.
55.—Ordinance for suppressing of sub-synods.
56.—Ordinance for deleting an Act of the Synod of Murray.
57.—- Reference anent the order of triall of Synods, Presbyteries,
and Kirks, With a recommendation for using the orders set down in
the Assemblies 1638 and 1602, in the interim.
58.—Commission for planting the Kirks of Edinburgh.
59.—Remitt. to the Presbyterie of S. Andrews anent the Kirk of
Largo.
60.—Recommendation of Master James Fairlie, to the Commission
of this Assembly.
61.—Recommendation anent the Bill given in by William Janson,
Printer in Amsterdam.
62.—Reference anent Master Robert Fleiming to the Commission
appointed to sit at Air.
63.—Report and approbation of the proceedings of the
Commission of visitation of the Universitie of Glasgow.
64.—Commission of Visitation of that Universitie.
65.—Report of the Committee anent the distressed people in
Ireland.
66.—Recommendation to the Commissioners of the Generall
Assembly, to sit at Edinburgh anent Expectants to go to Ireland.
67.—Acts anent James Murray.
68.—Recommendation of Master Robert Brown.
69.—Commission to the Presbyterie of Edinburgh, for his
admission to the Earle of Irwins Regiment.
70.—Report of the Committee anent the receiving and dispensing
of his receipts of the annuitie of five hundred pound sterling, &c.
And approbation thereof.
71.—Report of the Committee appointed to consider the
References from the Commission of the late Assembly.
72.—Act for Master Andrew Murray, Minister at Ebdie, his exercise
of his calling of the Ministerie, and for rejecting honours, &c.
Incompatible with that calling.
73.—Recommendation Master William Bennet, Minister at Ancrum,
to abstain from civill courts and meetings, &c.
74.—Recommendation to the Commissioners of the Assembly for
tryall if any Excommunicate Papists, be in the Scotish Regiments in
France, &c.
75.—Recommendation of Master Iames Iohnstoun.
76.—Reference of Tillifruskie to the Presbyterie of Edinburgh.
77.—Recommendation anent Laird Gagies mortification.
78.—Recommendation of Master Alexander Trotter.
79.—Recommendation anent the dismembring some parts of the
Paroch of Hadintoun, to be a severall Parochine.
FINIS.
 Miscellaneous Historical Documents.

RELATIVE TO THE ECCLESIASTICAL AND POLITICAL

EVENTS IN SCOTLAND—1643.
The League and Covenant referred to in the Acts, as “to be
printed at the return thereof,” when received and approven of by the
Parliament of England and Assembly of Divines, is not among the
printed Acts of that or any subsequent year; but as it was afterwards
sanctioned by these bodies, and the States of Scotland, we think it
advisible, for the sake of connection and distinctness, to insert it and
the Act of Ratification in this place.
 August 17, 1643.
A Solemne League and Covenant for Reformation and Defence of
Religion, the Honor and Happinesse of the King, and the Peace
and Safety of the three Kingdomes of Scotland, England, and
Ireland.301

W
EE Noblemen, Barons, Knights, Gentlemen, Citizens, Burgesses,
Ministers of the Gospel, and Commons of all sorts, in the
kingdomes of Scotland, England, and Ireland, by the providence of
GOD, living under one King, and being of one reformed religion,
having before our eyes the glory of GOD, and the advancement of
the kingdome of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, the honour and
happinesse of the Kings Majestie and his posterity, and the true
publick liberty, safety, and peace of the kingdomes, wherein every
ones private condition is included: And calling to minde the
treacherous and bloudy plots, conspiracies, attempts, and practices
of the enemies of GOD, against the true religion and professours
thereof in all places, especially in these three kingdomes, ever since
the reformation of religion; and how much their rage, power, and
presumption are of late, and at this time, increased and exercised;
whereof the deplorable state of the church and kingdome of Ireland,
the distressed estate of the church and kingdome of England, and
the dangerous estate of the church and kingdome of Scotland, are
present and publick testimonies; we have now at last, (after other
means of supplication, remonstrance, protestation, and sufferings,)
for the preservation of our selves and our religion from utter ruin
and destruction, according to the commendable practice of these
kingdomes in former times, and the example of GODS people in
other nations, after mature deliberation, resolved and determined to
enter into a mutuall and Solemne League and Covenant, wherein we
all subscribe, and each one of us for himself, with our hands lifted up
to the most High GOD, do swear,
 I. That we shall sincerely, really, and constantly, through the grace
of GOD, endeavour, in our severall places and callings, the
preservation of the reformed religion in the Church of Scotland, in
doctrine, worship, discipline, and government, against our common
enemies; the reformation of religion in the kingdomes of England
and Ireland, in doctrine, worship, discipline, and government,
according to the word of GOD, and the example of the best
reformed Churches; and shall endeavour to bring the Churches of
GOD in the three kingdomes to the nearest conjunction and
uniformity in religion, confession of faith, form of church-
government, directory for worship and catechizing; that we, and our
posterity after us, may, as brethren, live in faith and love, and the
Lord may delight to dwell in the midst of us.
II. That we shall, in like manner, without respect of persons,
endeavour the extirpation of Popery, Prelacy, (that is, church-
government by Archbishops, Bishops, their Chancellors, and
Commissaries, Deans, Deans and Chapters, Archdeacons, and all
other ecclesiasticall Officers depending on that hierarchy,)
superstition, heresie, schisme, profanenesse, and whatsoever shall
be found to be contrary to sound doctrine and the power of
godlinesse; lest we partake in other mens sins, and thereby be in
danger to receive of their plagues; and that the Lord may bee one,
and his name one, in the three kingdomes.
III. We shall, with the same sincerity, reality and constancie, in our
severall vocations, endeavour, with our estates and lives, mutually to
preserve the rights and privileges of the Parliaments, and the
liberties of the kingdomes; and to preserve and defend the Kings
Majesties person and authority, in the preservation and defence of
the true religion, and liberties of the kingdomes; that the world may
bear witnesse with our consciences of our loyalty, and that wee have
no thoughts or intentions to diminish his Majesties just power and
greatnesse.
IV. We shall also, with all faithfulness, endeavour the discovery of
all such as have been or shall be incendiaries, malignants, or evil
instruments, by hindering the reformation of religion, dividing the
King from his people, or one of the kingdomes from another, or
making any faction or parties amongst the people, contrary to this
League and Covenant; that they may be brought to publick triall,
and receive condigne punishment, as the degree of their offences
shall require or deserve, or the supreame judicatories of both
kingdomes respectively, or others, having power from them for that
effect, shall judge convenient.
V. And whereas the happinesse of a blessed peace between these
kingdomes, denyed in former times to our progenitors, is, by the
good providence of GOD, granted unto us, and hath been lately
concluded and settled by both Parliaments; we shall each one of us,
according to our place and interest, endeavour that they may
remaine conjoined in a firme peace and union to all posterity; and
that justice may be done upon the wilfull opposers thereof, in
manner expressed in the precedent article.
VI. Wee shall also, according to our places and callings, in this
common cause of religion, liberty, and peace of the kingdomes,
assist and defend all those that enter into this League and Covenant,
in the maintaining and pursuing thereof; and shall not suffer
ourselves, directly or indirectly, by whatsoever combination,
persuasion, or terrour, to be divided and withdrawen from this
blessed union and conjunction, whether to make defection to the
contrary part, or to give ourselves to a detestable indifferency or
neutrality in this cause, which so much concerneth the glory of GOD,
the good of the kingdomes, and honour of the King; but shall, all the
dayes of our lives, zealously and constantly continue therein against
all opposition, and promote the same, according to our power,
against all lets and impediments whatsoever; and, what we are not
able ourselves to supresse or overcome, we shall reveal and make
known, that it may be timely prevented or removed: All which we
shall do as in the sight of GOD.
And, because these kingdoms are guilty of many sins and
provocations against GOD, and his Son Jesus Christ, as is too
manifest by our present distresses and dangers, the fruits thereof;
we professe and declare, before GOD and the world, our unfeigned
desire to be humbled for our own sins, and for the sins of these
kingdomes: especially, that have not as we ought, valued the
inestimable benefit of the gospel; that we have not laboured for the
purity and power thereof; and that we have not endeavoured to
receive CHRIST in our hearts, nor to walk worthy of him in our lives,
which are the causes of other sins and trangressions so much
abounding amongst us: and our true and unfeigned purpose, desire,
and endeavour for ourselves, and all others under our power and
charge, both in publick and in private, in all duties we owe to GOD
and man, to amend our lives, and each one to go before another in
the example of a reall reformation; that the Lord may turn away his
wrath and heavy indignation, and establish these churches and
kingdomes in truth and peace. And this Covennnt we make in the
presence of ALMIGHTY GOD, the Searcher of all hearts, with a true
intention to performe the same, as we shall answer at that great
day, when the secrets of all hearts shall bee disclosed; most humbly
beseeching the Lord to strengthen us by his Holy Spirit for this end,
and to blesse our desires and proceedings with such successe, as
may be deliverance and safety to his people, and encouragement to
other Christian churches, groaning under, or in danger of, the yoke
of anti-christian tyrannie, to joyn in the same or like association and
covenant, to the glory of GOD, the enlargement of the kingdome of
Jesus Christ, and the peace and tranquillity of Christian kingdomes
and commonwealths.
 July 15, 1644.
Act anent the Ratification of the calling of the Convention,
Ratification of the League and Covenant, Articles of Treatie betwixt
the Kingdomes of Scotland and England, and remanent Acts of the
Convention of Estates, and Committee thereof.302

T
HE Estates of Parliament, presently conveened by vertue of the
last Act of the last Parliament, holden by his Majestie, and the
three Estates, in anno 1641, Considering, that the Lords of his
Majesties Privie Councel, and Commissioners for conserving the
articles of the treatie, having, according to their interests and trust
committed to them by his Majestie and Estates of Parliament, used
all meanes, by supplications, remonstrances, and sending of
Commissioners, for securing the peace of this kingdome, and
removing the unhappy distractions betwixt his Majestie and his
subjects in England, in such a way as might serve most for his
Majesties honour, and good of both kingdomes; and their humble
and dutifull endeavours for so good ends having proven ineffectuall,
and their offer of mediation and intercession being refused by his
Majestie; and thereby finding the weight and difficultie of affaires,
and the charge lying on them to be greater then they could beare;
did therefore, in the moneth of May 1643, meet together with the
Commissioners for the common burdens, that, by joynt advice, some
resolution might be tane therein; and in respect of the danger
imminent to the true Protestant religion, his Majesties honour, and
peace of thir kingdomes, by the multitude of Papists and their
adherents in armes in England and Ireland, and of many other
publick and important affaires, which could not admit delay, and did
require the advice of the representative body of the kingdome;
appointed and caused indict a meeting of the Convention of Estates
(his Majesty having formerly refused their humble desires for a
Parliament) to be upon the 22d of June following; which diet being
frequently kept by the Noblemen, Commissioners of shires and
burrowes, and they finding these dangers against this kirk and state
still increasing, Resolved, after serious deliberation and advice of the
Generall Assembly, and joynt concurrence of the Commissioners
authorized by the Parliament of England, that one of the chiefest
remedies for preventing of these and the like dangers, for
preservation of religion, and both kingdomes from ruine and
destruction, and for procuring of peace, That both kingdoms should,
for these ends, enter into Covenant; which was accordingly drawne
up, and cheerfully embraced and allowed. Whereat the opposite and
malignant party, more enraging then before, did gather their
strength and power against the same, so as the Estates were
necessitate to put this kingdome into a posture of defence; and for
this purpose, appointed Colonels and Committees of Warre in the
severall shires for exercising the forces therein, and putting them in
readinesse for mutuall defence, in this cause of Religion, his
Majesties honour, and peace of his kingdomes, as they should be
required by the Estates, or their Committee who were entrusted with
the charge of the publicke effaires of the kingdome during the not
sitting of the Estates. And at last a treatie was agreed unto by both
kingdomes, concerning the said Covenant, and assistance craved
from this kingdome by the kingdome of England, in pursuance of the
ends expressed therein, and another Treatie for settling a Garrison in
and securing of the Town of Berwick, as the same more fully
proports, conforme whereunto orders were issued forth, and an
Armie raised out of the shires and burrowes of this kingdome and
sent unto England. And the Estates finding themselves bound in
dutie and conscience to provide all means of supply of that Army,
and relieving the Scots Army in Ireland, did resolve that the same
should be by way of Excise, as the most constant, just, and equall
way, least prejudiciall to the kingdome, and most beneficiall to the
cause in hand, and ordained certaine rates and summes to be raised
off the commodities contained in the Act made thereanent, and
schedule there unto annexed; and in respect of the necessitie of
present money, and that the Excise could not be gotten timously in
for supply of the army, did appoint that all persons within this
kingdome who had moneys, or by their credit could raise and
advance the same, should lend such summes to the Estates or their
Committee as they should be required, upon assurance of
repayment from the publick in manner contained in the Acts made
thereanent; and gave orders to their Committee to see them put in
execution, who have accordingly beene carefull in discharge of that
trust committed to them:—And the Estates being still desirous to use
all good meanes, that, without the effusion of more bloud, there
may be such a blessed pacification betwixt his Majestie and his
subjects, as may tend to the good of religion, his Majestie’s true
honour and safety, and happinesse of his people, did therefore give
commission to John Earle of Loudoun, Lord Chancellor, Lord
Maitland, Lord Waristoun, and Mr Robert Barclay, to repaire to
England, and endeavour the effectuating of these ends contained in
the covenant and treaties, conforme to their instructions. And, in this
interim, the Estates being informed of the traiterous attempts of
some unnaturall countreymen, who, in ane hostile manner, invaded
this kingdome toward the south, and had their complices in armes in
the north, all for ane designe, of subverting the religion, lawes, and
liberties of the kingdome, were necessitate, for suppresing thereof,
to direct an army to the south, under the command of the Earle of
Calender, and a Committee of the Estates to be assisting to them;
another armie to the north, under the command of the Marquesse of
Argyle, and a Committee to goe along with him.
And the said Estates having taken the proceedings above written
to their consideration, do finde and declare, That the Lords of
Councell, and conservers of peace, did behave themselves as
faithfull counsellors, loyall subjects, and good patriots, in tendring
their humble endeavours for removing the distractions betwixt his
Majestie and his subjects, and in calling the Commissioners for the
common burdens, and, by joynt advice, appointing the late meeting
of Convention, wherein they have approven themselves answerable
to the dutie of their places, and that trust committed to them; and
therefore ratifies and approves their whole proceedings therein, and
declares the said Convention was lawfully called, and als full and free
in itselfe, consisting of all the members thereof, as any Convention
hath beene at any time bygone; and ratifies and approves the
severall Acts made by them, or their committee, for enjoining the
Covenant, appointing of Committees, putting the kingdome in a
posture of Defence, allowing the Treaties, raising of Armies, and
sending them into England, establishing the Excise and borrowing of
money, and all other Acts, Decreets, Sentences, Precepts, Warrants,
Commissions, Instructions, Declarations, and other Deeds done by
them. And also, the said Estates of Parliament (but prejudice of the
premisses, and of the generall ratification above mentioned) ratifies,
approves, and confirms the foresaid mutuall League and Covenant,
concerning the reformation and defence of religion, the honour and
happinesse of the King, and the peace and safety of the three
kingdomes of Scotland, England, and Ireland; together with the acts
of the Kirk and Estate authorizing the same League and Covenant;
together also with the foresaid articles of treaty agreed upon betwixt
the said Commissioners of the Convention of Estates of Scotland and
the Commissioners of both the Houses of Parliament of England,
concerning the said Solemne League and Covenant, and the settling
of the Towne and garrison of Berwick with the foresaids Acts
establishing the Excise and borrowing of moneyes, respective above
mentioned. And the said Estates ordaines the same Acts, with the
League and Covenant above specified, acts authorizing the same,
and the articles of treaty foresaid, to have the full force and strength
of perfect lawes and acts of Parliament, and to be observed by all his
Majesties lieges, conform to the tenors thereof respective. Of the
which League and Covenant, Acts authorizing the same, Treaties
above written, and Acts for establishing the Excise, and for
borrowing of money, the tenors follow: [As above.]
2. Principal Baillie’s Journal of the General Assembly
1643, in a Letter to the Rev. William Spang,
September 22, 1643.303
Reverend and Dear Cousin,
It is marvelled, that your Prince is pleased so long to do nothing,
but once in a year to take a look on the enemy’s country, and return
without any attempt. But that which touches our heart to the quick,
is the lamentable case of England. The great weakening of Essex’s
army by sickness and runaways, left brave Waller to be
overmastered and routed by the Cavaliers, so amused Bristol, that
either through treachery or cowardice, that great and most
considerable city was delivered. This was a terrible stroke to the
parliament, that Essex, with the relicks of his army, remain in and
about the city. The country for the most seems to be abandoned. We
know what may hinder the King to come near. It seems that
Manchester and Waller, with their new army of citizens, will fight, if
the Cavaliers come to assault or beleaguer the city. Their mistrusts
and slowness have undone them, if God work not wonders. The few
Lords that made their upper house have been their wrack, when
Northumberland and Sey have given them cause of jealousy in
whom they could confide. For the present the parliament-side is
running down the brae. They would never, in earnest, call for help till
they were irrecoverable; now, when all is desperate, they cry aloud
for help: and how willing we are to redeem them with our lives, you
shall hear.
August 1st. Being advertised by my Lord Wariston to be in town
some time before the synod, for advisements, Mr David Dick and I
came in on Tuesday August 1st; where some few of us meeting in
Wariston’s chamber, advised whom to have on committees for bills,
reports, and other things. Our greatest consultation was for the
moderator. We foresaw great business was in hand: strangers were
to be present: minds of my brethren were exasperated. Mr
Henderson was the only man meet for the time: yet it was small
credit to us, who so oft were necessitated to employ one man:
besides, the moderation would divert him from penning such writs
as seemed he behoved to pen before the assembly rose. We were
inclined, therefore, that Mr R. Blair should moderate; but by God’s
good providence, both to him and to us, he being visited with a flux
and gravel, was not able for some days to come from St Andrew’s:
therefore necessity drove us to resolve on Mr Alexander; so much
the more, as we found that very day his Majesty’s commission was
unexpectedly thrust on the Advocate. It seems the commission from
Oxford hath come to the Secretary, Lanerk, blank, to be filled with
whose name he and some others thought expedient. Sometimes
Lindsay, sometimes Glencairn, were spoken of; but both finding the
impossibility to execute the instructions to the King and country’s
good liking, refused the charge; and put in, beside his knowledge,
and contrary to his mind, the Advocate’s name: of whom they had
small care, whether he lost himself or not. The instructions were
thought to be very hard; yet the Advocate did not execute, nor
name any of them to count of; for he was so wise, and so well dealt
with by his two sons, that he resolved to say nothing to the church
or country’s prejudice.
On Wednesday, August 2d, was a solemn fast for the members of
the assembly. Mr Douglas preached before noon, and Mr Henderson
after, both very satisfactorily. That same day we had our first
session, in a little room off the east church, which is very
handsomely dressed for our assemblies in all time coming when we
shall have them there, The commissions were given in: some small
burghes had none: far-off presbyteries had but one. His Majesty’s
commission was read in the the ordinary tenor. Our clerk made the
ordinary exception against the clause of the assembly’s translation
with the Commissioner’s advice. His Grace offered to get that clause
so qualified as hereafter the commission might pass without
exception. This at divers times he offered; but want of leisure, or
something else, hindered the performance. As the custom is, the
moderator gave the leet of one whom he intended, and other three,
Mr William Jamison, Mr Robert Murray, and me, whom he knew
would not come in balance with Mr Henderson. When we were
removed, much din was made for addition to the leet; for divers who
knew not the secret, and considered not the necessity of the times,
intended to have had Mr James Bonner, or Mr David Lindsay,
moderator; neither whereof had been meet. To prevent their design,
the leet was framed as you hear; and when they pressed addition, it
was voiced, and carried, that notwithstanding of the assembly’s
liberty to add, yet at that time it was not expedient to make any
addition, so unanimously Mr Henderson was declared moderator.
The King’s letter to the assembly was read. The matter was very fair;
remembering us of our obligations to him, in conscience, and for the
great benefits we had received; and exhorting us to the study of
peace; but the inscription was most strange and base, “To our trusty
and well-beloved Sir Thomas Hope of Craighall, and the rest
conveened with him in the general assembly,” or such words.
Notwithstanding, his Grace shewed us, that he had warrant to
declare, in his Majesty’s name, that beside all the benefits already
granted, he was willing to do all further what the assembly
conceived necessary for the benefit of religion. Argyle desired that
this might be put in writ: but presently his Grace began to eat it in:
yet promised to give in to-morrow, under his hand: but when it
came, it was clogged with prejudicial limitations, that we requested
it might be taken back, and no more memory to be of any such
offer. There were a great number of noblemen members of the
assembly, the Chancellor for Irvine; yet being debated in council,
that the Chancellor behoved to carry the purse with the commission,
where-ever he appeared with the Great Commissioner, he thought it
not expedient to accept the commission; wherefore Eglinton was put
in the commission of Irvine, by the commissioners of the presbytery
there present. None of the noblemen attended the Commissioner: at
once the great commission will become vile. They sat at our table
constantly before noon; for afternoon they behoved to keep with the
states, Argyle, Sutherland, Marischal, Eglinton, Cassils, Lauderdale,
Dumfermling, Dalhousie, Buccleugh, Queensberry, Didup, Angus,
Balmerino, Maitland, Coupar, Lindsay, Balcarras, Sinclair, Elcho, and
others.
Thursday, August 3d, a commission was received from the
presbytery of the Irish army. A committee was appointed to
cognosce and report, anent the manifold and most weighty
proceedings of the commissioners from the last assembly; another
for bills; a third for reports and appeals; a fourth for examination of
the provincial synod books: all which were produced and esteemed
one of the chiefest and most proper tasks of the general assembly.
All the active spirits, and most considerable men, were distribute
among these committees. I had still the favour to be in the privy
committee of the moderator’s assessors, with Mr Robert Douglas, Mr
D. Dickson, Mr S. Rutherford, Mr Gillespie, who albeit not a
commissioner, yet I found always much respected by Mr Henderson;
but Mr A. Ramsay, and the rest, Mr J. Adamson, Mr W. Colvil, Mr J.
Sharp, miskent: for myself, I did keep in this assembly, and the
former, silence, so far as I might, both in private and publick; for the
longer I live, bold and pert loquacity I like it the worse. The visitation
of the university of St Andrew’s was reported; but the work not
being perfected it was continued. Much time spent in disputation, if
the parliament’s commission should not be enervated by any
addition to their commissioners. Always Argyle undertook, the
convention of estates and parliament would well allow of any the
assembly should add, to get a ready quorum: of purpose time was
spent; for we did greatly long for the English commissioners, of
whose coming we were well near out of hope, many thinking their
stay to be from the Lords denying them a commission, and some
from their policy, to make us do, of our own selves, without their
desire, what they would be at. All bills were ordained to be given in
against Wednesday next. A regret from the north, that there was no
execution of laws against excommunicate Papists, was referred to
the convention of estates. There were four appointed to nominate
preachers during the assembly. It was their good luck to employ few
of the best, the most able not being the most ready.
 Friday the 4th, much was spoken for the apprehension of
excommunicate Papists. The act of parliament provides it to be on
the King’s charges. A committee was appointed to try the
disobedience of Auchterarder presbytery: upon Mr John Hume’s
refusal to be one, as being party, because one of the commission
who was wronged, it was debated and resolved, that since the
commission might have themselves censured all the disobedients,
none of them might be counted parties. Wo had an idle and
needless question that day resolved. In the time of my absence, Mr
D. Dickson and I were chosen commissioners from the presbytery of
Glasgow to the general assembly; so it was like to fall on the
principal for the university. Divers bygone years he had avowed, and
half protested, that the presbytery should not have power to chuse
any member of the university. By this means he was assured never
to go commissioner but from the university, and so never on his own
charges. This we envied not; but we saw the consequent was, that
Mr D. Dickson and I, while we lived, should never more be members
of the general assembly but by his good pleasure; which we took for
an intolerable incroaching on our ministerial liberties. Of this design
we were so much the more confirmed, as, in the next college
meeting, he caused elect me commissioner for the university,
miskenning the prior election of the presbytery as null. While I
peremptorily refused the university’s commission, and did in private
deal he might be pleased either to take it himself, or permit it to fall
on our vice-chancellor Mr Zachary, both he refused, and resolved
upon a course which was the greatest despite he was able to do us
in a matter of that kind. Mr David being long grieved, that, by the
backwardness of the principal, and others, he could not get his office
of dean of faculty execute as he desired, did peremptorily, once or
twice, lay down that charge: yet all requested him to keep it, and
would chuse no other. Mr R. Ramsay and I, foreseeing the
appearance of Mr Edward’s putting in that place, if he continued in
his wilfulness, had moved him to be content to continue for one
year. This much in effect we made him signify in the university
meeting. For all this, such was the principal’s pleasure, that he will
have a new dean of faculty chosen; and, passing by Mr R. R. gets Mr
Edward Wright elected, first dean of faculty, then commissioner. This
I took for a dispiteful affront; and so avowed, that by a new
visitation we would essay to have our university otherwise ruled; for
we thought strange, that the principal, at thir times, should essay to
have places filled with men who notoriously were not only at his own
devotion, such as vice-chancellor and dean of faculty, but also
otherwise minded in the publick affairs than we did wish; such as
the Marquis of Hamilton, Chancellor; the Commissar, Rector; and his
three assessors, Mr John Hay, Mr W. Wilkie, Mr G. Forsyth, three
regents; Mr D. Monro, Mr D. Forsyth, Mr W. Semple, master of the
grammar; all of his own creation, to be employed for any thing he
pleased. We did storm at this, and I most. Easily we might help all
these: but I dare not essay it; for it would be sundry of their
undoing, from which my mind in cold blood does abhor on any, but
especially on these men, my dear friends, and otherwise some of
them well deserving of their places. So, as before I did truly, by
myself and others, at the assembly at Glasgow, see to Dr Strang’s
safety, when his place was in great hazard by his great provocations,
the subscribing the petition against ruling elders, ending in a real
protestation; the subscribing of the covenant with very dangerous
limitations; the deserting of the assembly itself, after some days
sitting as commissioner; All these three being imputed to him as the
only author, did create much wrath in our nobles against him, which
yet is not forgot. My fears that the least complaint against him would
bring on him a censure which I would not be able to moderate,
forced me to be quiet; only I made the moderator propone in
general, whether university-men might be chosen commissioners by
presbyteries? This being affirmed by all, put his needless quarrel out
of question. Also I got the commission for visitation renewed with
such men as I thought fittest. This I intend for a wand to threat, but
to strike no man, if they will be pleased to live in any peaceable
quietness, as it fears me, their disaffection to the country’s cause will
not permit some of them to do.
Saturday, the 5th, your business came in. I confess we needed
not, neither Mr G. Gillespie nor I, solicit any in it: the moderator was
of himself so careful of it, both for his regard to you, and the matter
itself; as also to take that occasion by the top to banish altogether
church-burial from among us, as well of noble as ignoble persons.
This day your letter and informations were read, but delayed to be
considered for divers days thereafter; always at last unanimously
you had all you desired clearly determined.
Upon the regret of the extraordinary multiplying of witches, above
thirty being burnt in Fife in a few months, a committee was
appointed to think on that sin, the way to search and cure it. The
Scots of Ireland did petition for supply of ministers, and were well
heard. Sir John Scot’s bill, for pressing presbyteries to describe their
own bounds, was not so much regarded,
Sunday, the 6th, Mr David Dick preached well, as always, in the
New Church before noon, but little of the present affairs; for as yet
men knew not what to say, the English commissioners not being yet
come.
But on Monday, the 7th, after we were ashamed with waiting, at
last they landed at Leith. The Lords went, and conveyed them up in
coach. We were exhorted to be more grave than ordinary; and so
indeed all was carried to the end with much more awe and gravity
than usual. Mr Henderson did moderate with some little austere
severity, as it was necessary, and became his person well. That day,
one Abercrombie being delate of clear murder, was ordained to be
excommunicate summarily. He had been in process for adultery. The
Presbytery of Garioch, for fear of the roan, had been too slack in it;
so the man killed, in a drunken plea, his wife’s son, who had married
his own daughter. The synod of Aberdeen was directed to censure
the presbytery of Garioch for their unhappy slackness, and the
moderator of the presbytery was ordained, immediately on his
departure from the assembly, to go to the murderer’s parish-church,
and without any citation, or any delay, the fact being notour, and the
person fugitate, to excommunicate him, and to cause intimate the
censure the Sabbath following in all the churches of the presbytery,
not to be relaxed till he gave satisfaction also for the slander of
adultery.
Tuesday 8th, Wednesday 9th, and Thursday 10th, the moderator
shewed, that two of the English ministers had been at him, requiring
to know the most convenient way of their commissioners address to
the synod. It was thought meet to send some of our number,
ministers and elders, to salute and welcome them. Mr R. Douglas,
Mr G. Gillespie, my Lord Maitland, and I, were named; therefore we
resolved, their own order of address whereby they admitted our
commissioners to their parliament, should be fittest; that their
access to the assembly, as private spectators, should be when they
would; for which end a place, commodious, above in a gallery, was
appointed for them; but as commissioners, their access should not
be immediately to the assembly, but to some deputed to wait on
them, who should report from them to the assembly, and from it to
them, what was needful. So to us four were joined other four, with
the moderator, Mr D. Dickson, Mr S. Rutherford, my Lord Angus, and
Wariston, a committee of nine. The convention of estates used the
same way of communication with them, naming for a committee,
Lindsay, Balmerino, Wariston, Humbie, Sir John Smith, Mr Robert
Barclay. When we met, four gentlemen appeared, Sir William Armin,
Sir Henry Vane younger, one of the gravest and ablest of that nation,
Mr Halcher, and Mr Darley, with two ministers, Mr Marshall and Mr
Nye. They presented to us a paper introduction, drawn by Mr
Marshall, a notable man, and Sir Harry, the drawers of all their writs;
also their commission from both Houses of Parliament, giving very
ample power to the Earl of Rutland, Lord Gray, and these four, to
treat with us, and to the two ministers, to assist in all ecclesiastick
affairs, according to their instructions given or to be given, or to any
four of them; also they presented a declaration of both houses to
our general assembly, shewing their care of reforming religion, their
desire of some from our assembly to join with their divines for that
end, and withal our assembly’s dealing, according to their place, for
help from our state to them; likewise a letter from their assembly to
them, subscribed by their prolocutor Dr Twisse, and his two
assessors, Mr Whyte and Dr Burgess, shewing their permission from
the parliament to write to us, and their invitation of some of us to
come for their assistance; further, a letter, subscribed by above
seventy of their divines, supplicating, in a most deplorable style, help
from us in their present most desperate condition. All these pieces, I
think, you shall have in print. Few words did pass among us. All
these were presented by us to the assembly, and read openly. The
letter of the private divines was so lamentable, that it drew tears
from many. It was appointed, that the forenamed committee should
make ready the answers for all, to be presented to the assembly
with all convenient speed. Above all, diligence was urged; for the
report was going already of the loss of Bristol, from which they
feared his Majesty might march for London, and carry it. For all this,
we were not willing to precipitate a business of such consequence.
Our state had sent up Mr Meldrum; we expected him daily, with
certain information, as indeed he came within a few days; and then
we made all the haste we might. There was in the moderator’s
chamber a meeting sundry times of the prime nobles, and some
others, where I oftentimes was present. I found, however, all
thought it necessar to assist the English; yet of the way there was
much difference of opinions. One night all were bent to go as
ridders, and friends to both, without siding altogether with the
parliament. This was made so plausible, that my mind was with the
rest for it; but Wariston has alone shewed the vanity of that motion,
and the impossibility of it. In our committees also we had hard
enough debates. The English were for a civil league, we for a
religious covenant. When they were brought to us in this, and Mr
Henderson had given them a draught of a covenant, we were not
like to agree on the frame; they were, more than we could assent
to, for keeping of a door open in England to Independency. Against
this we were peremptor. At last some two or three in private
accorded to that draught, which all our three committees, from our
states, from our assembly, and the parliament of England, did
unanimously assent to. From that meeting it came immediately to
our assembly; in the which, at the first reading, being well prefaced
with Mr Henderson’s most grave oration, it was received with the
greatest applause that ever I saw any thing, with so hearty
affections, expressed in the tears of pity and joy by very many
grave, wise, and old men. It was read distinctly the second time by
the moderator. The minds of the most part was speired, both of
ministers and elders; where, in a long hour’s space, every man, as
he was by the Moderator named, did express his sense as he was
able. After all considerable men were heard, the catalogue was read,
and all unanimously did assent. In the afternoon, with the same
cordial unanimity, it did pass the convention of estates. This seems
to be a new period and crisis of the most great affair which these
hundred years has exercised thir dominions. What shall follow from
this new principle, you shall hear as time shall discover.
The committee for revising the acts of the commissioners of the
last assembly, took up the most of Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Thursday, with their report. All was approven; Maitland for his happy
diligence thanked; so likewise Argyle, and Birkenbog, for their
apprehending of two priests. Every presbytery, university, and
parish, were ordained to get a covenant, to be subscribed by all their
members. We were fashed with two questions. My Lord Balvaird bad
deserted his ministry, and came in the convention of estates to voice
as a Lord. A minister in the south had purchased a lairdship, and, as
a laird, had come to the meeting of the shire, and voiced for chusing
a commissioner to the convention. Both of them were furtherers of
the Balvaird way. After much reasoning, we determined, that both
did wrong; that Lord Balvaird should keep his ministry, and give over
voicing in parliament, under pain of deposition, and further censure;
that the other should no more sit nor voice in any court. A thorny
business came in, which the moderator, by great wisdom, got cannily
convoyed. The brethren of Stirling and Perth had made great
outcries, that the commission had authorised the clerk, in printing
the assembly-acts, to omit two acts of Aberdeen, one anent the
Sabbath, another about novations. In both these satisfaction was
given: That our bounding the Sabbath from midnight to midnight
might offend some neighbouring kirks: As for the other act, about
novations, it was expressed also clearly in the printed acts of the
posterior assembly, to be made use of by all who had occasion.
These things were so well delivered, that all were quieted. Mr Harry
Guthrie made no din. His letter was a wand above his head to
discipline him, if he should mute. The presbytery of Auchterarder
was under the rod, to be made an example to all who would be
turbulent. After long examination of their business, at last they were
laureat. Some two or three of that presbytery, when many of the
gentry who were not elders, were permitted to sit among them, and
reason against the warning and declaration; and when Ardoch
presented reasons in writ against these pieces; yet they who were
proven to have been forward for the present reading of these pieces,
were commended. Others who, notwithstanding of the presbytery’s
conclusion, of not reading, yet did read, were, for voicing the
continuation, gently rebuked. Others who at last caused read parts
of them, and Mr James Row, who caused read them before himself
came in, were sharply rebuked, and their names delate from among
the members of this assembly. Mr John Graham, who now the
second time had spoken scandalous speeches of the commission,
was made to confess his fault in face of the assembly on his knees,
and suspended till the next provincial. Ardoch, an old reverend
gentlemen, for his former zeal, was spared; only was urged upon
oath to reveal the persons from whom he had the reasons contrare
to the warning. Mr Harry Guthrie of Angus, a suspected person, for
not by name expressing of the malignants in a sermon at the
provincial, was made on his knees to crave pardon, and promise
amendment. Mr Andrew Logie, who lately had been reposed to his
ministry, being cited to answer many slanderous speeches in pulpit,
not compearing, but by an idle letter to the moderator, was deposed,
without return to that church for ever. Dr Forbes, whose sentence of
deposition at Aberdeen I had got to be suspended till the presbytery
of Edinburgh had essayed to gain him to our covenant; they, when
they found no hope, pronounced the sentence. This he thought
unjust, and moved in the provincial of Aberdeen, that they would try
in this assembly if he might be permitted to bruik his place, though
he could not subscribe our covenant. It was determined his
deposition was valid from the beginning, and that he, and all other,
should either subscribe, or be farther processed. It was complained,
that Huntly received sundry excommunicated Papists in his service;
that he had no worship in his family; that these seventeen years he
had not communicate, but once with the excommunicate Bishop of
Aberdeen. Of these he was ordained to be admonished by his
presbytery. Hereof he was quickly advertised; so that, ere we arose,
he sent to us, under the hand of some neighbour-ministers, a
testification of his good carriage. But the former information being
verified, the attesting ministers were ordained to be rebuked. Sir
John Seaton of Barns, after a fair excuse of his Irish oath, was
ordained to be conferred with for subscribing our covenant within a
certain time; and upon his disobedience, to be processed, and have
his daughter removed. Mr Robert Dogliesh was elected church-
treasurer, for the debursing of the £500 Sterling as the
commissioners of the church should appoint. The commissioners
who went to Ireland were thanked; Mr Jo. Maclelland, for not going,
called to answer: his health excused him. The same reason excused
the visitors of Orkney for their omission. Others were appointed to
go this year to both places.
Friday was the first day of the English appearing in our assembly.
Your affair spent the most of that day. For the general, sundry
noblemen, especially Eglinton, were not content to be excluded from
the burial of their fathers in the church; yet their respect to the
presence of strangers, and Argyle’s shewing his burying of his father
in the church-yard, and offering himself to be laid any where when
he was dead, rather than to trouble the church when he was living,
made them in silence let the act go against them. Much din was for
the erecting a new presbytery at Biggar. The conveniency, to ease
some twelve or thirteen churches at Lanerk and Peebles, with the
leaving of moe than thirteen to every one of the old presbytery-
seats, did carry it; but because of my Lord Fleming’s small affection
to the common cause, the execution of this decree was appointed to
be suspended during the assembly’s pleasure.
Sunday I was obliged to preach before noon in the New Church. I
had prevailed with the committee to put me in another place, for I
much misliked to be heard there; but the moderator with his own
hand did place me there, so there was no remeid; for who spoke
against conclusions, got usually so sickerly on the fingers, that they
had better been silent. God helped me graciously on Psalm 51. “Do
good in thy good pleasure to Zion, build up the walls of Jerusalem.”
Many were better pleased than I wished; for I am like to be troubled
with the town of Edinburgh’s too good liking, as ye will hear.
14th. Execution of the acts against excommunicate Papists, and
others, with whose estate no man would or durst meddle, was
recommended to the estates. Ministers deposed by general
assemblies not to be restored by provincial synods or presbyteries.
Roger Lindsay, cited for blasphemy, and other faults, not
compearing, ordained to be summarily excommunicate, and the
states to be dealt with for further punishment against him. Mr
Fairlie’s, late Bishop of Argyle, long plea decided. His scholar, my
Lord Register, had presented him to Largo at the commissioners of
the general assembly’s desire. The people would not hear of him.
The presbytery of St Andrew’s joined with the people. They were not
cited; so the assembly could not judge, but behoved to commit it to
the presbytery. The man hath long been in extreme misery. He was
sure his remitting to the presbytery was the loss of the cause, and
his assured loss of all churches in the land, for no appearance that
any people would ever accept of him. Many tears shed he before us.
Vehement was Durie for him; but there was no remeid; parishes and
presbyteries might not be wronged. In all the assembly great care
was had, not only that nothing should come per saltum, but all
particulars decidable in presbyteries and provincials, should be
remitted, with a reproof of them, for sending to the assembly these
things which they themselves could more easily, and often better
determine. We are like to be troubled with the question of
patronages. William Rigg had procured a sharp petition to us from
the whole commissioners of shires and burghs against the intrusion
of ministers on parishes against their minds. Divers noblemen,
patrons, took this ill. We knew not how to guide it; at last, because
of the time, as all other things of great difficulty, we got it
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