SR

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
M ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

18CSS101J – Programming for ProblemSolving

Unit III
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY, CHENNAI.
UNIT III
Initializing and accessing of 2D Array – Initializing multidimensional
Array – Array programs 2D – Array contiguous memory –
Array
advantages and Limitations – Array construction for real-time
application common programming errors – String Basics – String
Declaration and Initialization – String Functions: gets(), puts(),
getchar(), putchar(), printf() - String Functions: atoi, strlen, strcat
strcmp – String Functions: sprintf, sscanf, strrev, strcpy, strstr, strtok
– Arithmetic characters on strings.
 SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE
ANDTECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.
UNIT III
- Functions declaration and definition : Types: Call by Value, Call

by Reference – Function with and without Arguments and no Return values

Functions with and without Arguments and Return Values – Passing Array to
function with return type – Recursion Function
 Two Dimensional Array requires Two Subscript Variables
Two Dimensional Array stores the values in the form of matrix.
One Subscript Variable denotes the “Row” of a matrix.
Another Subscript Variable denotes the “Column” of a matrix.

3.1.2 INITIALIZING OF 2D ARRAY

An array of two dimensions can be declared as follows:
data_type array_name[size1][size2];
Here data_type is the name of some type of data, such as int. Also,
size1 and size2 are sizes of the array’s first and second dimensions
respectively.
Consider the below program –
#include<stdio.h>
int main() { Output :
int i, j; 14
int a[3][2] = { { 1, 4 }, 52
{ 5, 2 },
65
{ 6, 5 }};
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
} return 0;
}
We have declared an array of size 3 X 2, It contain overall 6
elements. Row 1 : { 1 , 4 },

Row 2 : { 5 , 2 },
Row 3 : {6,5}
We have initialized each row independently
a[0][0] = 1
A[0][1] = 4
Method 2 : COMBINE ASSIGNMENT
Initialize all Array elements but initialization is much
straight forward. All values are assigned sequentially
and row-wise

int a[3][2] = {1 , 4 , 5 , 2 , 6 , 5 };
So here it automatically assigns that number 3 has row and

number 2 has column.

Consider the below program –
Output :
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
14
int i, j; 52
int a[3][2] = { 1, 4, 5, 2, 6, 5 }; 65
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
}
} printf("\n");
return 0;
}
Method 3: SELECTIVE ASSIGNMENT
int a[3][2] = {
{ 1 },
{ 5 , 2 },
{6}
};
Now we have again going with the way 1 but we are removing some
of the elements from the array. In this case we have declared and
initialized 2-D array like this
Consider the below program –
#include <stdio.h>
Output :
int main() { 10
int i, j; 52
int a[3][2] = { { 1 }, 60
{ 5, 2 },
{ 6 }};
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 2; j++) {
printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
} printf("\n"); }
return 0;
}
You can initialize a three dimensional array in a similar way like a
two dimensional array. Here's an example,

int test[2][3][4] = {
{ {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {9, 1, 6, 2} },
{ {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {3, 1, 4, 9} }
};

In this program we mention size1 – row, size2 – column, size3 –

number of elements in that array.
C Program to store values entered by the user in a three-dimensional array
and display it.
#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{
int i, j, k, test[2][3][2]; // this array can store 12 elements

printf("Enter 12 values: \n");

for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {

for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {

for(k = 0; k < 2; ++k ) {

scanf("%d",
}
}
printf("\nDisplaying values:\n");//Displaying values with
proper index.
for(i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
for (j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
for(k = 0; k < 2; ++k )
{
printf("test[%d][%d][%d] = %d\n", i, j, k,
test[i][j][k]);
}
}
}
return 0;
OUTPUT: Displaying
Enter 12 values: Values:
test[0][0][0] = 1
1 test[0][0][1] = 2
2 test[0][1][0] = 3
3 test[0][1][1] = 4
test[0][2][0] = 5
4 test[0][2][1] = 6
5 test[1][0][0] = 7
6 test[1][0][1] = 8
test[1][1][0] = 9
7 test[1][1][1] = 10
8 test[1][2][0] = 11
9 test[1][2][1] = 12
10
11
3.3 ARRAY PROGRAMS –
2D
a) Basic 2d array program
b) Store and display values
c) Sum of two matrices using Two dimensional
arrays
d) Transpose of Matrix
e) Multiplication of 2d matrices.
#include<stdio.h> //Displaying array elements
int main(){ printf("Two Dimensional
int disp[2][3]; /* 2D array elements:\n");
array declaration*/ for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
int i, j; /*Counter for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
variables printf("%d ",
for loop*/ disp[i][j]); if(j==2){
for(i=0; i<2; i++) { printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<3;j++) { }
printf("Enter value for } }
disp[%d][%d]:", i, j); return 0; }
scanf("%d", &disp[i][j]);
}}
OUTPUT
Enter value for
disp[0][0]:1 Enter value
for disp[0][1]:2 Enter
value for disp[0][2]:3
Enter value for
disp[1][0]:4 Enter value
for disp[1][1]:5 Enter
value for disp[1][2]:6
Two Dimensional array
elements: 1 2 3
456
#include <stdio.h> printf("\nDisplaying values:
const int CITY = 1; \n\n");
const int WEEK = for (int i = 0; i < CITY; ++i) {
7; int main() for(int j = 0; j < WEEK;
{ ++j)
int {
temperature[CITY][WEEK]; %d\n",printf("City
i+1,j+1, %d, Day %d =
for (int i = 0; i < CITY; ++i) { temperature[i][j])
for(int j = 0; j < WEEK; ++j) { ;
printf("City %d, Day %d: ", }
i+1, j+1); }
scanf("%d", return 0;
&temperature[i][j]) }
;
OUTPUT
City 1, Day 1: 33 Displaying values:
City 1, Day 2: 34 City 1, Day 1 = 33
City 1, Day 3: 35 City 1, Day 2 = 34
City 1, Day 4: 33 City 1, Day 3 = 35
City 1, Day 5: 32 City 1, Day 4 = 33
City 1, Day 6: 31 City 1, Day 5 = 32
City 1, Day 7: 30 City 1, Day 6 = 31
City 1, Day 7 = 30
#include <stdio.h> printf("Enter elements of 2nd
int main() matrix\n");
{ for(i=0; i<2; ++i)
float a[2][2], b[2][2], c[2][2]; for(j=0; j<2; ++j)
int i, j; // Taking input using nested {
for loop printf("Enter b%d%d: ", i+1, j+1);
printf("Enter elements of 1st scanf("%f", &b[i][j]);
matrix\n"); }// adding corresponding elements of
for(i=0; i<2; ++i) two arrays
for(j=0; j<2; ++j) for(i=0; i<2; ++i)
{ for(j=0; j<2; ++j)
printf("Enter a%d%d: ", i+1, j+1); {
scanf("%f", &a[i][j]); c[i][j] = a[i][j] + b[i][j];
} // Taking input using nested for }
loop
 OUTPUT:
Enter elements of 1st matrix
// Displaying the sum Enter a11: 2;
printf("\nSum Of Matrix:"); Enter a12: 0.5;
for(i=0; i<2; ++i) Enter a21: -1.1;
for(j=0; j<2; ++j) Enter a22: 2;
Enter elements of 2nd matrix
{
Enter b11: 0.2;
printf("%.1f\t", c[i][j]); Enter b12: 0;
if(j==1) Enter b21: 0.23;
printf("\n"); Enter b22: 23;
} Sum Of Matrix:
return 0; 2.2 0.5
-0.9 25.0
}
#include <stdio.h> printf("\nEntered Matrix: \n");
int main() for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
{ for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
int a[10][10], transpose[10][10], r, c, {
i, j; printf("%d ", a[i][j]);
printf("Enter rows and columns if (j == c-1)
of printf("\n\n");
matrix: "); %d",
scanf("%d &r, &c); // }// Finding the transpose
Storing elements matrix a of
printf("\nEnter elements of for(i=0; i<r; ++i)
matrix:\n"); for(j=0; j<c; ++j)
for(i=0; i<r; ++i) {
for(j=0; j<c; ++j) transpose[j][i] = a[i][j];
{ }
printf("Enter element a%d%d:
",i+1, j+1);
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]); }
 output
// Displaying the transpose of matrix Enter rows and columns of matrix: 2 3
a printf("\nTranspose of Enter element of matrix:
Matrix:\n"); for(i=0; i<c; ++i) Enter element a11: 2
for(j=0; j<r; ++j) Enter element a12: 3
{ Enter element a13: 4
printf("%d ",transpose[i][j]); Enter element a21: 5
if(j==r-1) Enter element a22: 6
printf("\n\n"); Enter element a23: 4
} Entered Matrix:
return 0; 2 34
} 5 64
Transpose of
Matrix: 2 5
3 6
4 4
#include printf("Enter number of rows
<stdio.h> int and columns of second
main() matrix\n"); scanf("%d%d", &p, &q);
{ int m, n, p, q, c, d, k, sum = 0; for (c = 0; c < p; c++)
intfirst[10][10], second[10][10], for (d = 0; d < q; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
multiply[10][10];
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
printf("Enter number of rows and for (d = 0; d < q; d++) {
columns of first matrix\n"); for (k = 0; k < p; k++) {
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n); sum = sum+
printf("Enter elements of first first[c][k]*second[k][d];
matrix\n"); }
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) multiply[c][d] = sum;
for (d = 0; d < n; d++) sum = 0;
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]); }}
 printf("Product of the Enter the number of rows
columns of second matrix:
and
matrices:\n"); 3
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) 3
{ for (d = 0; d < q; Enter elements of
d++) the second
printf("%d\t", multiply[c][d]); matrix:
112
printf("\n"); 211
} } 121
Product of entered matrices:-
} return 0; 5 3 4
OUTPUT 3 3 2
Enter the number of rows and columns 3 4 5
of first matrix: 33
Enter the elements of first matrix: 1 2 0
011
201
4. ARRAY CONTIGUOUS MEMORY
● When Big Block of memory is reserved or allocated then that
memory block is called as Contiguous Memory Block.
● Alternate meaning of Contiguous Memory is continuous
memory.
● Suppose inside memory we have reserved 1000-1200 memory
addresses for special purposes then we can say that these 200
blocks are going to reserve contiguous memory.
How to allocate contiguous
memory:
● Using static array declaration.
● Using alloc() / malloc() function to allocate big chunk of
memory dynamically.

Contiguous Memory Allocation

● Two registers are used while implementing the
contiguous memory scheme. These registers are
base register and limit register.
When OS is executing a process inside the main memory
then
content of each register are as –
❑ Register - Content of register.
❑ Base register- Starting address of the memory
location where process execution is happening.
❑Limit register- Total amount of memory in bytes consumed
by process.

When process try to refer a part of the memory then it will firstly
refer the base address from base register and then it will refer
relative address of memory location with respect to base address
 3.5 ADVANTAGE AND LIMITATIONS OF
1.ARRAY
Advantages:
● It is better and convenient way of storing the data of same
datatype with same size.
● It allows us to store known number of elements in it.
● It allocates memory in contiguous memory locations for its
elements. It does not allocate any extra space/ memory for its
elements. Hence there is no memory overflow or shortage of
memory in arrays.
● Iterating the arrays using their index is faster compared to any
other methods like linked list etc.
● It allows to store the elements in any dimensional array -
supports multidimensional array.
 3.5.2 Limitations of
A)Array:
Static Data
− Array is Static data Structure
− Memory Allocated during Compile time.
− Once Memory is allocated at Compile Time it Cannot be
Changed during Run-time.
B) Can hold data belonging to same Data types
− Elements belonging to different data types cannot be stored
in array because array data structure can hold data
belonging to same data type.
− Example : Character and Integer values can be stored inside
separate array but cannot be stored in single array
C) Inserting data in Array is Difficult
− Inserting element is very difficult because before inserting
element in an array have to create empty space by shifting
other elements one position ahead.
− This operation is faster if the array size is smaller, but same
operation will be more and more time consuming and non-
efficient in case of array with large size.
D) Deletion Operation is difficult
− Deletion is not easy because the elements are stored in
contiguous memory location.
− Like insertion operation , we have to delete element from the
array and after deletion empty space will be created and thus
we need to fill the space by moving elements up in the array.
E) Bound Checking
− If we specify the size of array as ‘N’ then we can access elements upto
‘N-1’ but in C if we try to access elements after ‘N-1’ i.e Nth element or
N+1th element then we does not get any error message.
− Process of Checking the extreme limit of array is called Bound checking
and C does not perform Bound Checking.
− If the array range exceeds then we will get garbage value as result.
E) Shortage of Memory
− Array is Static data structure. Memory can be allocated at compile time
only Thus if after executing program we need more space for storing
additional information then we cannot allocate additional space at run
time.
− Shortage of Memory , if we don’t know the size of memory in advance
F) Wastage of Memory
− Wastage of Memory , if array of large size is defined.
3.6 ARRAY CONSTRUCTION FOR REAL-TIME
APPLICATION COMMON PROGRAMMING ERRORS

(i) Constant Expression Require

#include<stdio.h
> void main()
{
int i=10;
int a[i];
}
In this example we see what’s that error?
● We are going to declare an array whose size is equal to
the value of variable.
● If we changed the value of variable then array size is
going to change.
● According to array concept, we are allocating memory
for array at compile time so if the size of array is going
to vary then how it is possible to allocate memory to
an array.
● i is initialized to 10 and using a[i] does not mean a[10]
because ‘i’ is Integer Variable whose value can be
changed inside program.
− Value of Const Variable Cannot be changed
− we know that value of Const Variable cannot
be changed once initialized so we can write
above example as below –
#include<stdio.h
> void main()
{
const int
i=10; int a[i];
}
or
int a[10];
 • Consider example,
(ii) Empty Valued 1D this
cansee the empty pair we
Array square brackets means of
#include<stdio.h haven’t specified size we
> void main() of Array.
1D an In this
{ array example is
‘arr’
empty. undefined or
int arr[];
• Size of 1D Array should be
} Specified as a Constant Value.
Instead of it Write it as – #include<stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h void main()
> void main() {
{ int a[] = {};// This
Causealsoan
int a[] = {1,1};
Error
(iii) 1D Array with no Bound ● So we have Accessto
Checking Following Arra Elements
#include<stdio.h>
void main() y –
a[0],a[1],a[2],a[3] and a[4].
{
int a[5]; ● But accessing a[5] causes
printf("%d",a[7]); Garbage Value to be used
} because C Does not performs
Here Array size specified is 5.
Array Bound Check.
If the maximum size of array is “MAX” then we can access following elements of
an
array –
Elements accessible for Array Size "MAX" = arr[0]
=.
4. Case Sensitive
#include<stdio.h
> void main()
{
int a[5];
printf("%d",A[2]);
}
Array Variable is Case Sensitive so A[2] does not
print anything it Displays Error Message : “Undefined
Symbol A“
3.7 STRING BASICS
● Strings in C are represented by arrays of characters.
● String is nothing but the collection of the individual array
elements or characters stored at contiguous memory
locations
i) Character array – 'P','P','S'
ii) Double quotes - “PPS" is a example of String.
− If string contains the double quote as part of string
then we can use escape character to keep double
quote as a part of string.
− “PP\S" is a example of String
iii) Null Character
− The end of the string is marked with a special character, the null character,
which is a character all of whose bits are zero i.e., a NULL.
− String always Terminated with NULL Character (‘/0ʹ)
char name[10] = {'P','P','S','\0'}
● NULL Character is having ASCII value 0
● ASCII Value of '\0' = 0
● As String is nothing but an array , so it is Possible to Access
Individual Character
name[10] = "PPS";
− It is possible to access individual character
name[0] = 'P';
name[1] = 'P';
name[2] = 'S';
name[3] = '\0';
iv) MEMORY
Each Character Occupy 1 byte of Memory
Size of "PPS" = Size of 'P' +
= Size of 'P' +
= Size of 'S'
; Size of "PPS” is 3 BYTES
Each Character is stored in consecutive memory
location.
Address of 'P' =
2000 Address of 'P'
= 2001 Address of
'S' = 2002
8. STRING DECLARATION AND INITIALIZATION
● 3.8.1 String Declaration:
− String data type is not supported in C Programming. String
means Collection of Characters to form particular word. String
is useful whenever we accept name of the person, Address of
the person, some descriptive information. We cannot declare
string using String Data Type, instead of we use array of type
character to create String.
− Character Array is Called as ‘String’.
− Character Array is Declared Before Using it in Program.

char String_Variable_name [ SIZE ] ;

Eg: char city[30];
Point Explanation

Significance - We have declared array of character[i.e

String]
Size of string - 30 Bytes

Bound checking - C Does not Support Bound Checking i.e if we store City
with size greater than 30 then C will not give you any
error
Data type - char

Maximum size - 30
Precautions to be taken while declaring Character Variable :
● String / Character Array Variable name should be legal C Identifier.
● String Variable must have Size specified.
− char city[];
● Above Statement will cause compile time error.
− Do not use String as data type because String data type
is included in later languages such as C++ / Java. C does
not support String data type
− String city;
● When you are using string for other purpose than accepting and
printing data then you must include following header file in your
code –
− #include<string.h>
2. Initializing String [Character Array] :
● Whenever we declare a String then it will contain
garbage values inside it. We have to initialize String or
Character array before using it. Process of Assigning
some legal default data to String is Called Initialization of
String. There are different ways of initializing String in C
Programming –
1)Initializing Unsized Array of Character
2)Initializing String Directly
3)Initializing String Using Character Pointer
Way 1 : Unsized Array and Character
● Unsized Array : Array Length is not specified
while initializing character array using this approach
● Array length is Automatically calculated by Compiler
● Individual Characters are written inside Single Quotes ,
Separated by comma to form a list of characters.
Complete list is wrapped inside Pair of Curly braces
● NULL Character should be written in the list because it is
ending or terminating character in the String/Character
Array
● char name [] = {'P','P','S','\0'};
Way 2 : Directly initialize String Variable
● In this method we are directly assigning String to
variable by writing text in double quotes.
● In this type of initialization , we don’t need to put NULL
or Ending / Terminating character at the end of string. It
is appended automatically by the compiler.
● char name [ ] = "PPS";
Way 3 : Character Pointer Variable
● Declare Character variable of pointer type so that it can
hold the base address of “String”
● Base address means address of first array
element i.e (address of name[0] )
● NULL Character is appended Automatically
● char *name = "PPS";
9. STRING FUNCTIONS
− − Strcmp()
− gets()
− puts() − Sprintf()

− Getchar() − Sscanf()

− Putchar() − Strrev()

− Printf() − Strcpy()

− Atoi() − Strstr()

− Strlen() − strtok()

− Strcat ()
3.9.1 GETS():
Syntax for Accepting String :
char * gets ( char * str );
OR gets(
<variable-name> )
Example :
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char name[20];
printf("\nEnter the Name :
"); gets(name); }
Output:
Explanation :
❑ Whenever gets() statement encounters then characters entered by user
(the string with spaces) will be copied into the variable.
❑ If user start accepting characters , and if new line character appears
then the newline character will not be copied into the string variable(i.e
name).

❑ A terminating null character is automatically appended after the

characters copied to string vriable (i.e name)
❑ gets() uses stdin (Standered Input Output) as source, but it does not
include the ending newline character in the resulting string and does
not allow to specify a maximum size for string variable (which can lead
to buffer overflows).
 B. Spaces are allowed in gets() :
Some Rules and Facts :
gets(name);
A. %s is not Required :
Whenever the above line encounters then
Like scanf statement %s is
interrupt will wait for user to enter some
not necessary while accepting
text on the screen. When user starts typing
string. scanf("%s",name); the characters then all characters will be
and here is gets() syntax which is copied to string and when user enters

simpler than scanf() – newline character then process of

accepting string will be stopped.
gets(name);
Sample Input Accepted by Above Statement :
● Value Accepted : Problem solving\n

● Value Stored : Problem solving (\n

Neglected)
2. PUTS():
Way 1 :Messaging
● puts(" Type your Message / Instruction ");
● Like Printf Statement puts() can be used to display message.
Way 2 : Display String
● puts(string_Variable_name) ;
Notes or Facts :
● puts is included in header file “stdio.h”
● As name suggest it used for Printing or Displaying Messages
or Instructions.
Example :
#include< stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
void main()
{
char string[] = "This is an example
string\n";
puts(string); // String is variable Here
puts("String"); // String is in Double Quotes
getch();
}
Output :
String is : This is an example
string String is : String
3.9.3 GETCHAR():
● Getchar() function is also one of the function which is used to
accept the single character from the user.
● The characters accepted by getchar() are buffered until
RETURN is hit means getchar() does not see the characters
until the user presses return. (i.e Enter Key)

Syntax for Accepting String and Working :

/* getchar accepts character & stores in ch */
char ch = getchar();
● When control is on above line then getchar() function will accept
the single character. After accepting character control remains on
the same line. When user presses the enter key then getchar()
function will read the character and that character is assigned to
the variable ‘ch’.
ParameterExplanation

Header File - stdio.h

Return - int (ASCII Value of the
Type character)
Parameter - Void
Use - Accepting the Character
Example 1 :
In the following example weare just accepting
the single character and printing it on the console –
main()
{
char ch;
ch = getchar();
printf("Accepted Character : %c",ch);
}
Output :
Accepted Character : A
Example 2 : Accepting String (Use One of the Loop)
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i = 0;
char name[20];
printf("\nEnter the Name : ");
while((name[i] = getchar())!='\n')
i++ ;/*while loop will accept the one character at a time and check
it with newline character. Whenever user enters newline character
then control comes out of the loop.*/
getch(); }
3.9.4 PUTCHAR():
Displaying String in C Programming
Syntax :
int putchar(int c);
Way 1 : Taking Character as
Parameter putchar('a') ; // Displays :
a
● Individual Character is Given as parameter to this

function.
● We have to explicitly mention Character.
Way 2 : Taking Variable as Parameter
putchar(a);
// Display Character Stored in a
❑ Input Parameter is Variable of Type “Character”.

❑ This type of putchar() displays character stored in variable.

Way3:Displaying Particular Character from Array

putchar(a[0]) ;
// Display a[0] th element from array
❑ Character Array or String consists of collection of characters.

❑ Like accessing individual array element , characters can

be displayed one by one using putchar().
Example:
#include< stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
int main()
{
char string[] = "C
programming\n"; int i=0;
while(string[i]!='\0')
{
putchar(string[i])
; i++;
}
return 0;
}
Output:
C programming
3.9.5 PRINTF():

Syntax :
Way 1 : Messaging
printf (" Type your Message / Instruction " ) ;
Way 2 : Display String
printf ("Name of Person is %s ", name ) ;
Notes or Facts :
printf is included in header file “stdio.h”
As name suggest it used for Printing or Displaying Messages or
Instructions Uses :
● Printing Message

● Ask user for entering the data ( Labels . Instructions )

● Printing Results
3.10.1 ATOI
Atoi = A to I = Alphabet to Integer
FUNCTION:
●

● Convert String of number into Integer

Syntax:
num = atoi(String);
num - Integer Variable
String- String of Numbers

Example :
char a[10] = "100";
int value = atoi(a);
printf("Value = %d\n",
value); return 0;
Output :
Value : 100
Significance :
● Can Convert any String of Number into Integer Value that can Perform

the arithmetic Operations like integer

● Header File : stdlib.h

Ways of Using Atoi Function :

Way 1 : Passing Variable in Atoi Function
int num;
char marks[3] = "98";
num = atoi(marks);
printf("\nMarks : %d",num);

Way 2 : Passing Direct String in Atoi

Function int num;
num = atoi("98");
printf("\nMarks : %d",num);
OTHER INBUILT TYPECAST FUNCTIONS IN C PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE:

❑ Typecasting functions in C language performs data

type conversion from one type to another.
❑ Click on each function name below for description and example
programs.

● atof() Converts string to float

● atoi() Converts string to int
● atol() Converts string to long
● itoa() Converts int to string
● ltoa() Converts long to string
3.10.2 STRLEN FUNCTION:

● Finding length of string

Point Explanation

No of - 1
Parameters - Character Array Or String
Parameter Taken - Integer
Return Type - Compute the Length of the String
Description - string.h
Header file
Different Ways of Using strlen() :
● There are different ways of using strlen function. We can pass

different parameters to strlen() function.

Way 1 : Taking String Variable as Parameter

char str[20];
int length ;
printf("\nEnter the String :
"); gets(str);
length = strlen(str);
printf("\nLength of String : %d ",
length); Output:
Enter the String :
hello Length of String
:5
Way 2 : Taking String Variable which is Already Initialized using
Pointer char *str = "priteshtaral";
int length ;
length = strlen(str);
printf("\nLength of String : %d ", length);

Way 3 : Taking Direct

String int length ;
length = strlen("pritesh");
printf("\nLength of String :
%d",length);

Way 4 : Writing Function in printf

Statement char *str = "pritesh";
printf("\nLength of String : %d", strlen(str));
3. STRCAT FUNCTION:
What strcat Actually does ?
●Function takes 2 Strings / Character Array as
Parameter
● Appends second string at the end of First String.
Parameter Taken - 2 Character Arrays / Strings
Return Type - Character Array / String

Syntax :
char* strlen ( char * s1, char * s2);
Ways of Using Strcat Function :
Way 1 : Taking String Variable as Parameter
char str1[20] = “Don” , str2[20] =
“Bosqo”; strcat(str1,str2);
puts(str1);

Way 2 : Taking String Variable which is Already Initialized using

Pointer
char *str1 = “Ind”,*str2 = “ia”;
strcat(str1,str2);// Result stored in str1 puts(str1); // Result :
India

Way 3 : Writing Function in printf

Statement printf(“nString: “,
strcat(“Ind”,”ia”));
4. STRCMP FUNCTION:
What strcmp Actually Does ?
● Function takes two Strings as parameter.

● It returns integer .

Syntax :
int strcmp ( char *s1, char *s2 ) ;

Return Condition
Type - String1 < String2
-ve Value - String1 > String2
+ve Value - String1 = String2
0 Value
Example 1 : Two strings are Equal
char s1[10] = "SAM",s2[10]="SAM"
;
int len;
len = strcmp
(s1,s2); Output
0
/*So the output willbe 0. if u want to print the string
then give condition like*/
char s1[10] = "SAM",s2[10]="SAM" ;
int len;
len = strcmp
(s1,s2); if (len == 0)
printf ("Two Strings are Equal");
Output:
Example 2 : String1 is Greater than String2

char s1[10] = "SAM",s2[10]="sam"

; int len;
len = strcmp (s1,s2);
printf ("%d",len); //-ve value
Output:
-32

Reason :
ASCII value of “SAM” is smaller than
“sam”
ASCII value of ‘S’ is smaller than ‘s’
Example 3 : String1 is Smaller than String1

char s1[10] = "sam",s2[10]="SAM"

; int len;
len = strcmp (s1,s2);
printf ("%d",len); //+ve value
Output:
85

Reason :
ASCII value of “SAM” is greater than
“sam”
ASCII value of ‘S’ is greater than ‘s’
1. SPRINTF FUNCTION:
● sends formatted output to String.

Features :
● Output is Written into String insteadof Displaying it
on the Output Devices.
● Return value is integer ( i.e Number of characters actually placed

in array / length of string ).

● String is terminated by ‘\0’.

● Main Per pose : Sending Formatted output to String.

● Header File : Stdio.h

Syntax :
int sprintf(char *buf,char format,arg_list);
Example :
int age = 23 ;
char str[100];
sprintf( str , "My age is
%d",age); puts(str);
Output:
My age is 23
Analysis of Source Code: Just keep in mind that
❑ Assume that we are using printf then we get output “My age is
23”
❑ What does printf does ? —– Just Print the Result on the Screen
❑ Similarly Sprintf stores result “My age is 23” into string str instead

of printing it.
3.11.2 SSCANF FUNCTION:
Syntax :
int sscanf(const char *buffer, const char *format[, address, ...]);

What it actually does ?

● Data is read from array Pointed to by buffer rather than stdin.
● Return Type is Integer
● Return value is nothing but number of fields that were actually
assigned a value
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
char buffer[30]="Fresh2refresh 5
"; char name [20];
int age;
sscanf (buffer,"%s %d",name,&age);
printf ("Name : %s \n Age : %d
\n",name,age); return 0;
}
Output:
Name : Fresh2refresh Age : 5
3. STRSTR FUNCTION:
● Finds first occurrence of sub-string in other string
Features :
● Finds the first occurrence of a sub string in another string
● Main Purpose : Finding Substring
● Header File : String.h
● Checks whether s2 is present in s1 or not
● On success, strstr returns a pointer to the element in s1 where

s2 begins (points to s2 in s1).

 Syntax :
char *strstr(const char *s1, const char
*s2);
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main ()
{
char string[55] ="This is a test
string; char *p;
p = strstr
(string,"test"); if(p)
{
printf("string found\n");
printf("First string \"test\" in \"%s\" to "\" \"%s \"" ,string,
p);
}
else
printf("string not found\n"
); return 0;
}

Output:
string found
First string “test” in “This is a test string” to “test string”.
Example 2
Parameters as String initialized using Pointers
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str1 = "c4learn.blogspot.com", *str2 = "spot",
*ptr; ptr = strstr(str1, str2);
printf("The substring is: %sn",
ptr); return 0;
}
Output:
The substring is: spot.com
Example 3
Passing Direct Strings

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char *ptr;
ptr =
strstr("c4learn.blogspot.com","spot");
printf("The substring is: %sn", ptr);
}

Output:
The substring is: spot.com
3.11.4 STRREV():
● reverses a given string in C language. Syntax for strrev( ) function is
given below.
char *strrev(char *string);
● strrev() function is nonstandard function which may not available in

standard library in C.
Algorithm to Reverse String in C :
Start
Take 2 Subscript Variables ‘i’,’j’
‘j’ is Positioned on Last Character
‘i’ is positioned on first character
str[i] is interchanged with str[j]
Increment ‘i’
Decrement ‘j’
If ‘i’ > ‘j’ then goto step 3
Stop
Example
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char name[30] = "Hello";
printf("String before strrev() :%s\n",name);
printf("String after strrev(%s",
strrev(name)); return 0;
}
Output:
String before strrev() :
Hello String after strrev() :
olleH
5. STRCPY FUNCTION:
Copy second string into First

What strcmp Actually Does ?

❑ Function takes two Strings as parameter.

❑ Header File : String.h.

❑ It returns string.

❑ Purpose : Copies String2 into String1.

❑ Original contents of String1 will be lost.

❑ Original contents of String2 will remains as it is.

Syntax :
char * strcpy ( char *string1, char *string2 )
;
● strcpy ( str1, str2) – It copies contents of str2 into str1.
● strcpy ( str2, str1) – It copies contents of str1 into str2.
● If destination string length is less than source string,

entire source string value won’t be copied into destination

string.

● For example, consider destination string length is 20 and source

string length is 30. Then, only 20 characters from source string

will be copied into destination string and remaining

10
Example 1
char s1[10] = "SAM" ;
char s2[10] = "MIKE" ;
strcpy (s1,s2);
puts (s1) ; // Prints : MIKE
puts (s2) ; // Prints : MIKE
Output:

MIKE

MIKE
Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
#include
<string.h> int
{main( )
char source[ ] = "hihello" ;
char target[20]= "" ;
printf ( "\nsource string = %s", source )
; printf ( "\ntarget string = %s", target )
; strcpy ( target, source ) ;
printf("target string after strcpy()=%s",target)
; return 0; }
Output
source string = hihello
target string =
target string after strcpy( ) = hihello
6. STRTOK FUNCTION
● tokenizes/parses the given string using delimiter.
Syntax
char * strtok ( char * str, const char * delimiters );
For example, we have a comma separated list of items from a file
and we want individual items in an array.

● Splits str[] according to given delimiters and returns next token.

● It needs to be called in a loop to get all tokens.
● It returns NULL when there are no more tokens.
Example
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()

{
char str[] = "Problem_Solving_in_c";//Returns first token
char* token = strtok(str, "_");//Keep printing tokens while
one of the delimiters present in
str[]. while (token != NULL) {

printf("%s\n", token);
token = strtok(NULL,
"_");
}return 0;
}
Output:

Problem
Solving
in
C
12. ARITHMETIC CHARACTERS ON STRING
● C Programming Allows you to Manipulate on String
● Whenever the Character is variable is used in the expression
then it is automatically Converted into Integer Value called
ASCII value.
● All Characters can be
with that
Manipulated Integer
Value.(Addition,Subtraction)

Examples :
ASCII value of : ‘a’ is 97
Possible Ways of Manipulation
:Way 1:Displays ASCII value[ Note that %d in Printf]
char x = 'a';
printf("%d",x); // Display Result = 97
Way 2 :Displays Character value[Note that %c in
Printf] char x = 'a';

printf("%c",x); // Display Result = a

Way 3 : Displays Next ASCII value[ Note that %d in Printf
] char x = 'a' + 1 ;

printf("%d",x); //Display Result = 98 (ascii of 'b' )

Way 4 Displays Next Character value[Note that %c in Printf ]
char x = 'a' + 1;
printf("%c",x); // Display Result = 'b‘

Way 5 : Displays Difference between 2 ASCII in Integer[Note %d in Printf

] char x = 'z' - 'a';

printf("%d",x);/*Display Result = 25 (difference between ASCII of z and a )

*/

Way 6 : Displays Difference between 2 ASCII in Char [Note that %c in Printf ]

char x = 'z' - 'a';
printf("%c",x);/*Display Result =( difference between ASCII of z and a ) */
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13. FUNCTION DECLARATION AND DEFINITION:

❑A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C
program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial
programs can define additional functions.
❑You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your
code among different functions is up to you, but logically the division is such
that each function performs a specific task.
❑A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type,
and parameters. A function definition provides the actual body of the function.
❑The C standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program
can call. For example, strcat() to concatenate two strings, memcpy() to copy
one memory location to another location, and many more functions.
❑ A function can also be referred as a method or a sub-routine or a procedure,
etc.
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3.13.1 Defining a function
The general form of a function definition in C programming
language
is as follows −
return_type function_name( parameter list )
{
body of the function
}
A function definition in C programming consists of a function header and a function
body. Here are all the parts of a function −

Return Type − A function may return a value. The return_type is the data type
of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired
operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the
keyword void.
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Function Name − This is the actual name of the function. The function
name and the parameter list together constitute the function
signature.

Parameters − A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is

invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to
as actual parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the
type, order, and number of the parameters of a function. Parameters
are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters.

Function Body − The function body contains a collection of

statements that define what the function does
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{
display(); We have written functions in
} the above specified sequence ,
void mumbai() however functions are called in
{ which order we call them.
printf("In mumbai");
}
void pune()
{ Here functions are called this
india(); sequence –
} main()
void display() display()
{ pune()
pune(); india()
} mumbai().
void india()
{
mumbai();
}
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Why Funtion is used???

Advantages of Writing Function in C Programming

1. Modular and Structural Programming can be done

❑ We can divide c program in smaller modules.
❑We can call module whenever require. e.g suppose we have written calculator
program then we can write 4 modules (i.e add,sub,multiply,divide)
❑ Modular programming makes C program more readable.
❑ Modules once created , can be re-used in other programs.

2. It follows Top-Down Execution approach , So main can be kept very small.

❑ Every C program starts from main function.
❑ Every function is called directly or indirectly through main
❑ Example : Top down approach. (functions are executed from top to bottom)
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3. Individual functions can be easily built,tested

❑ As we have developed C application in modules we can test each and every
module.
❑ Unit testing is possible.
❑ Writing code in function will enhance application development process.
3. Program development become easy
4. Frequently used functions can be put together in the customized library
❑ We can put frequently used functions in our custom header file.
❑After creating header file we can re use header file. We can include header file in
other program.
5. A function can call other functions & also itself
❑ Function can call other function.
❑ Function can call itself , which is called as “recursive” function.
❑ Recursive functions are also useful in order to write system functions.
6. It is easier to understand the Program topic
❑ We can get overall idea of the project just by reviewing function names.
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R
How Function works in C Programming?
❑ C programming is modular programming language.
❑We must divide C program in the different modules in order to create
more readable, eye catching ,effective, optimized code.
❑ In this article we are going to see how function is C programming works
?
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Explanation : How function works in C Programming ?
❑ Firstly Operating System will call our main function.
❑ When control comes inside main function , execution of main starts (i.e
execution of C program starts)
❑ Consider Line 4 :
num = square(4);
❑ We have called a function square(4). [ See : How to call a function ? ].
❑ We have passed “4” as parameter to function.
Note : Calling a function halts execution of the current function , it will execute
called function
❑ after execution control returned back to the calling function.
❑ Function will return 16 to the calling function.(i.e. main)
❑ Returned value will be copied into variable.
❑ printf will gets executed.
❑ main function ends.
❑ C program terminates.
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FUNCTION PROTOTYPE DECLARATION IN C PROGRAMMING
❑Function prototype declaration is necessary in order to provide information
the compiler about function, about return type, parameter list and function
name etc.
Important Points :
❑Our program starts from main function. Each and every function is called
directly or indirectly through main function
❑ Like variable we also need to declare function before using it in program.
❑ In C, declaration of function is called as prototype declaration
❑ Function declaration is also called as function prototype
Points to remember
❑ Below are some of the important notable things related to prototype
declaration –
❑It tells name of function,return type of function and argument list related
information to the compiler
❑ Prototype declaration always ends with semicolon.
❑ Parameter list is optional.
❑ Default return type is integer.
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Syntax
return_type function_name ( type arg1, type arg2...... );

prototype declaration comprised of three parts i.e name of the

function,return type and parameter list
Examples of prototype declaration
❑Function with two integer arguments and integer as return type is represented

using syntax int sum(int,int);

❑ Function with integer argument and integer as return type is represented using
syntax int square(int);
❑In the below example we have written function with no argument and no return
type void display(void);
❑In below example we have delclared function with no argument and integer as

return type int getValue(void);

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Positioning function declaration
❑If function definition is written after main then and then only we write
prototype declaration in global declaration section
❑If function definition is written above the main function then ,no need
to write prototype declaration

Case 1 : Function definition written before main

#include<stdio.h>
void displayMessage()
{
printf(“welcome");
}
void main()
{
displayMessage();
}
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Case 2 : Function definition written after
main #include<stdio.h> //Prototype
Declaration void displayMessage();
void main()
{
displayMessage();
}
void displayMessage()
{
printf(“welcome");
}
Need of prototype declaration
❑Program Execution always starts from main , but during lexical analysis (1st
Phase of Compiler) token generation starts from left to right and from top to
bottom.
❑During code generation phase of compiler it may face issue of backward
reference.
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14. TYPES OF CALLING
❑While creating a C function, you give a definition of what the function

has to do. To use a function, you will have to call that function to

perform

the defined task.

❑When a program calls a function, the program control is transferred to
the called function. A called function performs a defined task and when
its

return statement is executed or when its function-ending closing brace is

reached, it returns the program control back to the main program.
❑To call a function, you simply need to pass the required parameters
along with the function name, and if the function returns a value, then
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#include <stdio.h>
/* function declaration */
int max(int num1, int num2);
int main ()
{ output
/* local variable definition */ Max value is : 200
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
int ret; /* calling a function to get max value
*/ ret = max(a, b);
printf( "Max value is : %d\n", ret );
return 0;
} /* function returning the max between two numbers */
int
{ max(int
/* localnum1, int declaration
variable num2)
*/ int result;
if (num1 > num2)
result = num1;
else
result = num2;
return result; }
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We have kept max() along with main() and compiled the source code. While
running the final executable, it would produce the following result −
Max value is : 200

❑If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that accept the
values of the arguments. These variables are called the formal
parameters of the function.
❑Formal parameters behave like other local variables inside the function
and are created upon entry into the function and destroyed upon exit.
❑ While calling a function, there are two ways in which arguments can be
passed to a function −
❑By default, C uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, it means
the code within a function cannot alter the arguments used to call the
function.
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Call Type & Description

1 Call by value This method copies the actual value of an argument into the
formal parameter of the function. In this case, changes made to the parameter
inside the function have no effect on the argument.
/* function definition to swap the values
*/ void swap (int x, int y)
{
int temp; temp = x;
/* save the value of x */
x = y; /* put y into x */
y = temp; /* put temp into y
*/ return; }

2 Call by reference This method copies the address of an argument into the
formal parameter. Inside the function, the address is used to access the actual
argument used in the call. This means that changes made to the parameter
affect the argument.
/* function definition to swap the values */
void swap (int *x, int *y)
{
int temp;
temp =
*x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
return; }
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1. CALL BY VALUE
❑While Passing Parameters using call by value , xerox copy of original parameter is
created and passed to the called function.
❑Any update made inside method will not affect the original value of variable in
calling function.
❑In the above example num1 and num2 are the original values and xerox copy of
these values is passed to the function and these values are copied into
number1,number2 variable of sum function respectively.
❑As their scope is limited to only function so they cannot alter the values inside
main function.
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#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int x, int y); /* function declaration
*/ int main ()
{
int a = 100; /* local variable definition */
int b = 200;
printf("Before swap, value of a : %d\n", a );
printf("Before swap, value of b : %d\n", b );/*calling a function to swap the values
*/ swap(a, b);
printf("After swap, value of a : %d\n", a );
printf("After swap, value of b : %d\n", b );
return 0;
}
Output:
Before swap, value of a :100
Before swap, value of b
:200 After swap, value of a
:100 After swap, value of b
:200
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2. CALL BY REFERENCE
❑The call by reference method of passing arguments to a function copies the
address of an argument into the formal parameter. Inside the function, the
address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. It means the
changes made to the parameter affect the passed argument.

❑ To pass a value by reference, argument pointers are passed to the functions

just like any other value. So accordingly you need to declare the function
parameters as pointer types as in the following which
function swap(), exchanges the values of the two integer their
variables pointed to, by
arguments.
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#include <stdio.h>
void swap(int *x, int *y); /* function declaration */
int main ()
{
int a = 100; /* local variable definition */
int b = 200;
printf("Before swap, value of a : %d\n", a );
printf("Before swap, value of b : %d\n", b ); /*calling a function to swap the values. * &a
indicates pointer to a ie. address of variable a and * &b indicates pointer to b ie. address of
variable b.*/
swap(&a, &b);
printf("After swap, value of a : %d\n", a );
printf("After swap, value of b : %d\n", b );
return 0;
}
output
Before swap, value of a :100
Before swap, value of b
:200 After swap, value of a
:200 After swap, value of b
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15. .1 FUNCTION WITH ARGUMENTS AND NO RETURN VALUE :

❑ Function accepts argument but it does not return a value back to the calling Program
.
❑ It is Single ( One-way) Type Communication
❑ Generally Output is printed in the Called function
Function declaration : void function();
Function call : function();
Function definition : void function() { statements; }

#include <stdio.h>
void checkPrimeAndDisplay(int n);
int main()
{
int n; printf("Enter a positive integer:
"); scanf("%d",&n);
// n is passed to the function checkPrimeAndDisplay(n);
return 0;
}
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// void indicates that no value is returned from the function
void checkPrimeAndDisplay(int n)
{
int i, flag = 0;
for(i=2; i <= n/2; ++i)
{
if(n%i == 0){
flag = 1;
break; }
}
if(flag == 1)
printf("%d is not a prime
number.",n); else
printf("%d is a prime number.", n);
}
OUTPUT
Enter a positive integer :
4 4 is not a prime
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3.15.2 FUNCTION WITH NO ARGUMENTS AND NO RETURN VALUE IN C
When a function has no arguments, it does not receive any data from the
calling function. Similarly when it does not return a value, the calling function
does not receive any data from the called function.

Syntax :
Function declaration : void function();
Function call : function();
Function definition : void function()
{
statements;
}
#include<stdio.h>
void area(); // Prototype Declaration
void main()
{
area();
}
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void area()
{
float area_circle;
float rad;
printf("\nEnter the radius : ");

scanf("%f",&rad);

area_circle = 3.14 * rad * rad ;

printf("Area of Circle =

%f",area_circle);

}
Output :
Enter the radius : 3
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3.16.1 FUNCTION WITHOUT ARGUMENTS AND RETURN VALUE

There could be occasions where we may need to design functions that may not take
any arguments but returns a value to the calling function. A example for this is getchar function
it has no parameters but it returns an integer an integer type data that represents a character.

Function declaration : int function();

Function call : function();
Function definition : int function() { statements; return x; }
#include<stdio.h>
int sum();
int main()
{
int addition;
addition = sum();
printf("\nSum of two given values = %d", addition);
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return 0;
}

int sum()
{
int a = 50, b = 80, sum;
sum = a + b;
return sum;
}

OUTPUT
Sum of two given values = 130
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3.16.2 FUNCTION WITH ARGUMENTS AND RETURN VALUE
Syntax :
Function declaration : int function ( int );
Function call : function( x );
Function definition: int function( int x ) { statements; return x; }
#include<stdio.h>
float calculate_area(int);
int main()
{
int radius;
float area;
printf("\nEnter the radius of the circle : ");
scanf("%d",&radius);
area = calculate_area(radius);
printf("\nArea of Circle : %f ",area);
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return(0);
}
float calculate_area(int radius)
{
float areaOfCircle;
areaOfCircle = 3.14 * radius * radius;
return(areaOfCircle);
}
Output:
Enter the radius of the circle :
2 Area of Circle : 12.56
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17. PASSING ARRAY TO FUNCTION IN C
Array Definition :
Array is collection of elements of similar data types .

Passing array to function :

Array can be passed to function by two ways :
❑ Pass Entire array
❑ Pass Array element by element

1 . Pass Entire array

❑ Here entire array can be passed as a argument to function .

❑ Function gets complete access to the original array .
❑While passing entire array Address of first element is passed to
function , any changes made inside function , directly affects
the Original value .
❑ Function Passing method : “Pass by Address“
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2 . Pass Array element by element:
❑ Here individual elements are passed to function as argument.
❑ Duplicate carbon copy of Original variable is passed to
function .
❑So any changes made inside function does not affects the
original value.
❑ Function doesn’t get complete access to the original array
element.
❑ Function passing method is “Pass by Value“.

Passing entire array to function :

❑ Parameter Passing Scheme : Pass by Reference
❑ Pass name of array as function parameter .
❑ Name contains the base address i.e ( Address of 0th element )
❑ Array values are updated in function .
❑ Values are reflected inside main function also.
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#include<stdio.h> CHENNAI.
#include<conio.h>
void fun(int arr[])

{
int i;
for(i=0;i< 5;i++)
arr[i] = arr[i] + 10;

}
void main()
{
int arr[5],i;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the array elements : ");
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for(i=0;i< 5;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
printf("\nPassing entire array
.....");

fun(arr); // Pass only name of array

for(i=0;i< 5;i++)
printf("\nAfter Function call a[%d] :
%d",i,arr[i]); getch();

}
output
Enter the array elements : 1 2 3 4 5
Passing entire array .....
After Function call a[0] : 11
After Function call a[1] : 12
After Function call a[2] : 13
After Function call a[3] : 14
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Passing Entire 1-D Array to Function in C Programming

❑ Array is passed to function Completely.
❑ Parameter Passing Method : Pass by
Reference
❑ It is Also Called “Pass by Address“
❑ Original Copy is Passed to Function
❑ Function Body Can Modify Original Value.
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Example : CHENNAI.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void modify(int b[3]);
void main()
{
int arr[3] = {1,2,3};
modify(arr);
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf("%d",arr[i]);
getch();
}
void modify(int a[3])
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
a[i] = a[i]*a[i];
}
Output :
149
Here “arr” is same as “a” because Base Address of Array “arr” is stored in Array
“a”
Alternate Way of Writing Function Header :
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Passing array element by element to function :
❑Individual element is passed to function using Pass By Value parameter
passing scheme
❑Original Array elements remains same as Actual Element is never Passed
to Function. thus function body cannot modify Original Value.
❑Suppose we have declared an array ‘arr[5]’ then its individual elements are
arr[0],arr[1]…arr[4]. Thus we need 5 function calls to pass complete array to a
function.

Tabular Explanation :
Consider following array
Element Passed
Iteration Value of Element
to Function

1 arr[0] 11
2 arr[1] 22
3 arr[2] 33
4 arr[3] 44
5 arr[4] 55
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C Program to Pass Array to Function Element by Element
:
#include< stdio.h>
#include< conio.h>
void fun(int num)
{
printf("\nElement : %d",num);
}
void main()
{
int arr[5],i;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the array elements : ");
for(i=0;i< 5;i++)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
printf("\nPassing array element by element.....");
for(i=0;i< 5;i++)
fun(arr[i]);
getch(); }
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Output : CHENNAI.
Enter the array elements : 1 2 3 4 5
Passing array element by
element..... Element : 1
Element : 2
Element : 3
Element : 4
Element : 5

DISADVANTAGE OF THIS SCHEME :

❑ This type of scheme in which we are calling the function again and again
but with different array element is too much time consuming. In this
scheme we need to call function by pushing the current status into
the system stack.

❑ It is better to pass complete array to the function so that we can save

some system time required for pushing and popping.
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18. RECURSION CONCEPT :
❑ Recursion is basic concept in Programming.
❑ When Function is defined in terms of itself then it is called as
“Recursion Function“.
❑ Recursive function is a function which contains a call to
itself.

int factorial(int n)
{
if(n==0)
return(1);
else
return( n * factorial(n-1));
}
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Example: CHENNAI.
#include <stdio.h>
int sum(int n);
int main()
{
int number, result;
printf("Enter a positive integer: ");
scanf("%d", &number);
result = sum(number);
printf("sum=%d", result);
}
int sum(int num)
{
if (num!=0)
return num + sum(num-1); // sum() function calls itself
else
return num;
}
Output
Enter a positive integer: 3 6
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Warning of using recursive function in C Programming :

❑Recursive function must have at least one terminating condition that can
be satisfied.
❑Otherwise, the recursive function will call itself repeatably until the run

time stack overflows.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Recursion
❑ Recursion makes program elegant and cleaner. All algorithms
can
be defined recursively which makes it easier to visualize and prove.
❑If the speed of the program is vital then, you should avoid using
recursion. Recursions use more memory and are generally slow.
Instead, you can use loop.
Thank you