1.

classify the basic model of communication system with neat diagram

Ah, a classic question about the fundamentals of communication! Let's break down the
basic model of a communication system.

The basic model of any communication system can be broadly classified into five
essential components:

1. Information Source: This is where the message or data originates. It could be a

person speaking, a computer generating data, a sensor measuring a physical
quantity, or anything that produces information to be communicated.
2. Transmitter: The transmitter takes the message from the information source
and converts it into a suitable form for transmission over a communication
channel. This process is called modulation. For example, in radio broadcasting,
the transmitter converts audio signals into electromagnetic waves.
3. Communication Channel: This is the physical medium through which the
modulated signal travels from the transmitter to the receiver. Examples include
wires (for wired communication), air or vacuum (for wireless communication like
radio and satellite), and optical fibers (for optical communication). The channel
can introduce noise and distortion to the signal during transmission.
4. Receiver: The receiver accepts the transmitted signal from the communication
channel and converts it back into a form understandable by the destination. This
process is called demodulation, which is essentially the reverse of the
modulation done at the transmitter. The receiver also often includes circuits to
filter out noise and recover the original message.
5. Destination: This is where the received message is ultimately used. It could be a
person listening to a radio broadcast, a computer processing received data, a
display showing an image, or any entity that utilizes the communicated
information.

Here's a neat diagram illustrating this basic model:

+---------------------+ +-------------+ +-----------------

----+ +-------------+ +---------------------+
| Information Source |----->| Transmitter |----->| Communication
Channel |----->| Receiver |----->| Destination |
+---------------------+ +-------------+ +-----------------
----+ +-------------+ +---------------------+
2 "Justify 'Phase and Frequency modulation are equivalent and
interchangeable'"

• Phase Modulation (PM): In PM, the phase of the carrier signal

is varied proportionally to the instantaneous value of the
modulating signal.
• Frequency Modulation (FM): In FM, the frequency of the carrier
signal is varied proportionally to the instantaneous value of
the modulating signal.

Relationship between PM and FM:

• In FM, the derivative of the message signal controls the

phase.
• In PM, the integral of the message signal controls the
frequency.

Mathematically:

• In FM:

Frequency deviation∝Message signal m(t)\text{Frequency deviation} \propto

\text{Message signal} \, m(t)Frequency deviation∝Message signalm(t)

Therefore, the instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral

of m(t)m(t)m(t).

• In PM:

Phase deviation∝m(t)\text{Phase deviation} \propto m(t)Phase deviation∝m(t)

Therefore, the instantaneous frequency is proportional to the

derivative of m(t)m(t)m(t).

Conclusion:

• FM can be obtained from PM by integrating the message signal

before modulation.
• PM can be obtained from FM by differentiating the message
signal before modulation.
 • Thus, Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation are equivalent
and interchangeable, just involving integration or
differentiation of the message signal.

3 "Describe Frequency Division Multiplexing scheme with neat block

diagram and waveform."

Definition:
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a technique in which
multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously over the same
communication channel by allocating a different frequency band to
each signal.

Each signal is modulated with a different carrier frequency, and all

modulated signals are combined for transmission.

Block Diagram of FDM:

At the receiver side, a demultiplexer and demodulators separate each

signal based on its frequency band.
Waveform Representation:

Imagine the frequency spectrum:

• Channel 1 occupies f1f_1f1

• Channel 2 occupies f2f_2f2
• Channel 3 occupies f3f_3f3, and so on.

The overall bandwidth is divided into non-overlapping frequency

bands to avoid interference, often with a small guard band between
channels.

Important Points:

• Each signal must be modulated on a different carrier

frequency.
• Guard bands are used to avoid overlapping (interference).
• Commonly used in radio broadcasting, cable television, and
telephony systems.

4 "Explain the Delta modulation with neat block diagram and

waveform. Describe the noise present in the Delta modulation."

Definition:
Delta Modulation is a simple form of analog-to-digital signal
conversion where only the difference between successive samples is
transmitted. Instead of sending full amplitude values, it sends
single-bit data indicating up or down movement.

Working Principle:

• DM tracks the input signal with a staircase approximation.

• If the input signal rises, a positive step is transmitted.
• If the input signal falls, a negative step is transmitted.

Waveform Representation:

• The input analog signal is a smooth curve.

• The DM output is a staircase-like signal following the input.

(If you want, I can draw you a nice step-by-step waveform too! )
Noise in Delta Modulation:

There are two main types of errors (noise) in DM:

1. Slope Overload Distortion:

a. Occurs when the input signal changes faster than the step
size.
b. The DM cannot follow rapid changes properly, causing
distortion.
2. Granular Noise:
a. Occurs when the input signal is relatively flat.
b. The step size becomes too large for small variations,
causing small oscillations (granularity) around the
signal.

How to Reduce Noise:

• Use Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM) where step size varies

according to the rate of change of the signal.
• Increase the sampling rate or adjust step size carefully.

5 A signal m(t)m(t)m(t) of bandwidth B=3.4 kHzB = 3.4 \,

\text{kHz}B=3.4kHz is transmitted using a binary companded PCM with
μ=100\mu = 100μ=100. Examine the case of L=128L = 128L=128 with the
case of L=512L = 512L=512 from the point of view of transmission
bandwidth and the output SNR.

Given:

• Bandwidth, B=3.4 kHzB = 3.4 \, \text{kHz}B=3.4kHz

• Binary Companded PCM
• μ=100\mu = 100μ=100
• Levels L=128L = 128L=128 and L=512L = 512L=512
Step 1: Find Number of Bits per Sample (nnn)

The number of bits needed:

n=log⁡2Ln = \log_2 Ln=log2 L

• For L=128L = 128L=128:

n=log⁡2128=7 bitsn = \log_2 128 = 7 \, \text{bits}n=log2 128=7bits

• For L=512L = 512L=512:

n=log⁡2512=9 bitsn = \log_2 512 = 9 \, \text{bits}n=log2 512=9bits

Step 2: Find Sampling Rate (fsf_sfs )

According to Nyquist theorem:

fs≥2Bf_s \geq 2Bfs ≥2B

Thus:

fs=2×3.4 kHz=6.8 kHzf_s = 2 \times 3.4 \, \text{kHz} = 6.8 \, \text{kHz}fs

=2×3.4kHz=6.8kHz

(Usually, it is slightly more in practice, but we'll stick to

theoretical 6.8 kHz.)

Step 3: Find Transmission Bit Rate (RbR_bRb )

Rb=n×fsR_b = n \times f_sRb =n×fs

• For n=7n = 7n=7 bits (L=128):

Rb=7×6.8×103=47.6 kbpsR_b = 7 \times 6.8 \times 10^3 = 47.6 \, \text{kbps}Rb

=7×6.8×103=47.6kbps

• For n=9n = 9n=9 bits (L=512):

Rb=9×6.8×103=61.2 kbpsR_b = 9 \times 6.8 \times 10^3 = 61.2 \, \text{kbps}Rb

=9×6.8×103=61.2kbps
Step 4: Find Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

For uniform PCM, output SNR is approximately:

SNRdB≈6.02×n+1.76 dB\text{SNR}_{\text{dB}} \approx 6.02 \times n + 1.76 \,

\text{dB}SNRdB ≈6.02×n+1.76dB

Since this is companded PCM (non-linear PCM like μ\muμ-law), SNR

improves for low-level signals, but we'll still use the formula for
estimation.

• For n=7n = 7n=7 bits:

SNRdB=6.02×7+1.76=43.9 dB\text{SNR}_{\text{dB}} = 6.02 \times 7 + 1.76 = 43.9 \,

\text{dB}SNRdB =6.02×7+1.76=43.9dB

• For n=9n = 9n=9 bits:

SNRdB=6.02×9+1.76=55.94 dB\text{SNR}_{\text{dB}} = 6.02 \times 9 + 1.76 = 55.94

\, \text{dB}SNRdB =6.02×9+1.76=55.94dB

Conclusion:

• Increasing LLL increases the number of bits per sample.

• Thus, transmission bandwidth (bit rate) increases.
• Output SNR also improves with a larger number of quantization
levels.

6 Describe Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) and justify any

three properties of CDF.

The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of a random variable XXX

is defined as the probability that XXX takes a value less than or
equal to xxx.
 • It gives the total probability accumulated up to a value xxx.
• It is used for both discrete and continuous random variables.

Three Important Properties of CDF:

• Justification:
Since probability cannot decrease when moving to a higher
value, the cumulative probability must stay the same or
increase.

• Justification:
o Before the random variable starts (very small xxx),
probability is almost 0.
o After covering all possible values (very large xxx), the
total probability becomes 1.

3. Right-Continuous Function

• CDF is continuous from the right at every point.

 • Justification:
The probability of sudden jumps can occur (especially for
discrete random variables), but the value from the right must
match exactly at that point.

7 Each letter of ENGINEER is written on a separate card. The cards

are shuffled, and four are drawn in succession without replacement.
Determine the probability of getting result ENGE.

The word ENGINEER has 8 letters:

E, N, G, I, N, E, E, R

Notice:

• 'E' appears 3 times.

• 'N' appears 2 times.
• 'G', 'I', and 'R' appear once each.
We are asked about drawing four specific letters in the order E → N
→ G → E.

Since there are repeated letters (especially E), we must be careful.

8 An urn contains 5 White and 3 Black balls. Three balls are drawn successively without
replacement. Determine the probability that the first two balls are White and the third is
Black.

Given:

• White balls = 5
• Black balls = 3
• Total balls = 8
9 Justify "Hilbert transform can be used as phase shifter."

Hilbert Transform as a Phase Shifter:

The Hilbert transform of a real signal shifts the phase of all its frequency components
by ±90 degrees without changing their amplitude.

Hence, the Hilbert transform acts as a frequency-independent phase shifter,

making it very useful in signal processing applications like forming the analytic signal,
modulation schemes (like SSB modulation), and phase manipulation tasks.

Summary:

Amplitude remains unchanged

Phase shifts ±90°
Works across all frequencies

Thus, Hilbert Transform can effectively be used as a phase shifter.

10 Explain Ring modulator with neat circuit diagram and waveform.

Circuit Diagram of Ring Modulator:

The circuit consists of:

• Four diodes arranged in a ring

• Two transformers (one for input signal and one for carrier signal)
• Carrier input connected through a center-tapped transformer
• Modulating input connected through another transformer

Working Principle:

• The carrier signal periodically switches the polarity of the modulating signal
through the diodes.
• This results in multiplication of the two signals.
• Output contains only the sum and difference frequencies of carrier and
message (modulating) signal, without the original carrier.
• Thus, the carrier suppression happens naturally.

Waveforms:

• Input Modulating Signal (m(t)): A low-frequency signal (e.g., audio)

• Carrier Signal (c(t)): A high-frequency sine wave

Advantages:

• Simple design
• Efficient carrier suppression
• Useful for DSB-SC generation in communication systems