Structure of

atom

According to John Dolton An atom is a

Smallest particle of an element which cannot
be divided further. But, It has a complex
Structure and it is composed of still smaller
fundamental particles called Electron, protons
& Neutrons.
Constituents of an Atom
They consists of 3 fundamental particles
Called Electrons, Protons and Neutrons.
Discovery of Cathode Rays/Electrons by J
J Thomson
Thomson of argued that the electron from
their & of deflection amount path depends on
1. Magnitude of charge on the electron.
2. Mass of the electron
3. Strength of electric and magnetic field
1. Magnitude of charge on electron
Greater the magnitude of charge on
electron. Greater is the interaction with
electric and magnetic failed. Hence Greater
the deflection
2. mass of the electron
Lighter the particle Greater the deflection
3.Strength of electric and magnetic field
Deflection of electrons from their path
increases worth if increased the strength of
electric and magnetic field
Thomson used different discharge tubes.
Fitted with electrodes of different metals. He
used different gasses in the discharge tube.
Bub every time he found the ratio of charge
by mass of the electron was same.
The Valve is
Charge/mass= e/me = 1.76×10³c/g.
Where and e is charge me is the mass on
electron in Coulomb of electron in grain.
Ratio of Charge by mass of electron
In 1897 J.J Thomson measured the radio of
charge on electron [e] to the mass of the
electron [me] by using Cathode ray tube and
Applying electric and magnetic fields
perpendicular to each other.
 1. When only electric field is applied the
electrons are deflected towards point A
2. When only magnetic field is applied
the electrons are deflected towards point
C
3. By Carefully balancing the electric and
magnetic field the electrons are allowed to
hit the screen at B.
That is the point way the electrons are
allowed to hit the screen in the absence of
electric and magnetic field.
e/m e = 1.6*10-¹⁹/ 9.58 * 10⁴
= 0.167 * 10 -²³g = 1.67 * 10 ^ -²⁴g
Discovery of Neutrons
Chadwick in 1932 performed some Scattering
experiments in which he bombard come
lighter elements Like Beryllium and Boron
with fast moving alpha particles.
The observed that some new particles were
emitted which carries no charge but having a
mass equal to that of proton and hydrogen
The particle is termed as Neutron. A Neutron
defined as neutron. Hence a neutron may be
fundamental particle which as no charge but
having a mass equal to that of proton and
hydrogen.
Characteristics of Cathode rays

1. Cathode rays start from Cathode and

moves toward anode.
2. These rays are not Visible. But their
behaviour can be observed with the help
of Certain kind of materials (Fluorescent
and phosphorus) Which glow when hit by
them.
3. In absence of the electric and magnetic
field these rays travel in a StraighLine.
4.They affect photographic plates
5. They possess the penetrating effect. They
can be easily passed through the thin foils of
metals. They are stopped only by metalloids
of greater Thickness.
6. The Characteristic of Cathode rays do not
depend up on the nature of the gas present in
discharge tube.
Discovery of anode rays
Atom is electrically neutral but electron are
main constuients of all the atoms. Therefore.
This was start that some positively Charged
particles must also present in the atom.

For this Purpose JJ Thomson took a discharge

tube which is a long glass tube about 60 cm
long.He fitted with 2 metal electrodes and
Sealed the ends.
This tube fitted with side pipe which is
connected to a Vacuum pump through which
pressure can be reduced to any desired Value.
When we apply high Voltage on a gas at low
pressure [ 10-² atm] in discharge tube a
stream of invisible rays emitted from cathode
in the direction of anode and a Coloured glow
is observed.
The Colour depending upon the nature of gas
taken inside the discharge tube.
When we apply sufficient high Voltage across
the electrodes at very low pressure [104⁴].
The glow between the electrodes disappear.
But there is Continues flow of Current from
cathode to anode. The flow of Current from
cathode to anode was further checked by
making a hole in anode and coating the tube
behind the anode with fluorescent coating
material zinc sulphate. This shows that some
invisible rays emitted from cathode which are
passed through the holes of the anode and
strike the glass wall. A bright-spot is
developed .This rays are Called as Cathode
rays.
For this purpose Goldstein in 1886 He
performed a discharge tube experiment. He
took a perforated cathode and a gas at low
pressure was kept inside the discharge tube.
On moving high Voltage between the
electrodes it was found that some rays were
coming from the side of Wholes of the anode
which are passed through cathode and
produced a gram Fluorescent on the opposite
glass wall and Coated with Zinc Sulphate the
These rays are known as Anode rays or Canal
ray Because it passed through the canals that
is holes of Cathode.
Properties of Anode rays
1. They travel in a straight line.
2. However their speed is less than that of
Cathode rays
3.They are positively charged.
 4.The Value of is e/me depend upon the
nature of the gas taken inside the discharge
tube.
5.the Charge on positively charged particles
is found to be same as that of Cathode rays
(or) electron. Ice 1.6×10-¹⁹C
6.The Ratio of charge by mass for each of
the positively charged particles is found to be
9.58 x 10⁴ c/g
7.Hence man of proton found to be

Charge on electron by RA. MILLIKAN oil

drop Experiment.
RA Millikan devised a method known as oil
drop experiment to determine the charge on
electron.
The Valve was found to be – 1.6 * 10-¹⁹C The
present accepted Valve of electric change is
found to be – 1.6022 * 10 -¹⁹ C .
 The mass of the election can be obtained by
combining these Values. With Thomson Value
of These result e/me ratio.