Comprehensive Test: Human Reproduction (Class 12 CBSE

Pattern)

Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

Topic: Male Reproductive System
I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - 1 Mark Each
1.​ Which of the following is considered the primary sex organ in males?​
a) Penis​
b) Testis​
c) Seminal vesicle​
d) Prostate gland
2.​ The testes are situated outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called the
scrotum. The purpose of this is to:​
a) Provide more space for their development.​
b) Maintain a temperature 2-2.5°C lower than the normal internal body
temperature for spermatogenesis.​
c) Protect them from physical shocks.​
d) Increase the secretion of testosterone.
3.​ Each testicular lobule contains:​
a) One seminiferous tubule​
b) Two to three seminiferous tubules​
c) Four to five seminiferous tubules​
d) Numerous seminiferous tubules
4.​ Which cells provide nourishment to the developing sperms?​
a) Leydig cells​
b) Spermatogonia​
c) Sertoli cells​
d) Interstitial cells
5.​ Leydig cells are responsible for the secretion of:​
a) Estrogen​
b) Progesterone​
c) Androgens (Testosterone)​
d) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6.​ The accessory ducts in the male reproductive system include all of the following
EXCEPT:​
a) Rete testis​
b) Vas deferens​
 c) Urethra​
d) Seminal vesicle
7.​ Which gland contributes fluid containing fructose, calcium, and prostaglandins to
the semen?​
a) Prostate gland​
b) Seminal vesicle​
c) Cowper's gland​
d) Bulbourethral gland
8.​ The secretion of which gland helps in the lubrication of the penis during
copulation?​
a) Prostate gland​
b) Seminal vesicle​
c) Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland​
d) None of the above
9.​ The penis is covered by a loose fold of skin called:​
a) Glans penis​
b) Foreskin​
c) Labia majora​
d) Corpus cavernosum
10.​What percentage of semen is contributed by seminal vesicles?​
a) 25%​
b) 30%​
c) 70%​
d) 5%

II. Very Short Answer Questions - 1 Mark Each

1.​ Why are testes termed as primary sex organs?
2.​ What is the temperature required for spermatogenesis in the scrotum?
3.​ Name the cells that give rise to sperms.
4.​ Where are Leydig cells located?
5.​ What is the main function of the rete testis?
6.​ Name the copulatory organ in males.
7.​ What is the role of the enzyme and bicarbonate ions secreted by the prostate
gland?
8.​ What is another name for Cowper's gland?

III. Short Answer Questions - 2 to 3 Marks Each

1.​ List the accessory ducts of the male reproductive system. What is their collective
role?
 2.​ Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule.
3.​ Write the location and functions of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells.
4.​ What are the dimensions of a human testis?
5.​ Explain the composition and function of seminal plasma/semen.
6.​ Draw a labeled diagram of the male reproductive system (simplified, showing
major parts).

IV. Long Answer Questions - 5 Marks Each

1.​ Describe the structure of the human testis with the help of a labeled diagram.
Explain the functions of its different components.
2.​ Explain the roles of the male accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
and bulbourethral glands) in reproduction.

Topic: Female Reproductive System

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - 1 Mark Each
1.​ The primary female sex organ is:​
a) Uterus​
b) Ovary​
c) Fallopian tube​
d) Vagina
2.​ The fleshy folds of tissue that surround the vaginal opening are called:​
a) Mons pubis​
b) Labia minora​
c) Labia majora​
d) Clitoris
3.​ Which part of the fallopian tube is closest to the ovary and is funnel-shaped?​
a) Isthmus​
b) Ampulla​
c) Infundibulum​
d) Fimbriae
4.​ The layer of the uterus that undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual
cycle is the:​
a) Perimetrium​
b) Myometrium​
c) Endometrium​
d) None of the above
5.​ Which part of the female reproductive system is also called the womb?​
a) Ovary​
 b) Fallopian tube​
c) Uterus​
d) Vagina
6.​ Milk is secreted by which cells in the mammary glands?​
a) Fat cells​
b) Lactiferous duct cells​
c) Alveoli cells​
d) Mammary lobe cells
7.​ The tiny finger-like structure which lies at the upper junction of the two labia
minora above the urethral opening is called:1​
a) Mons pubis​
b) Hymen​
c) Clitoris​
d) Cervix
8.​ The part of the fallopian tube where fertilization commonly occurs is:​
a) Infundibulum​
b) Ampulla (Ampullary-isthmic junction is more precise, but Ampulla is the
broader region mentioned)​
c) Isthmus​
d) Fimbriae
9.​ The opening of the uterus into the vagina is through the:​
a) Uterine fundus​
b) Cervix​
c) Fallopian tube​
d) Hymen
10.​The ovarian stroma is divided into:​
a) Outer medulla and inner cortex​
b) Outer cortex and inner medulla​
c) Only cortex​
d) Only medulla

II. Very Short Answer Questions - 1 Mark Each

1.​ Why are ovaries considered primary sex organs in females?
2.​ Name the parts of the fallopian tube.
3.​ What is the function of fimbriae?
4.​ Which layer of the uterus exhibits strong contractions during parturition?
5.​ What is the mons pubis?
6.​ What is the hymen?
7.​ Name the structures that hold the ovaries in place in the pelvic cavity.
 8.​ What is the function of the clitoris?

III. Short Answer Questions - 2 to 3 Marks Each

1.​ Describe the external genitalia of the human female.
2.​ List the layers of the uterus and mention the function of each.
3.​ Explain the structure of a mammary gland with the help of a simple flow chart
showing the path of milk.
4.​ What are the main functions of the ovary?
5.​ Draw a labeled diagram of the female reproductive system (simplified, showing
major parts).

IV. Long Answer Questions - 5 Marks Each

1.​ Describe the structure of the human female reproductive system with the help of
a well-labeled diagram. Explain the function of each major part.
2.​ Explain the structure and function of the mammary glands. How is milk produced
and ejected?

Topic: Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) & Hormonal Control

I. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) - 1 Mark Each
1.​ The process of formation of sperms is called:​
a) Oogenesis​
b) Spermatogenesis​
c) Spermiogenesis​
d) Spermiation
2.​ Spermatogenesis begins at:​
a) Birth​
b) Puberty​
c) Embryonic stage​
d) Adulthood
3.​ The transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa (sperms) is called:​
a) Spermatogenesis​
b) Spermiation​
c) Spermiogenesis​
d) Meiosis
4.​ The acrosome of the sperm is formed from:​
a) Mitochondria​
b) Nucleus​
c) Golgi complex (Implied, as it's a modified lysosome-like structure, though not
 explicitly stated in the text. Based on general biology knowledge)​
d) Centriole
5.​ The release of sperms from the seminiferous tubules is called:​
a) Spermiogenesis​
b) Spermatogenesis​
c) Spermiation​
d) Ejaculation
6.​ Oogenesis starts:​
a) At puberty​
b) During menopause​
c) During the foetal/embryonic stage​
d) After birth
7.​ A primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division:​
a) Before birth​
b) Just prior to ovulation​
c) After fertilization​
d) At puberty, every month
8.​ The second meiotic division in oogenesis is completed:​
a) Before ovulation​
b) At the time of sperm entry/fertilization​
c) In the foetal ovary​
d) Just before puberty
9.​ Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete androgens?​
a) FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)​
b) LH (Luteinizing Hormone)​
c) GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone)​
d) Testosterone
10.​FSH acts on which cells in males to stimulate factors for spermiogenesis?​
a) Leydig cells​
b) Spermatogonia​
c) Sertoli cells​
d) Interstitial cells

II. Very Short Answer Questions - 1 Mark Each

1.​ Define spermatogenesis.
2.​ What is spermiogenesis?
3.​ What is spermiation?
4.​ Name the three main parts of a human sperm.
5.​ What is the function of the mitochondria in the middle piece of the sperm?
 6.​ Define oogenesis.
7.​ At what stage of meiosis is the primary oocyte arrested?
8.​ What is the significance of forming polar bodies during oogenesis?
9.​ Name the hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that regulates
spermatogenesis.
10.​What is the ploidy of a secondary spermatocyte?

III. Short Answer Questions - 2 to 3 Marks Each

1.​ Draw a labeled diagram of a human sperm.
2.​ What are the functions of the acrosome, nucleus, middle piece, and tail of a
sperm?
3.​ Briefly explain the process of spermatogenesis with a schematic representation.
4.​ Describe the process of oogenesis up to the formation of the ovum, highlighting
the stages of meiotic arrest.
5.​ Explain the hormonal control of spermatogenesis.
6.​ What percentage of sperms should have normal shape and size, and what
percentage should show vigorous motility for normal fertility?

IV. Long Answer Questions - 5 Marks Each

1.​ Describe the process of spermatogenesis in humans. Include a diagrammatic
representation of the stages and explain the hormonal regulation involved.
2.​ Explain the process of oogenesis in human females with the help of suitable
diagrams. What is the fate of the polar bodies formed?

Topic: Case-Based/Assertion-Reason Questions (If Applicable - based on overall

understanding)
1. Case-Based Question:
A couple is trying to conceive. Medical examination of the male partner reveals that his sperm
count is normal (e.g., 250 million per ejaculate), but only 30% of the sperms have normal
morphology, and out of these, only 20% show vigorous motility.
a) According to the provided text, what are the normal requirements for sperm morphology
and motility for fertility? (1 Mark)
b) Based on these requirements, is the male partner likely to be fertile? Explain briefly. (2
Marks)
c) Which part of the sperm is primarily responsible for motility, and what provides energy for
this movement? (2 Marks)
2. Assertion-Reason Question:

Assertion (A): Testes in human males are located in the scrotum, outside the abdominal cavity.
Reason (R): Spermatogenesis requires a temperature 2-2.5°C lower than the normal internal
body temperature.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.2
3. Assertion-Reason Question:

Assertion (A): The first meiotic division of a primary oocyte results in the formation of two
equal-sized haploid cells.
Reason (R): Oogenesis aims to conserve the maximum amount of cytoplasm in the ovum.
Options:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true, but R is false.
d) A is false, but R is true.3

Answer Key
Topic: Male Reproductive System
I. MCQs
1.​ b) Testis
2.​ b) Maintain a temperature 2-2.5°C lower than the normal internal body
temperature for spermatogenesis.
3.​ b) Two to three seminiferous tubules
4.​ c) Sertoli cells
5.​ c) Androgens (Testosterone)
6.​ d) Seminal vesicle (Seminal vesicle is an accessory gland, not a duct)
7.​ b) Seminal vesicle
8.​ c) Bulbourethral (Cowper's) gland
9.​ b) Foreskin
10.​c) 70%

II. Very Short Answer

1.​ Testes are termed primary sex organs because they produce sperms (male
gametes) and male sex hormones (androgens like testosterone).
2.​ 34.5-35°C (2-2.5°C lower than normal internal body temperature).
3.​ Spermatogonia (male germ cells).
4.​ Outside the seminiferous tubules, in the interstitial spaces.
 5.​ The rete testis helps in the passage of sperms from the seminiferous tubules to
the vasa efferentia.
6.​ Penis.
7.​ The enzymes and bicarbonate ions from the prostate gland neutralize the acidic
environment in the male and female reproductive tracts, aiding sperm viability
and motility.
8.​ Bulbourethral gland.

III. Short Answer

1.​ Accessory ducts: Rete testis, vasa efferentia, epididymis, and vas deferens. Their
collective role is to store temporarily and transport sperms from the testes to the
outside through the urethra.
2.​ Each seminiferous tubule is highly coiled and lined internally by two types of cells:
spermatogonia (male germ cells that undergo meiosis to form sperms) and Sertoli
cells (which provide nourishment to developing sperms). The regions outside the
seminiferous tubules, called interstitial spaces, contain Leydig cells.
3.​ Sertoli cells: Location - Inside seminiferous tubules. Function - Provide
nourishment to developing sperm cells/spermatids. Leydig cells (Interstitial
cells): Location - Outside seminiferous tubules in interstitial spaces. Function -
Secrete androgens, primarily testosterone.
4.​ Length: 4 to 5 cm; Width: 2 to 3 cm.
5.​ Semen (seminal plasma) is the collective secretion of seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, and bulbourethral glands, along with sperms. It is rich in fructose, calcium,
certain enzymes, and mucus. Its functions include providing a fluid medium for
sperm transport, nourishing sperms, neutralizing acidity in the urethra and
vagina, and lubricating the penis.
6.​ (Diagram should include testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, penis).

IV. Long Answer

1.​ Structure of Human Testis: Refer to the provided text for details on testicular
lobules (250 compartments), seminiferous tubules (1-3 per lobule),
spermatogonia, Sertoli cells, interstitial spaces, and Leydig cells. A diagram
should show Tunica albuginea, testicular lobules, seminiferous tubules, rete testis,
vasa efferentia, epididymis. Functions:
○​ Seminiferous tubules: Site of spermatogenesis.
○​ Spermatogonia: Produce sperms.
○​ Sertoli cells: Provide nourishment to developing sperms.
○​ Leydig cells: Secrete androgens (testosterone) which regulate male
 secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis.
2.​ Roles of Male Accessory Glands:
○​ Seminal Vesicles (pair): Contribute about 70% of semen volume. Their
secretion is rich in fructose (energy source for sperms), calcium,
prostaglandins (may aid sperm motility/uterine contraction), and other
enzymes.
○​ Prostate Gland (single): Contributes about 25-30% of semen volume. Its
secretion is milky, slightly alkaline, and contains citrate (nutrient), enzymes
(e.g., fibrinolysin), and prostate-specific antigen. Alkalinity helps neutralize
the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina, enhancing sperm motility
and viability.
○​ Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands - pair): Contribute about 5% of
semen volume. Secrete a clear mucus that lubricates the urethra and the
glans penis during sexual arousal and helps neutralize any acidic urine
remaining in the urethra.

Topic: Female Reproductive System

I. MCQs
1.​ b) Ovary
2.​ c) Labia majora
3.​ c) Infundibulum
4.​ c) Endometrium
5.​ c) Uterus
6.​ c) Alveoli cells
7.​ c) Clitoris
8.​ b) Ampulla
9.​ b) Cervix
10.​b) Outer cortex and inner medulla

II. Very Short Answer

1.​ Ovaries are primary female sex organs because they produce the female gamete
(ovum) and several steroid hormones (ovarian hormones like estrogen and
progesterone).
2.​ Infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus.
3.​ Fimbriae are finger-like projections at the edge of the infundibulum that help in
the collection of the ovum after ovulation.
4.​ Myometrium.
5.​ Mons pubis is a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair, located
 anterior to the labia majora.
6.​ The hymen is a thin membrane that may partially cover the opening of the vagina.
7.​ Ligaments attaching them to the pelvic wall and the uterus.
8.​ The clitoris is a tiny, finger-like, erectile structure rich in sensory nerve endings,
homologous to the male penis; it is involved in sexual arousal.

III. Short Answer

1.​ The female external genitalia (vulva) include:
○​ Mons pubis: A cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic hair.
○​ Labia majora: Fleshy folds of tissue that extend down from the mons pubis
and surround the vaginal opening.
○​ Labia minora: Paired folds of tissue under the labia majora.
○​ Hymen: A membrane that often partially covers the opening of the vagina.
○​ Clitoris: A tiny, finger-like erectile structure located at the upper junction of
the two labia minora, above the urethral opening.
2.​ Layers of the uterus:
○​ Perimetrium: The external thin membranous layer, providing protection.
○​ Myometrium: The middle thick layer of smooth muscle, which exhibits strong
contractions during delivery of the baby.
○​ Endometrium: The inner glandular layer that lines the uterine cavity. It
undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle and provides
nourishment for the developing embryo.
3.​ Structure of Mammary Gland & Path of Milk: Glandular tissue (15-20 mammary
lobes) → Clusters of cells called Alveoli (secrete milk, stored in lumen) →
Mammary tubules → Mammary duct → Mammary ampulla → Lactiferous duct →
Milk is sucked out. (A simple flow chart should depict this path).
4.​ Main functions of the ovary:
○​ Production of female gametes (ova) through oogenesis.
○​ Secretion of female sex hormones: estrogens and progesterone, which
regulate the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and development of female
secondary sexual characteristics.
5.​ (Diagram should include ovaries, fallopian tubes [infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus,
fimbriae], uterus [fundus, body, cervix], vagina, and external genitalia).

IV. Long Answer

1.​ Female Reproductive System Structure & Functions:
○​ A pair of Ovaries: Primary sex organs; produce ova and female hormones
(estrogen, progesterone). Located in the pelvic cavity, connected by
ligaments. Each ovary is covered by ovarian epithelium and contains ovarian
 stroma (cortex and medulla).
○​ Accessory Ducts:
■​ Fallopian tubes (Oviducts - pair): Extend from the periphery of each
ovary to the uterus. Parts: Infundibulum (funnel-shaped with fimbriae for
collecting ovum), Ampulla (wider part, site of fertilization), Isthmus
(narrow part joining uterus). Function: Transport ovum from ovary to
uterus, site of fertilization.
■​ Uterus (Womb - single): Inverted pear-shaped, muscular organ. Parts:
Fundus, body, cervix (opens into vagina). Layers: Perimetrium,
Myometrium (contractions during birth), Endometrium (site of
implantation, menstrual changes). Function: Site of implantation, foetal
development, and parturition.
■​ Vagina: Muscular tube extending from cervix to the exterior. Receives
penis during copulation, serves as birth canal.
○​ External Genitalia (Vulva): Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen,
clitoris. (A well-labeled diagram should accompany this description).
2.​ Mammary Glands Structure & Function:
○​ Paired structures (breasts) containing glandular tissue and variable amount of
fat.
○​ Glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes
containing clusters of cells called alveoli.
○​ Cells of alveoli secrete milk, which is stored in the cavities (lumens) of alveoli.
○​ Alveoli open into mammary tubules. The tubules of each lobe join to form a
mammary duct.
○​ Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is
connected to a lactiferous duct through which milk is sucked out.
○​ Milk production (Lactation): Stimulated by hormones like prolactin.
○​ Milk ejection: Stimulated by oxytocin.

Topic: Gametogenesis (Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis) & Hormonal Control

I. MCQs
1.​ b) Spermatogenesis
2.​ b) Puberty
3.​ c) Spermiogenesis
4.​ c) Golgi complex (Based on general biological knowledge, though not explicitly
stated in provided text for formation. The text does mention acrosome secretes
lytic enzymes. )
5.​ c) Spermiation
 6.​ c) During the foetal/embryonic stage
7.​ b) Just prior to ovulation
8.​ b) At the time of sperm entry/fertilization
9.​ b) LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
10.​c) Sertoli cells

II. Very Short Answer

1.​ The process of formation of mature male gametes (sperms) from spermatogonia
in the testes is called spermatogenesis.
2.​ The process of differentiation or modification of haploid spermatids into
functional, motile spermatozoa (sperms).
3.​ The release of mature sperms from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubules.
4.​ Head, middle piece, and tail.
5.​ Mitochondria in the middle piece provide energy (ATP) for the motility of the
sperm.
6.​ The process of formation of a mature female gamete (ovum) from oogonia in the
ovary.
7.​ Primary oocyte is arrested at Prophase I of Meiosis I.
8.​ Formation of polar bodies ensures that the ovum retains most of the cytoplasm
(for nourishment of the early embryo) while achieving haploidy.
9.​ Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH).
10.​Haploid (n).

III. Short Answer

1.​ (Diagram should show head [acrosome, nucleus], neck, middle piece
[mitochondria], and tail).
2.​ Acrosome: Contains lytic enzymes (like hyaluronidase) that help dissolve the
membranes surrounding the ovum, facilitating fertilization. Nucleus: Contains the
haploid set of chromosomes (genetic material). Middle piece: Contains
numerous mitochondria that provide energy for sperm motility. Tail: Facilitates
sperm motility, enabling it to swim towards the ovum.
3.​ Spermatogenesis: Spermatogonia (2n, male germ cells) → Mitotic differentiation
→ Primary spermatocytes (2n) → Meiosis I (reductional division) → Two
Secondary spermatocytes (n) → Meiosis II (equational division) → Four
Spermatids (n) → Spermiogenesis (differentiation) → Spermatozoa (n, sperms).
(A schematic representation should be drawn).
4.​ Oogenesis:
○​ Starts in foetal ovary: Oogonia (2n) multiply by mitosis.
 ○​ Enter Meiosis I, arrest at Prophase I → Primary oocytes (2n).
○​ At Puberty: Primary oocyte completes Meiosis I (just prior to ovulation) →
Large Secondary oocyte (n) and a tiny first polar body (n).
○​ Secondary oocyte arrests at Metaphase II of Meiosis II.
○​ Meiosis II completes only upon fertilization by sperm → Ovum (n) and a
second polar body (n). First polar body may also divide.
5.​ Hormonal control of spermatogenesis:
○​ Hypothalamus secretes GnRH.
○​ GnRH acts on anterior pituitary, stimulating it to secrete LH and FSH.
○​ LH (Luteinizing Hormone): Acts on Leydig cells, stimulating them to
synthesize and secrete androgens (like testosterone). Testosterone, in turn,
stimulates spermatogenesis (process of androgenesis).
○​ FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): Acts on Sertoli cells and stimulates
secretion of some factors (like Androgen Binding Protein - ABP) which help in
the process of spermiogenesis.
6.​ For normal fertility, at least 60% of sperms must have normal shape and size, and
at least 40% of them must show vigorous motility.4

IV. Long Answer

1.​ Spermatogenesis:
○​ Definition: Process of sperm formation in seminiferous tubules, starting at
puberty.
○​ Stages:
1.​ Spermatocytogenesis: Spermatogonia (2n, diploid male germ cells lining
seminiferous tubules) multiply by mitosis. Some spermatogonia grow and
differentiate into primary spermatocytes (2n).
2.​ Meiosis I: Each primary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis I (reductional
division) to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes (n).
3.​ Meiosis II: Each secondary spermatocyte undergoes Meiosis II
(equational division) to form two haploid spermatids (n). Thus, one
primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids.
4.​ Spermiogenesis: Spermatids are non-motile. They transform into motile
spermatozoa (sperms) through differentiation. This involves formation of
acrosome, condensation of nucleus, formation of neck, middle piece, and
tail.
○​ Spermiation: Release of sperms from Sertoli cells into the lumen.
○​ Diagram: A clear diagram showing the stages from spermatogonium to
spermatozoa, indicating ploidy levels.
○​ Hormonal Regulation: (As explained in Short Answer Question 5 for this
 topic).
2.​ Oogenesis:
○​ Definition: Formation of mature female gamete (ovum) in the ovary.
○​ Stages:
1.​ Initiation in Foetal Life: Oogonia (diploid germ cells) in foetal ovary
multiply by mitosis. They then enter Meiosis I and get arrested in Prophase
I, now called primary oocytes (2n). Millions are formed, but many
degenerate.
2.​ Puberty Onwards: With each ovarian cycle, a primary oocyte (within a
developing follicle) completes Meiosis I (just prior to ovulation) to form a
large haploid secondary oocyte (n) and a small first polar body (n). The
first polar body may or may not divide further.
3.​ The secondary oocyte begins Meiosis II but gets arrested at Metaphase II.
4.​ Ovulation: The secondary oocyte is released from the ovary at this stage.
5.​ Fertilization: If a sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte, Meiosis II is
completed, resulting in the formation of a large haploid ovum (ootid) and
a small second polar body (n).
○​ Fate of Polar Bodies: Polar bodies are small, non-functional cells with very
little cytoplasm. They eventually degenerate. Their formation ensures that the
ovum receives most of the cytoplasm and nutrients while achieving haploidy.
○​ Diagrams: Show stages from oogonium to ovum, including polar body
formation and meiotic arrests. Approximately 450-500 eggs are matured
during a female's reproductive life.

Topic: Case-Based/Assertion-Reason Questions

1. Case-Based Question:
a) For normal fertility, at least 60% of sperms must have normal shape and size, and at least
40% of them must show vigorous motility.5
b) The male partner has only 30% normal morphology (less than 60%) and out of these, only
20% show vigorous motility (which is 20% of 30% = 6% of total sperms, far less than the
required 40% of the 60% normal ones, or overall a significantly lower percentage than the
40% vigorous motility of the total if assumed 60% are normal). Therefore, he is likely to face
challenges with fertility.
c) The tail of the sperm is primarily responsible for motility. The mitochondria in the middle
piece provide the energy (ATP) for this movement.
2. Assertion-Reason Question:
a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
* Assertion (A) is true: Testes are located in the scrotum outside the abdomen.
* Reason (R) is true: Spermatogenesis needs a lower temperature.
* R correctly explains A as the scrotal position provides this lower temperature.
3. Assertion-Reason Question:
d) A is false, but R is true.
* Assertion (A) is false: The first meiotic division of a primary oocyte is unequal, resulting in a
large secondary oocyte and a small first polar body.
* Reason (R) is true: Oogenesis conserves cytoplasm in the ovum.