Question 1 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Which of the following is a characteristic of distributed file systems?

*A: Use of a global file namespace

Feedback: Correct! Distributed file systems use a global file namespace to provide a unified view of the
file system across all nodes.

B: Frequent in-place updates of data

Feedback: Incorrect. Distributed file systems rarely perform in-place updates of data to maintain
consistency and reliability.

C: Centralized storage management

Feedback: Incorrect. Distributed file systems use decentralized storage management to distribute data
across multiple nodes.

D: Single point of failure

Feedback: Incorrect. Distributed file systems are designed to avoid single points of failure by replicating
data across multiple nodes.

Question 2 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Which of the following is a primary characteristic of Kafka that makes it suitable for big data
applications?

*A: Kafka can handle large volumes of data efficiently.

Feedback: Correct! Kafka's ability to handle large volumes of data efficiently makes it suitable for big
data applications.

B: Kafka is designed for small-scale messaging systems.

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka is designed to handle large-scale data streaming, not small-scale messaging
systems.

C: Kafka has limited scalability options.

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka is known for its high scalability, which is a key feature for big data
applications.

D: Kafka does not support real-time data streaming.

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka supports real-time data streaming, making it ideal for big data applications.

Question 3 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Which of the following is a core benefit of using cloud infrastructure for applications?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability allows applications to handle more traffic and data as demand grows
without significant changes to the infrastructure.

B: High initial costs

Feedback: Incorrect. High initial costs are not a benefit of cloud infrastructure. One of the advantages is
actually lower initial costs.

C: Complex maintenance

Feedback: Incorrect. Complex maintenance is generally a drawback, not a benefit. Cloud infrastructure
often reduces the complexity of maintenance.

D: Limited storage capacity

Feedback: Incorrect. Limited storage capacity is not a benefit. Cloud infrastructure typically offers
scalable storage solutions.

Question 4 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Which of the following are characteristics of BASE (Basically Available, Soft state, Eventual
consistency) systems?

*A: High availability

Feedback: Correct! BASE systems prioritize high availability over strict consistency.

B: Immediate consistency
Feedback: Incorrect. BASE systems are designed to provide eventual consistency, not immediate
consistency.

*C: Eventual consistency

Feedback: Correct! BASE systems provide eventual consistency instead of immediate consistency.

D: Strict ACID compliance

Feedback: Incorrect. BASE systems do not comply strictly with ACID properties.

*E: Flexibility in data model

Feedback: Correct! BASE systems offer flexibility in data modeling, which is a key characteristic.

F: Strong consistency guarantees

Feedback: Incorrect. BASE systems do not offer strong consistency guarantees as they prioritize
availability.

Question 5 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Select the roles involved in the Paxos consensus protocol.

*A: Proposers

Feedback: Correct! Proposers suggest values to be agreed upon.

*B: Acceptors

Feedback: Correct! Acceptors decide whether to accept proposed values.

*C: Learners

Feedback: Correct! Learners learn the outcome of the consensus.

D: Observers

Feedback: Incorrect. Observers are not a role in the Paxos consensus protocol.

E: Validators

Feedback: Incorrect. Validators are not a role in the Paxos consensus protocol.
Question 6 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Which of the following are benefits of using the MapReduce programming model?

*A: Easy distribution of code

Feedback: Correct! MapReduce simplifies the distribution of code across multiple nodes.

*B: Automatic handling of parallelism

Feedback: Correct! MapReduce automatically handles parallelism, making it easier to process large
datasets.

C: Immediate consistency of data

Feedback: Incorrect. MapReduce does not guarantee immediate consistency of data.

D: Reduced need for hardware resources

Feedback: Incorrect. While MapReduce optimizes resource usage, it does not necessarily reduce the
need for hardware resources.

E: Simplified debugging process

Feedback: Incorrect. Debugging MapReduce jobs can be complex and is not necessarily simplified by
using the MapReduce model.

Question 7 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Which of the following statements are true about Spark SQL's role in structured data processing?

*A: Spark SQL provides a programming interface for working with structured data.

Feedback: Correct! Spark SQL does provide a programming interface for structured data.

B: Spark SQL is part of the HBase architecture.

Feedback: Incorrect. Spark SQL is not part of the HBase architecture.

*C: Spark SQL allows querying data using SQL queries.

Feedback: Correct! Spark SQL allows for SQL queries to be executed on data.
D: Spark SQL manages HRegion servers.

Feedback: Incorrect. Spark SQL does not manage HRegion servers; that is HBase's responsibility.

*E: Spark SQL supports both Dataset and DataFrame API.

Feedback: Correct! Spark SQL supports both Dataset and DataFrame APIs.

Question 8 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Large Scale Data Storage

Select the key features of Kafka as a distributed messaging system.

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is one of the key features of Kafka as a distributed messaging system.

*B: Handling large amounts of data

Feedback: Correct! Kafka is designed to handle large amounts of data efficiently.

C: Limited fault tolerance

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka is known for its high fault tolerance.

*D: Usage in big data applications

Feedback: Correct! Kafka is widely used in big data applications for its efficient data handling
capabilities.

E: Lack of real-time data streaming support

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka supports real-time data streaming, which is one of its main features.

Question 9 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the primary role of software-defined architecture in cloud computing?

*A: To abstract and pool hardware resources

Feedback: Correct! Software-defined architecture abstracts and pools hardware resources, allowing for
more flexible and efficient management.
B: To enhance physical server capabilities

Feedback: Not quite. While software-defined architecture can optimize the use of physical servers, its
primary role is to abstract and pool hardware resources.

C: To replace traditional data centers with virtual ones

Feedback: Incorrect. Software-defined architecture enhances traditional data centers, but it doesn't
replace them with virtual ones.

D: To provide end-user applications

Feedback: Incorrect. Providing end-user applications is not the primary role of software-defined
architecture; it's more about managing and optimizing resources.

Question 10 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following best describes the concept of cloudonomics?

*A: The cost-benefit analysis of cloud computing

Feedback: Correct! Cloudonomics refers to the cost-benefit analysis and economic principles of cloud
computing.

B: The study of cloud formations in meteorology

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloudonomics is not related to meteorology but to the economics of cloud
computing.

C: The process of securing data in the cloud

Feedback: Incorrect. While securing data in the cloud is important, cloudonomics specifically deals with
the economic aspects.

D: The development of cloud-based applications

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloudonomics is about the economic principles and benefits of cloud computing,
not the development of applications.

Question 11 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following fields can benefit from Big Data applications?
*A: Healthcare

Feedback: Correct! Big Data can be used to improve patient care, track disease outbreaks, and more in
healthcare.

B: Fashion design

Feedback: Incorrect. Although data can be used in fashion design, it is not traditionally seen as a Big
Data application.

C: Culinary arts

Feedback: Incorrect. While data is used in culinary arts, it is not typically considered a field that benefits
significantly from Big Data.

D: Marine biology

Feedback: Incorrect. Although data is important in marine biology, it is not traditionally seen as a field
that benefits significantly from Big Data.

Question 12 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is a potential economic advantage of multiplexing demand for cloud providers?

*A: Reduced operational costs

Feedback: Correct! Multiplexing demand helps cloud providers reduce operational costs by optimizing
resource utilization.

B: Increased need for physical servers

Feedback: Incorrect. Multiplexing demand actually reduces the need for physical servers by improving
resource utilization.

C: Higher energy consumption

Feedback: Incorrect. Multiplexing demand typically leads to lower energy consumption due to better
resource utilization.

D: Reduced customer satisfaction

Feedback: Incorrect. Multiplexing demand is designed to improve efficiency without compromising

customer satisfaction.
Question 13 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which cloud service model focuses on providing virtualized computing resources over the internet?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Not quite. PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS delivers software applications over the internet, on a subscription basis.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: No, FaaS is a serverless way to execute code in response to events.

Question 14 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following is an essential characteristic of cloud computing?

*A: Rapid elasticity

Feedback: Correct! Rapid elasticity is an essential characteristic of cloud computing.

B: Low network access

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing requires broad network access.

C: High upfront cost

Feedback: No, cloud computing typically has low upfront costs.

D: Static resource allocation

Feedback: Wrong. Cloud computing involves dynamic resource allocation.

Question 15 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which service model in cloud computing provides the most control over the underlying hardware?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides the most control over the underlying hardware, allowing users to
manage virtual machines, storage, and networking.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS delivers software over the internet without giving users control over the
underlying hardware.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. FaaS abstracts the hardware and infrastructure, allowing users to run code in
response to events without managing servers.

Question 16 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following is a key advantage of cloud infrastructure?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is a key advantage of cloud infrastructure, allowing resources to be

increased or decreased based on demand.

B: High initial setup cost

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically has lower initial setup costs compared to traditional
infrastructure.

C: Limited accessibility

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the benefits of cloud infrastructure is that it offers increased accessibility
from different locations.

D: Fixed resource allocation

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure allows for flexible resource allocation, adjusting based on the
current needs.

Question 17 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following is a key benefit of using cloud infrastructure?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Cloud infrastructure allows you to scale resources up or down based on demand.

B: High initial investment costs

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the benefits of cloud infrastructure is the reduction of high initial
investment costs.

C: Complex manual updates

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure often simplifies updates through automation.

D: Limited accessibility

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically offers improved accessibility from various locations.

Question 18 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which component is essential for managing containerized applications in a cloud environment?

*A: Kubernetes

Feedback: Correct! Kubernetes is essential for managing containerized applications in a cloud

environment.

B: FTP server

Feedback: Incorrect. An FTP server is not used for managing containerized applications.

C: SMTP server

Feedback: Incorrect. An SMTP server is used for sending emails, not managing containerized
applications.
D: Web server

Feedback: Incorrect. A web server is used to serve web content, not specifically for managing
containerized applications.

Question 19 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following best describes the economic principle of 'pay-as-you-go' in cloud computing?

*A: Users only pay for the specific resources and services they use.

Feedback: Correct! This is a fundamental economic principle in cloud computing, enhancing cost
efficiency.

B: Users must pay a fixed monthly rate regardless of usage.

Feedback: Incorrect. Review the concept of 'pay-as-you-go' which emphasizes paying only for what is
used.

C: Users are required to pay upfront for all potential future usage.

Feedback: Incorrect. 'Pay-as-you-go' avoids upfront payments, focusing on current usage costs.

D: Users receive unlimited resources for a flat fee.

Feedback: Incorrect. 'Pay-as-you-go' charges based on actual resource usage rather than a flat fee.

Question 20 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which layer in cloud computing typically provides virtualized computing resources over the internet?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS delivers software applications over the internet.

D: Network as a Service (NaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. NaaS provides network services over the internet.

Question 21 - multiple choice, shuffle, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

How does positive correlation between jobs affect resource utilization in cloud computing?

*A: Increases the probability of resource contention

Feedback: Correct! Positive correlation increases the likelihood of resource contention.

B: Decreases the overall resource demand

Feedback: Incorrect. Positive correlation often increases resource demand.

C: Balances the resource load evenly

Feedback: Incorrect. Positive correlation does not necessarily balance the resource load.

D: Minimizes the need for multiplexing

Feedback: Incorrect. Positive correlation does not minimize the need for multiplexing.

Question 22 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are potential benefits of Big Data in healthcare?

*A: Predictive analytics for patient care

Feedback: Correct! Predictive analytics can greatly enhance patient care.

B: Enhanced data security

Feedback: While important, enhanced data security is not a direct benefit of Big Data.

*C: Improved disease tracking

Feedback: Correct! Big Data can aid in tracking diseases more effectively.
D: Increased healthcare costs

Feedback: Incorrect. Big Data aims to reduce, not increase, healthcare costs.

Question 23 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is a key challenge associated with Big Data?

A: Storage capacity

Feedback: While storage capacity is a concern, it is not the key challenge addressed in this context.

B: Data privacy

Feedback: Data privacy is important but not the key challenge in this instance.

*C: Data integration

Feedback: Correct! Integrating data from various sources is a major challenge in Big Data.

D: Network latency

Feedback: Network latency can be an issue, but it is not the primary challenge here.

Question 24 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is a key benefit of using cloud infrastructure for applications?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is a significant advantage of cloud infrastructure, allowing resources to

be adjusted based on demand.

B: Fixed resource allocation

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure is known for its flexibility, not fixed allocation of resources.

C: Higher maintenance costs

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the benefits of cloud infrastructure is the potential reduction in maintenance
costs.
D: Limited accessibility

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure generally offers increased accessibility.

Question 25 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are common service models in cloud computing? Select all that apply.

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS is a fundamental cloud service model.

*B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Correct! PaaS is another essential cloud service model.

*C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Correct! SaaS is a widely used cloud service model.

D: Network as a Service (NaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. While related, NaaS is not typically categorized as one of the primary cloud service
models.

Question 26 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are layers or services that can be built on top of software-defined architecture?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS is a fundamental layer that can be built on top of software-defined architecture.

*B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Correct! PaaS is another service layer that can be built on software-defined architecture.

*C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Correct! SaaS is a service that can be deployed on top of software-defined architecture.

*D: Network as a Service (NaaS)

Feedback: Correct! NaaS is also a service layer that can be integrated with software-defined
architecture.

E: Data Storage Optimization

Feedback: Incorrect. While important, Data Storage Optimization is not a specific service layer on
software-defined architecture.

Question 27 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Select the characteristics of cloud computing.

*A: On-demand self-service

Feedback: Correct! On-demand self-service is a key characteristic of cloud computing.

*B: Broad network access

Feedback: Correct! Cloud computing services are accessible over the network.

C: Limited scalability

Feedback: Not quite. Cloud computing offers rapid elasticity and scalability.

*D: Measured service

Feedback: Correct! Cloud computing resources usage is measured and monitored.

E: Manual resource allocation

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing resources are dynamically allocated.

Question 28 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Select the components that are typically part of a cloud infrastructure.

*A: Virtual machines

Feedback: Correct! Virtual machines are a common component of cloud infrastructure.

*B: Data centers

Feedback: Correct! Data centers are integral to cloud infrastructure as they house the necessary
hardware.

C: Quantum computers

Feedback: Incorrect. While quantum computing is an emerging technology, it is not a standard

component of current cloud infrastructure.

*D: Networking equipment

Feedback: Correct! Networking equipment is essential for cloud infrastructure to ensure connectivity.

E: Smartphones

Feedback: Incorrect. Smartphones are end-user devices and are not considered part of cloud
infrastructure.

Question 29 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Identify the advantages of using software-defined architecture in cloud infrastructure.

*A: Enhanced scalability and flexibility

Feedback: Correct! Scalability and flexibility are key benefits of software-defined architecture.

*B: Reduced dependency on physical hardware

Feedback: Correct! Software-defined architecture minimizes reliance on physical hardware.

C: Guaranteed 100% uptime with no failures

Feedback: Incorrect. While improving reliability, software-defined architecture cannot guarantee 100%
uptime.

*D: Simplified management and orchestration of resources

Feedback: Correct! Management and orchestration are significantly simplified with software-defined
architecture.

E: Increased manual intervention for resource allocation

Feedback: Incorrect. In fact, software-defined architecture reduces the need for manual intervention.

Question 30 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term used to describe the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially
data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: cloudcomputing

Feedback: Correct! Cloud computing enables on-demand access to computing resources.

*B: cloud

Feedback: Correct! Cloud is a shorthand term for cloud computing.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the concept of cloud computing and its definition.

Question 31 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term for dynamically allocating resources in cloud computing? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: autoscaling

Feedback: Correct! Autoscaling is the process of dynamically allocating resources based on current
needs.

*B: auto-scaling

Feedback: Correct! Autoscaling is the process of dynamically allocating resources based on current
needs.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the concept of dynamically allocating resources in cloud
computing.

Question 32 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What term is used to describe the delivery of computing services over the internet? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: cloudcomputing

Feedback: Correct! Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet.
*B: cloud

Feedback: Correct! Cloud is a shorter term often used to describe cloud computing.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Review the basic terminology associated with cloud services.

Question 33 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is one of the primary driving factors behind the move towards cloud computing? Please answer in
all lowercase.

*A: scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is a key driving factor behind the move towards cloud computing.

*B: costefficiency

Feedback: Correct! Cost efficiency is another major factor driving cloud adoption.

*C: flexibility

Feedback: Correct! Flexibility in resource management is a significant factor in cloud computing's

popularity.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the driving factors behind the move towards cloud
computing.

Question 34 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term for the software deployment model where applications are hosted by a service provider
and made available to customers over the internet? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: saas

Feedback: Correct! This model is known as Software as a Service (SaaS).

*B: softwareasaservice

Feedback: Correct! This model is known as Software as a Service (SaaS).

Default Feedback: Incorrect. This model is known as Software as a Service (SaaS).

Question 35 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term for dynamically adjusting resources based on demand in a cloud environment? Please
answer in all lowercase.

*A: autoscaling

Feedback: Correct! Autoscaling adjusts resources based on demand.

*B: auto-scaling

Feedback: Correct! Auto-scaling adjusts resources based on demand.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. The term refers to dynamically adjusting resources based on demand.

Question 36 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

If a cloud provider can reduce costs by multiplexing demand and achieves a cost reduction of 15%
initially, what would be the new cost if the original cost was $200?

*A: 170.0

Feedback: Correct! Multiplexing demand led to a 15% cost reduction.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review how cost reduction is calculated with multiplexing demand.

Question 37 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the typical range of availability (in percentage) that cloud providers promise for their services?

*A: [99.9, 100)

Feedback: Correct! Cloud providers typically promise high availability, often around 99.9% or higher.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Consider the high availability standards that cloud providers usually
guarantee.

Question 38 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the typical uptime guarantee percentage provided by leading cloud service providers?

*A: 99.9

Feedback: Correct! Leading cloud service providers typically offer an uptime guarantee of 99.9%.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please refer to the service level agreements of leading cloud service
providers.

Question 39 - numeric, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Estimate the typical range of energy savings achieved by organizations switching to cloud infrastructure
(%)

*A: [30, 50)

Feedback: Correct! Organizations typically achieve significant energy savings when moving to cloud
infrastructure.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the environmental benefits of cloud computing.

Question 40 - numeric, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Estimate the percentage range of cost savings typically associated with cloud computing compared to
traditional IT infrastructure.

*A: [30, 50)

Feedback: Correct! Studies have shown that cloud computing can offer significant cost savings.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. The percentage range of cost savings varies, but it generally falls within a
certain range based on various studies.

Question 41 - numeric, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Consider a scenario where the cost per delivered resource decreases as resource utilization increases. If
the cost per resource is $10 at 50% utilization, what might the cost be at 80% utilization?

*A: [5, 9)
Feedback: Correct! As resource utilization increases, the cost per delivered resource typically decreases.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Review the relationship between resource utilization and cost per delivered
resource.

Question 42 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following cloud service models provides the highest level of control over the computing
resources?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides the highest level of control over computing resources, including
servers, storage, and networking.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS delivers software over the internet and provides minimal control over the
underlying computing resources.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. FaaS is a serverless computing service providing event-driven execution but less
control over computing resources compared to IaaS.

Question 43 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which cloud service model provides the highest level of control over the underlying infrastructure?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides the highest level of control over the underlying infrastructure,
including virtual machines, storage, and networks.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications without dealing with the underlying infrastructure.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS delivers software applications over the internet, with the service provider
managing the infrastructure.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. FaaS is a serverless way to execute code in response to events, but it offers less
control over the infrastructure compared to IaaS.

Question 44 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the primary role of software-defined architecture in cloud computing?

*A: To enable flexible resource allocation and management

Feedback: Correct! Software-defined architecture allows for dynamic and flexible allocation of
resources, which is a key benefit in cloud computing.

B: To increase the physical hardware requirements

Feedback: Incorrect. Software-defined architecture actually aims to reduce dependence on physical

hardware by virtualizing resources.

C: To eliminate the need for virtualization

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization is a core component of software-defined architecture, not something

it eliminates.

D: To ensure all applications run on dedicated hardware

Feedback: Incorrect. Software-defined architecture often involves sharing physical resources among
multiple applications, rather than dedicating hardware to each application.

Question 45 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following is a key feature of private cloud infrastructure?

*A: Enhanced security and control over data

Feedback: Correct! Private cloud infrastructure offers enhanced security and greater control over data
compared to public clouds.

B: Unlimited scalability without additional costs

Feedback: Incorrect. While private clouds offer scalability, they do not provide unlimited scalability
without additional costs.

C: No need for internal IT staff

Feedback: Incorrect. Private clouds often require internal IT staff for management and maintenance.

D: Pay-as-you-go pricing model

Feedback: Incorrect. Pay-as-you-go is a common feature of public clouds, not private clouds.

Question 46 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are benefits of using load balancing in a cloud environment?

*A: Improved application availability

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing distributes traffic across multiple servers to improve application
availability.

*B: Automatic failover

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing can provide automatic failover in case of server failure.

*C: Reduced network latency

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing can help reduce network latency by distributing traffic efficiently.

D: Increased manual intervention

Feedback: Incorrect. Load balancing generally reduces the need for manual intervention by automating
traffic distribution.

E: Higher hardware costs

Feedback: Incorrect. While there might be costs associated with implementing load balancing, it
optimizes resource usage and can reduce overall costs.

Question 47 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are benefits of cloudonomics?

*A: Cost efficiency

Feedback: Correct! Cloudonomics emphasizes cost efficiency as one of its main benefits.

*B: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is another significant advantage highlighted by cloudonomics.

C: Increased physical hardware usage

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloudonomics generally promotes efficient use of resources, reducing the need for
increased physical hardware.

*D: Improved data security

Feedback: Correct! Cloudonomics can enhance data security through various cloud-based measures.

E: Limited accessibility

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloudonomics aims to improve accessibility rather than limit it.

Question 48 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term used to describe the ability to recover quickly from failures in a cloud environment?
Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: resilience

Feedback: Correct! Resilience is the ability to recover quickly from failures.

*B: resiliency

Feedback: Correct! Resiliency is another term for the ability to recover quickly from failures.

*C: faulttolerance

Feedback: Correct! Fault tolerance also refers to the ability to recover from failures.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the course materials on cloud infrastructure resilience and
disaster recovery.
Question 49 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the name of the open-source cloud computing platform that provides an Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) solution and is used in the course for deployment? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: openstack

Feedback: Correct! OpenStack is the open-source cloud computing platform discussed in the course.

*B: openstak

Feedback: Correct! It looks like you made a typo, but you were close enough.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Review the course materials on open-source cloud computing platforms for
the correct name.

Question 50 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

According to cloudonomics, what is the estimated range of cost savings (%) that businesses can achieve
by moving to the cloud?

*A: [20, 50]

Feedback: Correct! Businesses can achieve significant cost savings by moving to the cloud according to
cloudonomics.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the course material on cloudonomics and cost savings.

Question 51 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following best describes the primary benefit of Platform as a Service (PaaS) in cloud
computing?

*A: Provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the
complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure.

Feedback: Correct! PaaS offers a managed platform that simplifies application development and
deployment.

B: Offers raw computing resources such as storage, networking, and virtual machines.
Feedback: Not quite. This describes Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), not PaaS.

C: Delivers software applications over the internet, eliminating the need for local installation.

Feedback: This describes Software as a Service (SaaS), rather than PaaS.

D: Provides tools and frameworks to build custom hardware infrastructure.

Feedback: This is not a primary feature of PaaS. PaaS focuses on software development platforms rather
than hardware.

Question 52 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is a key economic advantage of multiplexing demand in cloud computing?

*A: It reduces the overall infrastructure cost for cloud providers.

Feedback: Correct! Multiplexing demand allows cloud providers to utilize resources more efficiently,
reducing costs.

B: It increases the need for additional hardware resources.

Feedback: This is incorrect. Multiplexing demand actually helps in optimizing existing resources.

C: It eliminates the need for data redundancy.

Feedback: Data redundancy is related to data protection, not directly to multiplexing demand.

D: It ensures 100% resource utilization at all times.

Feedback: While multiplexing improves resource utilization, achieving 100% utilization is not practical.

Question 53 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following is a fundamental characteristic of cloud computing?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Great job! Scalability allows cloud solutions to grow and shrink based on demand, making it
a core feature.

B: Predictable pricing
Feedback: Not quite. While pricing can be managed, it's not inherently predictable due to variable usage
costs.

C: Limited storage

Feedback: No, cloud computing offers virtually unlimited storage options, which is one of its key
advantages.

D: Static resources

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing is known for dynamic resource allocation, not static.

Question 54 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the primary benefit of utilizing software-defined architecture in cloud computing?

A: Increased hardware dependency

Feedback: This is incorrect. Software-defined architecture actually reduces hardware dependency by

abstracting resources.

*B: Enhanced resource flexibility

Feedback: Correct! Software-defined architecture allows for greater flexibility in managing and
allocating resources.

C: Limited scalability

Feedback: This is incorrect. Software-defined architecture is designed to enhance scalability, not limit it.

D: Reduced software abstraction

Feedback: This is incorrect. In fact, software-defined architecture increases software abstraction.

Question 55 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are key features of private cloud infrastructure?

*A: Enhanced security and control over data

Feedback: Correct! Private clouds offer enhanced security and control, which is crucial for sensitive
data.
B: Unlimited scalability without any cost implications

Feedback: This is incorrect. While private clouds can be scalable, they come with cost limitations.

*C: Dedicated hardware resources for each client

Feedback: Correct! Private clouds often provide dedicated hardware resources for individual clients.

D: Public accessibility and shared resources

Feedback: This is incorrect. Private clouds restrict public access and focus on dedicated resources.

*E: Customization to meet specific organizational needs

Feedback: Correct! Private clouds can be customized to fit the specific requirements of an organization.

Question 56 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are benefits of implementing load balancing in cloud-based web services?

*A: Increases availability by distributing traffic across multiple servers.

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing helps ensure high availability by distributing requests across servers.

B: Reduces the cost of cloud services by half.

Feedback: Incorrect. Load balancing optimizes performance and reliability but doesn't necessarily
reduce costs by half.

*C: Improves performance by ensuring no single server is overwhelmed with requests.

Feedback: Correct! Balancing the load prevents any one server from becoming a bottleneck, enhancing
performance.

*D: Automatically scales resources up and down based on traffic demand.

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing can help in autoscaling resources efficiently based on demand.

E: Eliminates the need for data backup by distributing data evenly.

Feedback: Incorrect. Load balancing doesn't replace the need for data backup systems.

Question 57 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Which of the following are benefits of cloudonomics?

*A: Cost efficiency

Feedback: Correct! Cloudonomics emphasizes cost efficiency in cloud computing.

B: Unlimited data storage

Feedback: This is incorrect. Although cloud computing offers significant storage, it is not unlimited.

*C: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is a key benefit of cloudonomics.

D: Guaranteed data security

Feedback: This is incorrect. While cloudonomics addresses security, it does not guarantee it.

E: Reduced latency

Feedback: This is incorrect. Cloudonomics may address latency but does not inherently reduce it
without additional measures.

Question 58 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

Select the services that are commonly offered by cloud providers.

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS is a basic service offering virtualized computing resources over the internet.

*B: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Correct! SaaS allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over the Internet.

C: Hardware as a Service (HaaS)

Feedback: This is not typically a service model in cloud computing. Consider reviewing the common
service models.

*D: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Correct! PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications.

*E: Database as a Service (DBaaS)

Feedback: Correct! DBaaS is a service that provides database functionalities on the cloud.

Question 59 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What term describes the economic study of cloud computing? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: cloudonomics

Feedback: Correct! The term for the economic study of cloud computing is 'cloudonomics'.

Default Feedback: This is incorrect. Consider reviewing the terminology related to cloud computing
economics.

Question 60 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term for the concept that allows multiple virtual machines to share the same physical
hardware in cloud computing? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on the same physical
hardware.

Default Feedback: Consider reviewing the section on virtualization and its role in cloud computing.

Question 61 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the maximum number of virtual machines you can run if each requires 2 cores and you have a
total of 16 cores available?

*A: 8.0

Feedback: Correct! With 16 cores available, you can run up to 8 virtual machines if each requires 2
cores.
Default Feedback: This is incorrect. Revisit how resource allocation works in virtual environments.

Question 62 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term for the process of creating a virtual version of something, such as an operating system
or a server? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization involves creating a virtual version of resources like servers and
operating systems.

Default Feedback: This term refers to the creation of virtual versions of computing resources, commonly
used in cloud environments.

Question 63 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Introduction to Cloud Computing

What is the term for the virtual environment that cloud computing uses to provide resources? Please
answer in all lowercase.

*A: virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization is the key technology that drives cloud computing efficiencies.

Default Feedback: That's not correct. Think about the technology that allows multiple operating systems
to share a single hardware host.

Question 64 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Which of the following best describes the concept of Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

*A: Managing and provisioning computing infrastructure through machine-readable scripts.

Feedback: Correct! IaC involves managing and provisioning computing infrastructure using code rather
than through manual processes.

B: Using a graphical user interface to manage computing resources.

Feedback: Incorrect. While GUIs can be used for managing resources, IaC specifically refers to using
code for this purpose.
C: Outsourcing infrastructure management to third-party vendors.

Feedback: Incorrect. Outsourcing is not related to the concept of IaC, which focuses on using code for
infrastructure management.

D: Manually configuring servers and networking equipment.

Feedback: Incorrect. Manual configuration is the opposite of IaC, which automates these tasks using
code.

Question 65 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Which of the following is a benefit of using HDFS for large-scale data processing?

*A: Fault tolerance

Feedback: Correct! HDFS is designed to be fault-tolerant, ensuring data availability even when some
nodes fail.

B: Limited replication

Feedback: Incorrect. HDFS supports efficient replication to ensure data availability and fault tolerance.

C: Single programming language support

Feedback: Incorrect. HDFS supports various programming languages.

D: Proprietary architecture

Feedback: Incorrect. HDFS is an open-source distributed file system.

Question 66 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Select all benefits of using containers in cloud infrastructure.

*A: Consistent environment across multiple stages of development.

Feedback: Correct! Containers provide a consistent environment from development to production.

*B: Improved resource utilization and efficiency.

Feedback: Correct! Containers allow for better resource utilization and efficiency compared to
traditional VMs.

C: Increased security vulnerabilities.

Feedback: Incorrect. Containers can improve security by isolating applications, though they do have
their own security considerations.

*D: Simplified application updates and rollbacks.

Feedback: Correct! Containers make it easier to update and roll back applications.

E: Dependency on specific hardware configurations.

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the benefits of containers is that they are hardware agnostic.

Question 67 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Which of the following frameworks are built on top of Apache Spark? Select all that apply.

*A: GraphX

Feedback: Correct! GraphX is a framework built on top of Apache Spark for graph processing.

*B: Hive on Spark

Feedback: Correct! Hive on Spark is an execution engine for Hive queries using Apache Spark.

C: TensorFlow

Feedback: Incorrect. TensorFlow is not built on top of Apache Spark; it is an end-to-end open source
platform for machine learning.

*D: Mllib

Feedback: Correct! Mllib is a machine learning library built on top of Apache Spark.

E: PyTorch

Feedback: Incorrect. PyTorch is not built on top of Apache Spark; it is an open source machine learning
library based on the Torch library.

Question 68 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Select the features that YARN and Mesos share in managing resources and applications:

*A: Resource allocation

Feedback: Correct! Both YARN and Mesos handle resource allocation for applications.

*B: Fault tolerance

Feedback: Correct! Both YARN and Mesos include mechanisms for fault tolerance.

*C: Support for containerization

Feedback: Correct! Both YARN and Mesos support containerization technologies.

D: Exclusive to Hadoop ecosystem

Feedback: Incorrect. While YARN is part of the Hadoop ecosystem, Mesos is not exclusive to it.

E: Single point of failure

Feedback: Incorrect. Both systems are designed to avoid single points of failure.

Question 69 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Which of the following components are part of Hortonworks?

*A: Apache Hadoop

Feedback: Correct! Apache Hadoop is a key component of Hortonworks.

*B: Zeppelin

Feedback: Correct! Zeppelin is a visualization tool included in Hortonworks.

C: TensorFlow

Feedback: Incorrect. TensorFlow is an open-source machine learning library, not a component of

Hortonworks.

*D: Apache Spark

Feedback: Correct! Apache Spark is included in Hortonworks for big data processing.
E: PostgreSQL

Feedback: Incorrect. PostgreSQL is a relational database management system and is not a component of
Hortonworks.

Question 70 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Name the distributed file system used by Hadoop. Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: hdfs

Feedback: Correct! HDFS stands for Hadoop Distributed File System.

*B: hadoopdistributedfilesystem

Feedback: Correct! HDFS stands for Hadoop Distributed File System.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the components of Hadoop to find the correct distributed file
system.

Question 71 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

What is the major distribution that offers tools and database options specifically for big data processing
under the MapR Distro? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: mapr

Feedback: Correct! MapR is the distribution that offers tools and database options specifically for big
data processing.

*B: maprdistro

Feedback: Correct! MapR Distro is the distribution that offers tools and database options specifically for
big data processing.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the lesson materials on the major distributions of cloud
computing applications.

Question 72 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 1: Spark, Hortonworks, HDFS, CAP

Which resource management framework can Apache Spark run on besides YARN? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: mesos

Feedback: Correct! Apache Spark can run on Mesos besides YARN.

*B: kubernetes

Feedback: Correct! Apache Spark can also run on Kubernetes besides YARN.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Remember that Spark can run on multiple resource management
frameworks. Review the lesson materials for more information.

Question 73 - multiple choice, shuffle, medium

Question category: Module: Module 3: Streaming Systems

What is a key challenge of building stream processing systems?

*A: Handling large volumes of data in real-time

Feedback: Correct! Handling large volumes of data in real-time is a major challenge in building stream
processing systems.

B: Ensuring data is always stored in a relational database

Feedback: Incorrect. While storage is important, the challenge in stream processing is more about real-
time data handling.

C: Minimizing the cost of data storage

Feedback: Incorrect. Cost is a factor, but the primary challenge is handling large volumes of data in real-
time.

D: Ensuring data processing is done only in batch mode

Feedback: Incorrect. Stream processing specifically deals with real-time data, not batch mode
processing.

Question 74 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 3: Streaming Systems

Which of the following features are associated with Kafka in the context of data processing pipelines?
Select all that apply.
*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Kafka is known for its high scalability, allowing it to handle large amounts of data
efficiently.

*B: Low-latency message delivery

Feedback: Correct! Kafka is designed for low-latency message delivery, making it suitable for real-time
data processing.

C: Stateful stream processing

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka itself does not handle stateful stream processing; it is typically used in
conjunction with processing frameworks like Spark Streaming for such tasks.

*D: Data replication for fault tolerance

Feedback: Correct! Kafka supports data replication, which enhances fault tolerance by ensuring data
availability even in case of failures.

E: Built-in data transformation capabilities

Feedback: Incorrect. Kafka is primarily a messaging system and does not have built-in data
transformation capabilities; these are usually handled by external processing systems.

Question 75 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: Streaming Systems

Which of the following elements are key components in Apache Storm's architecture?

*A: Streams

Feedback: Correct! Streams are the core abstraction in Apache Storm, representing the flow of data.

*B: Spouts

Feedback: Correct! Spouts are sources of streams in Apache Storm, responsible for emitting data into
the topology.

C: Reducers

Feedback: Incorrect. Reducers are part of the MapReduce paradigm, not Apache Storm.

*D: Bolts
Feedback: Correct! Bolts are the processing units in Apache Storm, transforming input streams into
output streams.

E: Clusters

Feedback: Incorrect. While clusters are part of the infrastructure, they are not considered a key
component within the architecture of Apache Storm.

Question 76 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: Streaming Systems

Which of the following are benefits of processing streams of data in cloud computing?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Cloud computing offers scalability, which is a key benefit for processing streams of
data.

*B: Real-time analytics

Feedback: Correct! Real-time analytics is a significant benefit of processing data streams in the cloud.

C: Manual data entry

Feedback: Incorrect. Manual data entry is not a benefit of processing data streams.

*D: Elastic resource allocation

Feedback: Correct! Elastic resource allocation is a major advantage in cloud computing for stream
processing.

E: Fixed infrastructure costs

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing allows for variable costs based on usage rather than fixed
infrastructure costs.

Question 77 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: Streaming Systems

Which of the following are key characteristics of cloud computing?

*A: On-demand self-service

Feedback: Correct! On-demand self-service is a key characteristic of cloud computing, allowing users to
provision resources as needed without human intervention.

*B: Broad network access

Feedback: Correct! Broad network access is a key characteristic of cloud computing, ensuring services
are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms.

*C: Resource pooling

Feedback: Correct! Resource pooling is a key characteristic of cloud computing, where computing
resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model.

D: High upfront cost

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the advantages of cloud computing is that it typically has lower upfront
costs compared to traditional IT infrastructure.

E: Limited scalability

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing offers high scalability, allowing users to easily scale resources up
or down based on demand.

Question 78 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: Streaming Systems

What framework is commonly used for distributed stream processing? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: spark

Feedback: Correct! Apache Spark is commonly used for distributed stream processing.

*B: flink

Feedback: Correct! Apache Flink is another popular framework for distributed stream processing.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Try again and consider the frameworks discussed in the lesson.

Question 79 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Which of the following skills gained from the Cloud Infrastructure & Applications course can
significantly boost your resume?
*A: Understanding cloud service models

Feedback: Great job! Understanding cloud service models is crucial for many cloud-related roles and
can indeed enhance your resume.

B: Basic knowledge of Microsoft Word

Feedback: That's not correct. While basic knowledge of Microsoft Word is useful, it's not specific to
cloud infrastructure and applications.

C: Proficiency in a foreign language

Feedback: Not quite. While proficiency in a foreign language is valuable, it is not directly related to
cloud infrastructure and applications.

D: Experience with traditional desktop applications

Feedback: Incorrect. Experience with traditional desktop applications is not as relevant to cloud
infrastructure and applications.

Question 80 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Which of the following is a key benefit of using cloud infrastructure for applications?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is one of the primary benefits, as it allows applications to easily handle
increased loads.

B: High initial capital expenditure

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically reduces initial capital expenditure by offering pay-as-
you-go models.

C: Limited geographical reach

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure often provides global reach, allowing applications to be
accessed from multiple locations.

D: Complex disaster recovery

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure usually simplifies disaster recovery with built-in redundancy
and backup options.
Question 81 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Select the cloud services that are generally considered part of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

*A: Virtual Machines

Feedback: Correct! Virtual Machines are a core component of IaaS, providing virtualized computing
resources.

*B: Storage

Feedback: Correct! Storage solutions like block storage and object storage are also part of IaaS.

*C: Networking

Feedback: Correct! Networking components, such as virtual networks and load balancers, fall under
IaaS.

D: Database Management

Feedback: Incorrect. Database Management is typically considered part of Platform as a Service (PaaS),
not IaaS.

E: Application Deployment

Feedback: Incorrect. Application Deployment tools are often part of PaaS or Software as a Service
(SaaS).

Question 82 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Which of the following are frameworks used for graph processing?

*A: Pregel

Feedback: Correct! Pregel is designed for graph processing.

*B: Giraph

Feedback: Correct! Giraph is also used for graph processing.

*C: Spark GraphX

Feedback: Correct! Spark GraphX is used for graph processing.

D: Keras

Feedback: Incorrect. Keras is not a graph processing framework; it is used for building neural networks.

E: Caffe

Feedback: Incorrect. Caffe is a deep learning framework and is not used for graph processing.

Question 83 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, hard

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Identify the fault tolerance mechanisms in Pregel.

*A: Checkpointing

Feedback: Correct! Checkpointing is an essential fault tolerance mechanism in Pregel.

*B: Failure detection

Feedback: Correct! Failure detection helps in identifying failed nodes.

C: Data replication

Feedback: Incorrect. Data replication is not a fault tolerance mechanism specifically used in Pregel.

*D: Recovery

Feedback: Correct! Recovery is a key fault tolerance mechanism in Pregel.

E: Task scheduling

Feedback: Incorrect. Task scheduling is not directly related to fault tolerance in Pregel.

Question 84 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Name the algorithm used to extract frequent item sets using a tree-based structure. Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: fp-growth
Feedback: Correct! The FP-growth algorithm is used to extract frequent item sets using a tree-based
structure.

*B: fpgrowth

Feedback: Correct! The FP-growth algorithm is used to extract frequent item sets using a tree-based
structure.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the material on frequent pattern mining algorithms.

Question 85 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

Name a popular framework specifically used for graph processing that starts with the letter 'P'. Please
answer in all lowercase.

*A: pregel

Feedback: Correct! Pregel is a popular framework for graph processing.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the frameworks used for graph processing in the course
material.

Question 86 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Graph Processing and Machine Learning

What is the algorithm used in Giraph to find connected components in a graph? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: labelpropagation

Feedback: Correct! The Label Propagation algorithm is used to find connected components in Giraph.

*B: labelpropogation

Feedback: Correct! The Label Propagation algorithm is used to find connected components in Giraph.

*C: label_propagation

Feedback: Correct! The Label Propagation algorithm is used to find connected components in Giraph.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the algorithms used in Giraph for finding connected
components.
Question 87 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which component of Hive is responsible for parsing queries and planning their execution?

*A: Driver

Feedback: Correct! The Driver is responsible for parsing the queries and planning their execution.

B: Shell

Feedback: Incorrect. The Shell is the command line interface for Hive users.

C: Compiler

Feedback: Incorrect. The Compiler translates HiveQL into MapReduce jobs, but it doesn't parse queries.

D: Execution Engine

Feedback: Incorrect. The Execution Engine is responsible for executing the tasks, not parsing queries.

Question 88 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary purpose of a load balancer in cloud infrastructure?

*A: To distribute incoming network traffic across multiple servers

Feedback: Correct! A load balancer helps in distributing incoming network traffic across multiple
servers to ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed.

B: To encrypt data before transmission

Feedback: Incorrect. Encryption of data before transmission is typically handled by other components
like SSL/TLS, not a load balancer.

C: To store large amounts of data

Feedback: Incorrect. Storing large amounts of data is the role of storage solutions like databases or data
lakes, not a load balancer.

D: To provide VPN connectivity

Feedback: Incorrect. Providing VPN connectivity is usually managed by VPN services, not a load
balancer.

Question 89 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following storage classes is NOT offered by Amazon S3?

A: S3 Standard-Infrequent Access (S3 Standard-IA)

Feedback: Incorrect. S3 Standard-IA is indeed a storage class offered by Amazon S3.

B: S3 One Zone-Infrequent Access (S3 One Zone-IA)

Feedback: Incorrect. S3 One Zone-IA is a valid storage class in Amazon S3.

C: S3 Intelligent-Tiering

Feedback: Incorrect. S3 Intelligent-Tiering is a storage class provided by Amazon S3.

*D: S3 Nearline

Feedback: Correct! S3 Nearline is not an Amazon S3 storage class.

Question 90 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which component of cloud infrastructure is responsible for managing the distribution of applications
across multiple servers?

*A: Load Balancer

Feedback: Correct! Load Balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure
no single server bears too much demand.

B: Firewall

Feedback: Incorrect. Firewall secures the network by controlling incoming and outgoing traffic, but it
does not manage application distribution.

C: Database

Feedback: Incorrect. Database stores and manages data, but it does not handle the distribution of
applications.
D: DNS Server

Feedback: Incorrect. DNS Server translates domain names to IP addresses, but it does not manage the
distribution of applications.

Question 91 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following is a common service model in cloud computing?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS is a common cloud service model that provides virtualized computing resources
over the internet.

B: Software as a Device (SaaD)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaD is not a recognized service model in cloud computing.

C: Internet as a Platform (IaaP)

Feedback: Incorrect. IaaP is not a recognized service model in cloud computing.

D: Application as a Product (AaaP)

Feedback: Incorrect. AaaP is not a recognized service model in cloud computing.

Question 92 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which HTTP method is typically used to upload a file using the Dropbox Cloud API?

*A: POST

Feedback: Correct! The POST method is used to upload files using the Dropbox Cloud API.

B: GET

Feedback: Incorrect. The GET method is used to retrieve data, not to upload files.

C: DELETE

Feedback: No, the DELETE method is used to remove data, not to upload files.
D: PUT

Feedback: Not quite. While PUT can be used in some APIs for uploading files, the Dropbox Cloud API
typically uses POST for this purpose.

Question 93 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary function of the Dropbox Cloud API?

*A: To upload and manage files in Dropbox programmatically.

Feedback: Correct! The Dropbox Cloud API allows developers to upload, manage, and interact with
files in Dropbox programmatically.

B: To provide cloud storage solutions for large enterprises.

Feedback: Not quite. While Dropbox does offer cloud storage solutions, the Dropbox Cloud API
specifically focuses on allowing programmatic access to Dropbox services.

C: To enhance data security and encryption in Dropbox.

Feedback: Incorrect. Although Dropbox places a strong emphasis on security, the primary function of
the Dropbox Cloud API is to facilitate programmatic interactions with Dropbox.

D: To offer customer support and resolve user issues.

Feedback: No, the Dropbox Cloud API is not designed for customer support. Its main function is to
enable developers to interact with Dropbox programmatically.

Question 94 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following benefits is unique to Amazon Glacier compared to Amazon S3?

*A: Low-cost archival storage

Feedback: Correct! Amazon Glacier provides low-cost archival storage, which is its primary benefit.

B: High IOPS performance

Feedback: Incorrect. High IOPS performance is a feature of Amazon EBS, not Amazon Glacier.

C: Automatic scaling
Feedback: Incorrect. Automatic scaling is a feature of Amazon S3, not Amazon Glacier.

D: File-level storage

Feedback: Incorrect. File-level storage is a feature of Amazon EFS, not Amazon Glacier.

Question 95 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

How does Amazon EFS ensure data durability?

*A: By replicating data across multiple Availability Zones

Feedback: Correct! Amazon EFS ensures data durability by replicating data across multiple Availability
Zones.

B: By using SSD-based storage

Feedback: Incorrect. SSD-based storage is more relevant to performance rather than durability.

C: By employing data versioning

Feedback: Incorrect. Data versioning is a feature of Amazon S3, not Amazon EFS.

D: By providing automated backups

Feedback: Incorrect. Automated backups are a feature of Amazon RDS, not Amazon EFS.

Question 96 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are use cases for Amazon EFS? Select all that apply.

*A: Content Management Systems

Feedback: Correct! Content Management Systems are a common use case for Amazon EFS due to its
scalability and performance.

B: Data Archiving

Feedback: Incorrect. Data Archiving is more suited for Amazon Glacier.

*C: Big Data and Analytics

Feedback: Correct! Big Data and Analytics can benefit from the scalable and high-throughput nature of
Amazon EFS.

D: Transactional Databases

Feedback: Incorrect. Transactional Databases are more suited for Amazon RDS.

Question 97 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary purpose of Hive in big data processing?

*A: To manage and query large datasets stored in Hadoop

Feedback: Correct. Hive is designed to facilitate the management and querying of large datasets stored
in Hadoop.

B: To provide real-time data analytics

Feedback: Incorrect. Hive is not optimized for real-time data analytics. It is designed for batch
processing of large datasets.

C: To replace traditional relational databases

Feedback: Incorrect. Hive is not meant to replace traditional relational databases but to complement
them by handling large-scale data processing.

D: To perform complex event processing

Feedback: Incorrect. Hive is not intended for complex event processing but for querying and managing
large datasets.

Question 98 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which component of Hive is responsible for managing the query lifecycle including compilation,
optimization, and execution?

*A: Hive Driver

Feedback: Correct. The Hive Driver is responsible for managing the query lifecycle including
compilation, optimization, and execution.

B: Hive Shell
Feedback: Incorrect. The Hive Shell is the command-line interface for Hive but does not manage the
query lifecycle.

C: Hive MetaStore

Feedback: Incorrect. The Hive MetaStore manages metadata but not the query lifecycle.

D: Hive Execution Engine

Feedback: Incorrect. The Hive Execution Engine executes the query but does not manage the entire
lifecycle.

Question 99 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following components is essential for automating the deployment of cloud infrastructure?

*A: Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

Feedback: Correct! IaC is a key component for automating cloud infrastructure deployment.

B: Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Feedback: Incorrect. While GUIs are helpful, they are not essential for automation.

C: Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Feedback: Incorrect. VPNs are important for secure communication but not for automating deployment.

D: File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Feedback: Incorrect. FTP is used for file transfers, not for automating deployment.

Question 100 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following best describes the concept of Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

*A: A method to manage and provision computing infrastructure through machine-readable scripts.

Feedback: Correct! IaC uses scripts to automate and manage infrastructure.

B: A method to manually configure and manage computing infrastructure.

Feedback: Incorrect. IaC involves automation through scripts, not manual configuration.

C: A method to physically build and deploy servers and networking equipment.

Feedback: Incorrect. IaC is about automation through code, not physical deployment.

D: A method to manage software development processes and workflows.

Feedback: Incorrect. IaC specifically deals with managing infrastructure, not software development
processes.

Question 101 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary purpose of the Dropbox Cloud API?

*A: To allow developers to integrate Dropbox functionalities into their applications

Feedback: Correct! The Dropbox Cloud API provides developers with the ability to integrate Dropbox
functionalities into their applications, allowing for seamless file storage and sharing capabilities.

B: To provide users with a graphical interface to manage their Dropbox files

Feedback: Incorrect. The Dropbox Cloud API does not provide a graphical interface for managing files;
it is intended for developers to integrate Dropbox functionalities into applications.

C: To offer cloud storage solutions exclusively for personal use

Feedback: Incorrect. While Dropbox does offer cloud storage solutions, the Dropbox Cloud API is
designed for developers to integrate these solutions into various applications, not just for personal use.

D: To enable real-time collaboration on documents

Feedback: Incorrect. Although Dropbox allows real-time collaboration on documents, this is not the
primary purpose of the Dropbox Cloud API. The API focuses on integration of Dropbox functionalities
into other applications.

Question 102 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following describes a key benefit of using Amazon Glacier for archival storage?

*A: Cost efficiency for long-term data storage

Feedback: Correct! Cost efficiency is a major benefit of Amazon Glacier for long-term data storage.

B: Enhanced security features

Feedback: Not quite. While Amazon Glacier is secure, the cost efficiency is a more distinguishing
benefit for archival storage.

C: Integration with other AWS services

Feedback: Incorrect. While Amazon Glacier integrates with other AWS services, cost efficiency is its
key benefit for archival storage.

D: High availability and low latency

Feedback: This is not correct. High availability is more relevant to Amazon S3 or EFS rather than
Glacier.

Question 103 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary purpose of the AWS S3 service in cloud computing?

A: To host virtual servers

Feedback: Incorrect. AWS S3 is primarily used for object storage, not for hosting virtual servers.

*B: To provide object storage

Feedback: Correct! AWS S3 is designed to store and retrieve any amount of data at any time, from
anywhere on the web.

C: To manage database services

Feedback: Incorrect. AWS S3 is used for object storage and not for managing databases.

D: To run containerized applications

Feedback: Incorrect. AWS S3 does not run containerized applications; it provides object storage.

Question 104 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary benefit of using Hive as a database for big data processing?
A: Reduced data storage costs

Feedback: This is not the primary benefit of Hive for big data processing. Review Hive's benefits for big
data applications.

B: Ability to store unstructured data

Feedback: Hive primarily works with structured data using a schema. Think about Hive's main benefits
related to big data processing.

*C: Efficiently query large datasets using SQL-like language

Feedback: Correct! Hive allows users to efficiently query large datasets using a familiar SQL-like
language, making it accessible and powerful for big data analytics.

D: Integration with NoSQL databases

Feedback: Hive is designed to work with Hadoop and does not directly integrate with NoSQL databases.
Consider the main advantages of Hive within the Hadoop ecosystem.

Question 105 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are characteristics of cloud-native applications?

*A: Microservices architecture

Feedback: Correct! Cloud-native applications often use a microservices architecture to improve

scalability and maintainability.

B: Monolithic design

Feedback: Incorrect. Monolithic design is generally not a characteristic of cloud-native applications;

they usually prefer microservices.

*C: Containerization

Feedback: Correct! Containerization helps in creating consistent environments for cloud-native

applications.

D: Tightly coupled components

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud-native applications typically use loosely coupled components to enhance
flexibility and resilience.
*E: Continuous integration/Continuous deployment (CI/CD)

Feedback: Correct! CI/CD practices are commonly used in cloud-native applications to facilitate rapid
and reliable software delivery.

Question 106 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Select all the correct features of the Amazon S3 service.

*A: Data versioning

Feedback: Correct! Data versioning allows you to preserve, retrieve, and restore every version of every
object stored in your Amazon S3 bucket.

*B: Automatic scaling

Feedback: Correct! Amazon S3 automatically scales storage up and down as needed.

*C: Regional redundancy

Feedback: Correct! Amazon S3 automatically replicates data across multiple geographically distributed
regions.

D: Built-in query engine

Feedback: Incorrect. While S3 integrates with query services like Amazon Athena, S3 itself does not
have a built-in query engine.

E: Transactional database

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon S3 is an object storage service, not a transactional database.

Question 107 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are features of the Dropbox Cloud API? (Select all that apply)

*A: File upload and download

Feedback: Correct! The Dropbox Cloud API allows for both file uploads and downloads.

*B: User authentication and authorization

Feedback: Correct! The Dropbox Cloud API includes features for user authentication and authorization.

C: Real-time chat support

Feedback: Incorrect. Real-time chat support is not a feature of the Dropbox Cloud API.

*D: Folder sharing and collaboration

Feedback: Correct! Folder sharing and collaboration are indeed features of the Dropbox Cloud API.

E: Automated backups

Feedback: Incorrect. While Dropbox may offer automated backups as a service, this is not a feature
specific to the Dropbox Cloud API.

Question 108 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following components are part of Hive's architecture?

*A: Hive Driver

Feedback: Correct. Hive Driver is a key component of Hive's architecture.

*B: Hive Shell

Feedback: Correct. Hive Shell is an important component that provides an interface for users to interact
with Hive.

*C: Hive Compiler

Feedback: Correct. Hive Compiler compiles the HiveQL queries into MapReduce jobs.

D: Hive Optimizer

Feedback: Incorrect. Hive Optimizer is not a specific component of Hive's architecture.

E: Hive Key-Value Store

Feedback: Incorrect. Hive does not include a key-value store as part of its architecture.

Question 109 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper
Select the tools that are commonly used for Infrastructure as Code (IaC).

*A: Terraform

Feedback: Correct! Terraform is a widely used IaC tool.

*B: Puppet

Feedback: Correct! Puppet is also a common IaC tool.

C: Photoshop

Feedback: Incorrect. Photoshop is not used for IaC; it is a graphic design tool.

D: Docker

Feedback: Incorrect. Docker is used for containerization, not specifically IaC.

*E: Ansible

Feedback: Correct! Ansible is another popular IaC tool.

Question 110 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are features of SWIFT in OpenStack?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! SWIFT is designed to be highly scalable, allowing it to handle large amounts of
data.

B: Low latency

Feedback: Incorrect. While SWIFT is durable and scalable, it is not specifically optimized for low
latency.

*C: Data replication

Feedback: Correct! SWIFT ensures data durability through replication across multiple locations.

D: Auto-scaling of virtual machines

Feedback: Incorrect. SWIFT is focused on object storage and does not handle auto-scaling of virtual
machines.
E: Metadata search

Feedback: Incorrect. SWIFT does support metadata but isn't specifically optimized for metadata search.

Question 111 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the term used for a software development practice that involves automatically building, testing,
and deploying code changes? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: ci/cd

Feedback: Correct! Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) is the practice of

automatically building, testing, and deploying code changes.

*B: cicd

Feedback: Correct! Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) is the practice of

automatically building, testing, and deploying code changes.

*C: continuousintegration/continuousdeployment

Feedback: Correct! Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD) is the practice of

automatically building, testing, and deploying code changes.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. This practice involves automatically building, testing, and deploying code
changes.

Question 112 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the execution engine used by Hive? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: tez

Feedback: Correct. Tez is one of the execution engines used by Hive.

*B: mr

Feedback: Correct. MR (MapReduce) is one of the execution engines used by Hive.

*C: spark

Feedback: Correct. Spark is one of the execution engines used by Hive.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the execution engines supported by Hive.

Question 113 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What method would you use to list the contents of a folder using the Dropbox Cloud API? Please
answer in all lowercase.

*A: list_folder

Feedback: Correct! The list_folder method is used to list the contents of a folder in Dropbox via the
Cloud API.

*B: listfolder

Feedback: Correct! The listfolder method is used to list the contents of a folder in Dropbox via the
Cloud API.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the Dropbox Cloud API documentation regarding folder
content listing methods.

Question 114 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the process of breaking down an application into smaller, manageable pieces that can be
developed and deployed independently? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: microservices

Feedback: Correct! Microservices involve breaking down an application into smaller, manageable pieces
that can be developed and deployed independently.

*B: microservice

Feedback: Correct! Microservices involve breaking down an application into smaller, manageable pieces
that can be developed and deployed independently.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. This process involves breaking down an application into smaller,
manageable pieces that can be developed and deployed independently.

Question 115 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper
What is the primary motivation behind Amazon EFS? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is the primary motivation behind Amazon EFS.

B: flexibility

Feedback: Incorrect. While flexibility is important, the primary motivation behind Amazon EFS is
scalability.

C: performance

Feedback: Incorrect. Performance is a key feature, but the primary motivation is scalability.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the lesson on the primary motivation behind Amazon EFS.

Question 116 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the term used for the unique identifier assigned to each object stored in an S3 bucket? Please
answer in all lowercase.

*A: key

Feedback: Correct! In Amazon S3, the unique identifier for an object is called a key.

*B: object key

Feedback: Correct! In Amazon S3, the unique identifier for an object is called an object key.

*C: objectkey

Feedback: Correct! In Amazon S3, the unique identifier for an object is called an object key.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. In Amazon S3, the unique identifier for an object is called a key.

Question 117 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the minimum storage duration (in days) for data stored in Amazon Glacier?

*A: 90.0
Feedback: Correct! The minimum storage duration for data stored in Amazon Glacier is 90 days.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the lesson on Amazon Glacier's storage policies.

Question 118 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the maximum file size (in terabytes) that can be stored in a single Amazon S3 object?

*A: 5.0

Feedback: Correct! Amazon S3 allows a single object to be as large as 5 terabytes.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the file size limits for Amazon S3 objects in the course
material.

Question 119 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

In a cloud infrastructure, the latency between two nodes is measured to be within the range of 50ms to
200ms. What is the possible range of latency?

*A: [50, 200]

Feedback: Correct! The latency between the two nodes falls within the specified range.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Ensure you provide the latency range in milliseconds.

Question 120 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

How many availability zones does AWS have globally as of 2023?

*A: 99.0

Feedback: Correct! As of 2023, AWS has 99 availability zones globally.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the current number of AWS availability zones globally.

Question 121 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper
Which of the following is a major component of cloud systems used for big data file systems?

*A: Ceph file system

Feedback: Correct! Ceph file system is indeed a major component used in cloud systems for big data file
systems.

B: RAID storage

Feedback: Not quite. RAID storage is more related to traditional storage systems.

C: TCP/IP

Feedback: Incorrect. TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols, not a component of big data file
systems.

D: SMTP

Feedback: No, SMTP is a protocol for email transmission, not related to big data file systems.

Question 122 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following is a primary use case for Amazon S3 Blob storage?

*A: Storing static website content

Feedback: Correct! Amazon S3 is commonly used for storing static website content due to its scalability
and high availability.

B: Running complex database queries

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon S3 is not typically used for running complex database queries. Consider
the role of Amazon S3 in storing unstructured data.

C: Managing NoSQL databases

Feedback: Incorrect. Managing NoSQL databases is generally done using services like Amazon
DynamoDB, not Amazon S3.

D: Performing real-time data analytics

Feedback: Incorrect. Real-time data analytics are often performed using services like Amazon Kinesis,
not Amazon S3.
Question 123 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the role of the driver component in the architecture of Hive?

A: It executes the MapReduce jobs

Feedback: Incorrect. The driver does not execute the MapReduce jobs directly.

*B: It parses the query and plans the execution

Feedback: Correct! The driver is responsible for parsing the query and planning the execution in Hive.

C: It stores the metadata for Hive tables

Feedback: Incorrect. Storing metadata for Hive tables is not the role of the driver.

D: It manages the distributed file system

Feedback: Incorrect. Managing the distributed file system is not the responsibility of the driver.

Question 124 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following features is NOT associated with Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)?

*A: Temporary storage

Feedback: Correct! Amazon EBS is known for its persistence, not for providing temporary storage.

B: High performance

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EBS does offer high-performance storage options.

C: Encryption support

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EBS provides encryption support to secure your data.

D: Flexibility

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EBS is known for its flexibility in supporting different types of workloads.

Question 125 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following is a key benefit of Infrastructure as Code (IaC) in cloud computing?

*A: Automated environment setup

Feedback: Correct! IaC allows automated and consistent environment setup.

B: Reduced need for code versioning

Feedback: Not quite. Code versioning is still important with IaC.

C: Manual configuration of servers

Feedback: Incorrect. IaC emphasizes automation over manual configuration.

D: Increased hardware costs

Feedback: Incorrect. IaC typically reduces hardware costs through efficient resource management.

Question 126 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is the primary function of the Dropbox Core API?

*A: To enable users to perform basic file operations such as upload, download, and delete.

Feedback: Correct! The Dropbox Core API allows users to perform fundamental file operations.

B: To provide ready-made UI components for easy app integration.

Feedback: Incorrect. The Core API focuses on basic file operations, not UI components.

C: To manage user authentication and permissions.

Feedback: Incorrect. While important, user authentication and permissions are not the primary focus of
the Core API.

D: To offer cloud storage solutions for large enterprises.

Feedback: Incorrect. The Core API is not specifically designed for enterprise cloud storage solutions.

Question 127 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper
Select the correct statements about Amazon EFS and Amazon EBS.

*A: Amazon EFS is a scalable file storage service.

Feedback: Correct! Amazon EFS provides scalable file storage.

*B: Amazon EBS is ideal for high-performance workloads.

Feedback: Correct! Amazon EBS is designed for high-performance workloads.

C: Amazon EFS offers temporary storage solutions.

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EFS is designed for scalable and persistent file storage.

D: Amazon EBS supports instance store volumes.

Feedback: Incorrect. Instance store volumes are separate from Amazon EBS.

E: Amazon EFS is optimized for archival storage.

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EFS is not optimized for archival storage; Amazon Glacier is suitable for
that use case.

Question 128 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are cloud-based storage services?

*A: Object storage

Feedback: Correct! Object storage is a cloud-based storage service.

*B: Block-level storage

Feedback: Right! Block-level storage is another type of cloud-based storage service.

*C: Archival storage

Feedback: Yes! Archival storage is also a cloud-based storage service.

D: FAT32

Feedback: Incorrect. FAT32 is a file system type, not a cloud-based storage service.

E: NFS
Feedback: No, NFS (Network File System) is a distributed file system protocol, not a cloud-based
storage service.

Question 129 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Name the language used for querying data in Hive. Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: hql

Feedback: Correct! Hive Query Language (HQL) is used for querying data in Hive.

*B: hiveql

Feedback: Correct! HiveQL, also known as Hive Query Language, is used for querying data in Hive.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Remember, Hive uses a language similar to SQL.

Question 130 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which cloud service model provides virtualized computing resources over the internet?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, which is a key part
of cloud infrastructure.

B: Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Feedback: Not quite. While SOA is a method of software design, it does not specifically provide
virtualized computing resources.

C: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Close, but not quite. PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and
manage applications without building and maintaining the infrastructure.

D: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis, rather
than providing raw computing resources.

Question 131 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are features of Swift as an object storage system?

*A: Scalability to manage large amounts of unstructured data

Feedback: Correct! Swift is designed to scale and handle vast amounts of unstructured data efficiently.

B: Integrated support for server-side script execution

Feedback: Incorrect. Swift focuses on storage and does not natively support server-side script execution.

*C: Data replication for fault tolerance

Feedback: Correct! Swift replicates data across nodes to ensure availability and durability.

D: Built-in machine learning capabilities

Feedback: Swift does not have built-in machine learning capabilities, as it is focused on storage.

Question 132 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What is a key difference between Amazon EFS and Amazon EBS in terms of redundancy and
durability?

*A: Amazon EFS automatically scales to store and access files across multiple Availability Zones.

Feedback: Correct! Amazon EFS is designed to automatically scale to store and access files across
multiple Availability Zones, offering high redundancy and durability.

B: Amazon EBS provides higher redundancy by spanning across multiple regions.

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EBS volumes are confined to a single Availability Zone, which does not
provide multi-region redundancy.

C: Amazon EBS automatically replicates data across multiple Availability Zones.

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EBS volumes are confined to a single Availability Zone, although they do
offer snapshot capabilities for data protection.

D: Amazon EFS is a block storage service that provides temporary storage.

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EFS is a file storage service, not block storage, and it provides persistent
storage rather than temporary.
Question 133 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Amazon S3 Blob storage is commonly used by organizations for which of the following use cases?

*A: Hosting static websites

Feedback: Correct! Amazon S3 is frequently used to host static websites due to its high availability and
scalability.

B: Running complex data analytics

Feedback: Not quite. While S3 can store data for analytics, the computation itself is typically handled by
services like Amazon EMR or AWS Lambda.

C: Executing server-side scripts

Feedback: Executing server-side scripts is not a typical use case for Amazon S3, as it's primarily a
storage platform.

D: Real-time data processing

Feedback: Real-time data processing requires computational services, whereas Amazon S3 is optimized
for storage.

Question 134 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following best describes the core functionality of the Dropbox Core API?

*A: Facilitates user authentication and file metadata management.

Feedback: Correct! The Core API handles authentication and lets developers manage file metadata
effectively.

B: Provides real-time file synchronization across devices.

Feedback: Incorrect. While Dropbox as a service offers synchronization, the Core API focuses more on
authentication and file metadata.

C: Ensures secure data encryption and decryption.

Feedback: Incorrect. Security features are part of the service, but not the primary focus of the Core API.
D: Manages collaborative document editing.

Feedback: Incorrect. Collaborative features are offered, but the Core API's primary role is not document
editing.

Question 135 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are features of Ceph that contribute to its reliability and performance?

*A: Distributed object storage

Feedback: Correct! Ceph's distributed object storage is a key feature contributing to its reliability.

B: Single point of failure

Feedback: Incorrect. Ceph is designed to avoid single points of failure to enhance reliability.

*C: Automatic data replication

Feedback: Correct! Automatic data replication helps in maintaining data reliability in Ceph.

D: Proprietary hardware dependency

Feedback: Incorrect. Ceph is designed to run on commodity hardware, avoiding proprietary

dependencies.

*E: Dynamic rebalancing

Feedback: Correct! Dynamic rebalancing in Ceph enhances its performance and reliability.

Question 136 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Select the components that are core to cloud infrastructure virtualization.

*A: Virtual Machines

Feedback: Correct! Virtual machines are fundamental to cloud infrastructure as they allow multiple
operating systems to run on a single physical server.

B: Bare Metal Servers

Feedback: While bare metal servers are used in cloud environments, they do not offer the same
virtualization benefits as virtual machines.

*C: Load Balancers

Feedback: Correct! Load balancers distribute network or application traffic across multiple servers,
which is essential in cloud infrastructure for managing traffic.

*D: Containers

Feedback: Correct! Containers encapsulate an application and its dependencies, providing a consistent
environment across different setups.

E: VPN Gateways

Feedback: VPN gateways are important for secure network connections, but they are not core elements
in the virtualization of cloud infrastructure.

Question 137 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are components of cloud systems? Select all that apply.

*A: Ceph file system

Feedback: Correct! Ceph is a distributed storage system used in cloud environments.

*B: Relational databases

Feedback: Correct! Relational databases are a major component of cloud systems for structured data
management.

*C: Tez

Feedback: Correct! Tez is an application framework for executing complex directed acyclic graph of
tasks.

D: SMTP server

Feedback: Incorrect. SMTP servers are used for email transmission, not as a fundamental component of
cloud systems.

E: Kernel modules
Feedback: Incorrect. While kernel modules can be used in operating systems, they are not considered a
primary component of cloud systems.

Question 138 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

Which of the following are architectural features of Dropbox as a cloud storage service?

*A: Client-side encryption for data privacy

Feedback: Correct! Dropbox uses encryption to enhance data privacy, which is an essential architectural
feature.

*B: Built-in data backup and recovery mechanisms

Feedback: Correct! Dropbox indeed incorporates backup and recovery mechanisms as part of its
architecture.

C: Automated data migration to other cloud services

Feedback: Incorrect. While data migration can be done, it's not an automated feature of Dropbox's
architecture.

*D: Version control for tracking file changes

Feedback: Correct! Dropbox offers version control as a feature, highlighting its architectural strength.

E: In-built antivirus protection for all files

Feedback: Incorrect. Antivirus protection is not an inherent architectural feature of Dropbox.

Question 139 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 4: Storage: Ceph, SWIFT, HDFS, NAAS, SAN, Zookeeper

What type of storage service is used for storing large amounts of unstructured data, often used in cloud
environments? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: object

Feedback: Correct! Object storage is used for managing large volumes of unstructured data in cloud
environments.

*B: objectstorage
Feedback: Correct! Object storage is used for managing large volumes of unstructured data in cloud
environments.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the types of cloud-based storage services and their use cases.

Question 140 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which service model of cloud computing provides the highest level of control over the hardware?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS provides the highest level of control over the hardware.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS offers less control over the underlying hardware compared to IaaS.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS provides the least control over the hardware.

D: Backend as a Service (BaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. BaaS focuses on backend services and does not provide full control over hardware.

Question 141 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following is a primary benefit of using cloud infrastructure for businesses?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability allows businesses to handle increasing workloads efficiently.

B: Fixed Costs

Feedback: Incorrect. Fixed costs do not represent a primary benefit of cloud infrastructure as costs can
vary based on usage.

C: Limited Storage

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically offers expandable storage options.

D: Manual Updates

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure often benefits from automated updates.

Question 142 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following best describes the concept of load balancing in cloud computing?

*A: Distributing incoming network traffic across multiple servers

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing helps to distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers,
improving application availability and reliability.

B: Storing data in multiple locations to ensure redundancy

Feedback: Incorrect. Storing data in multiple locations is related to data replication, not load balancing.

C: Automatically scaling resources based on demand

Feedback: Incorrect. Automatically scaling resources based on demand is related to auto-scaling, not
load balancing.

D: Encrypting data to ensure security during transfer

Feedback: Incorrect. Encrypting data to ensure security is related to data encryption, not load balancing.

Question 143 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which type of cloud service allows users to run and manage applications without dealing with the
underlying infrastructure?

*A: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Correct! PaaS allows users to run and manage applications without dealing with the
underlying infrastructure.

B: Metal as a Service (MaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. MaaS provides bare metal servers, not a platform for running applications.

C: Mobile as a Back End (MaaB)

Feedback: Incorrect. MaaB provides backend services for mobile applications, not a platform for
running applications.

D: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet, not a platform for
running applications.

Question 144 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following is a key benefit of Salesforce's ability to build custom solutions?

*A: Increased flexibility to meet specific business needs

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce's ability to build custom solutions provides increased flexibility to meet
specific business needs.

B: Reduced need for data security measures

Feedback: Incorrect. While Salesforce offers robust security, the ability to build custom solutions
primarily enhances flexibility.

C: Lower overall cost of ownership

Feedback: Incorrect. Custom solutions may actually increase costs due to the need for tailored
development.

D: Automatic integration with all third-party applications

Feedback: Incorrect. While Salesforce can integrate with many applications, custom solutions do not
automatically integrate with all third-party applications.

Question 145 - multiple choice, shuffle, medium

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What impact has Salesforce had on the CRM industry?

*A: Revolutionized CRM with cloud-based solutions

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce revolutionized the CRM industry with its cloud-based solutions.

B: Eliminated the need for customer data management

Feedback: Incorrect. While Salesforce improved data management, it did not eliminate the need for it.

C: Made CRM systems obsolete

Feedback: Incorrect. Salesforce did not make CRM systems obsolete; it enhanced them.

D: Reduced the importance of customer relationships

Feedback: Incorrect. Salesforce has actually increased the importance of maintaining strong customer
relationships.

Question 146 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which protocol does MAAS use for network booting of nodes?

*A: PXE

Feedback: Correct! MAAS uses the PXE protocol for network booting of nodes.

B: HTTP

Feedback: Incorrect. HTTP is not used for network booting in MAAS.

C: FTP

Feedback: No, MAAS does not use FTP for network booting.

D: SSH

Feedback: Incorrect. SSH is not used by MAAS for network booting.

Question 147 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the primary purpose of MAAS in cloud infrastructure?

*A: To manage and automate server provisioning

Feedback: Correct! MAAS is designed to manage and automate the provisioning of physical servers.

B: To monitor application performance

Feedback: Incorrect. While monitoring is important, MAAS is primarily for provisioning physical
servers.

C: To provide cloud storage solutions

Feedback: No, MAAS is not primarily focused on cloud storage solutions.

D: To handle network security

Feedback: Incorrect. Network security is not the primary purpose of MAAS.

Question 148 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following communication methods is typically stateless, making it scalable for internet
communication?

*A: REST

Feedback: Correct! REST is stateless and scalable, making it ideal for internet communication.

B: SOAP

Feedback: Incorrect. SOAP is stateful, which can make it less scalable for internet communication
compared to REST.

C: FTP

Feedback: Incorrect. FTP is used for file transfers and is not typically used as a communication method
in web services.

D: SMTP

Feedback: Incorrect. SMTP is used for email transmission, not for web service communication.

Question 149 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is a key distinction between SOAP and REST?

*A: SOAP uses XML for message format, while REST can use multiple formats like JSON, XML, etc.

Feedback: Correct! SOAP strictly uses XML, while REST is more flexible with formats.
B: REST requires a strict contract, while SOAP does not

Feedback: Incorrect. SOAP requires a strict contract, whereas REST does not.

C: SOAP is stateless, while REST is stateful

Feedback: Incorrect. SOAP is stateful, whereas REST is typically stateless.

D: REST is a protocol, while SOAP is an architectural style

Feedback: Incorrect. REST is an architectural style, while SOAP is a protocol.

Question 150 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following is a key advantage of serverless computing in the context of cloud applications?

*A: Automatic scaling

Feedback: Correct! Serverless computing automatically scales resources based on the workload, which
is a significant advantage.

B: Manual resource allocation

Feedback: Incorrect. Manual resource allocation is not a key advantage of serverless computing. It
actually eliminates the need for manual management.

C: Fixed pricing model

Feedback: Incorrect. Serverless computing typically uses a pay-as-you-go pricing model rather than a
fixed pricing model.

D: Dedicated servers

Feedback: Incorrect. Serverless computing does not rely on dedicated servers. Instead, it uses a dynamic
allocation of resources.

Question 151 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following is a key feature of Salesforce's complete solution that impacts the CRM
industry?

*A: Ability to build custom solutions

Feedback: Correct! The ability to build custom solutions is a key feature of Salesforce's complete
solution that significantly impacts the CRM industry.

B: Limited integration options

Feedback: Incorrect. Salesforce offers extensive integration options which is a significant strength of its
solution.

C: Fixed workflows

Feedback: Incorrect. Salesforce allows for customizable workflows, which is a key feature of its
platform.

D: Proprietary hardware requirements

Feedback: Incorrect. Salesforce is a cloud-based solution and does not require proprietary hardware.

Question 152 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following is a primary function of load balancing in cloud computing?

*A: Distributing incoming network traffic across multiple servers

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing distributes incoming network traffic across multiple servers to
ensure no single server becomes overwhelmed.

B: Encrypting data for secure transmission

Feedback: Incorrect. Encrypting data for secure transmission is related to data security, not load
balancing.

C: Storing large amounts of data

Feedback: Incorrect. Storing large amounts of data is related to storage solutions, not load balancing.

D: Monitoring network performance

Feedback: Incorrect. Monitoring network performance is important, but it is not the primary function of
load balancing.

Question 153 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following best explains the role of HTTP in remote procedure calls?

*A: HTTP acts as the protocol for transmitting requests and responses.

Feedback: Correct! HTTP acts as the protocol for transmitting requests and responses in remote
procedure calls.

B: HTTP is used primarily for data exchange between servers.

Feedback: Not quite. While HTTP can be used for data exchange, it is specifically the protocol that
manages requests and responses in RPC.

C: HTTP is used for error handling in communication.

Feedback: Incorrect. HTTP is actually used as a protocol for transmitting requests and responses, not for
error handling.

D: HTTP provides security features for communication.

Feedback: Not correct. While HTTP does provide security features, its main role in RPC is to manage
the transmission of requests and responses.

Question 154 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the primary purpose of MAAS in cloud infrastructure?

*A: To automate the deployment of large-scale physical server infrastructure

Feedback: Correct! MAAS is used to automate the deployment and management of physical servers.

B: To manage virtual machines in a cloud environment

Feedback: Incorrect. MAAS focuses on physical servers, not virtual machines.

C: To provide storage solutions for cloud services

Feedback: Incorrect. MAAS is not primarily focused on storage solutions.

D: To enhance network security in a cloud infrastructure

Feedback: Incorrect. While security is important, MAAS is not specifically designed for network
security.

Question 155 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are components of MAAS?

*A: Region Controller

Feedback: Correct! The Region Controller is a key component of MAAS.

B: Node Controller

Feedback: Incorrect. While important in some systems, the Node Controller is not a component of
MAAS.

*C: Rack Controller

Feedback: Correct! The Rack Controller is a key component of MAAS.

D: Storage Controller

Feedback: Incorrect. Storage Controller is not a component of MAAS.

Question 156 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are key characteristics of cloud computing?

*A: On-demand self-service

Feedback: Correct! On-demand self-service is a key characteristic of cloud computing.

*B: Resource pooling

Feedback: Correct! Resource pooling is a fundamental characteristic of cloud computing.

C: High latency

Feedback: Incorrect. High latency is not a desirable characteristic of cloud computing.

*D: Rapid elasticity

Feedback: Correct! Rapid elasticity is a defining characteristic of cloud computing.

E: Infrequent updates

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing services often provide frequent updates.

Question 157 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Select the features that highlight Salesforce as a PaaS provider.

*A: Enables developers to build and deploy applications

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce as a PaaS enables developers to build and deploy applications.

B: Offers infrastructure management services

Feedback: Incorrect. Infrastructure management is more related to IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), not
PaaS.

C: Provides pre-built customer relationship management (CRM) tools

Feedback: Incorrect. While Salesforce provides CRM tools, this feature is more characteristic of SaaS
than PaaS.

*D: Supports scalability and multitenancy

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce PaaS supports scalability and multitenancy, which are key features.

E: Includes tools for managing hardware resources

Feedback: Incorrect. Managing hardware resources is typically associated with IaaS, not PaaS.

Question 158 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following features are provided by MAAS?

*A: Automated server provisioning

Feedback: Correct! Automated server provisioning is a key feature of MAAS.

*B: Network management

Feedback: Correct! MAAS includes network management capabilities.

C: Application deployment

Feedback: Incorrect. Application deployment is not a primary feature of MAAS.

*D: Storage management

Feedback: Correct! MAAS can manage storage configurations.

E: User authentication

Feedback: Incorrect. While important, user authentication is not a key feature of MAAS.

Question 159 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are benefits of using MBaaS for mobile app development?

*A: Reduces development time

Feedback: Correct! MBaaS provides ready-to-use backend services that reduce development time.

*B: Improves app performance by offloading tasks to servers

Feedback: Correct! MBaaS can improve app performance by offloading backend tasks to servers.

C: Requires extensive knowledge of backend technologies

Feedback: Incorrect. MBaaS is designed to simplify backend development, so extensive knowledge of

backend technologies is not required.

D: Increases development costs significantly

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the benefits of MBaaS is that it can reduce development costs by providing
scalable backend services.

*E: Enhances app security through built-in features

Feedback: Correct! MBaaS often includes built-in security features that enhance app security.

Question 160 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Select the cloud computing deployment models.

*A: Public cloud

Feedback: Correct! Public cloud is a common deployment model where services are offered over the
public internet.
*B: Private cloud

Feedback: Correct! Private cloud is another deployment model where services are maintained on a
private network.

*C: Hybrid cloud

Feedback: Correct! Hybrid cloud combines public and private clouds for greater flexibility and
optimization.

D: Standalone cloud

Feedback: Incorrect. Standalone cloud is not a recognized cloud computing deployment model.

E: Dedicated cloud

Feedback: Incorrect. Dedicated cloud is not a standard term used for cloud computing deployment
models.

Question 161 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are benefits of using MBaaS (Mobile Backend as a Service) for mobile app
development?

*A: Easier integration of third-party services.

Feedback: Correct! MBaaS allows for easier integration of third-party services.

*B: Abstraction of backend complexities.

Feedback: Correct! MBaaS abstracts backend complexities, allowing developers to focus on front-end
development.

C: Ensures faster database queries.

Feedback: Incorrect. MBaaS does not necessarily ensure faster database queries by itself.

*D: Built-in user authentication services.

Feedback: Correct! MBaaS often provides built-in user authentication services.

E: Reduced hardware costs.

Feedback: Incorrect. While cost reduction can be a benefit, it is not typically due to reduced hardware
costs but due to reduced backend development efforts.

Question 162 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What type of service model is Salesforce known for that provides pre-built applications over the
internet? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: saas

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce is known for its SaaS model, providing pre-built applications over the
internet.

*B: softwareasaservice

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce is known for its Software as a Service (SaaS) model.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the service models provided by Salesforce.

Question 163 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the communication method that relies on the use of XML for message format and typically uses
HTTP as the transport protocol? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: soap

Feedback: Correct! SOAP relies on XML for message format and typically uses HTTP as the transport
protocol.

B: rest

Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the lesson material on SOAP and its use of XML and HTTP.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. The correct term relies on XML for message format and typically uses
HTTP as the transport protocol.

Question 164 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the protocol used to securely transfer data over the internet? Please answer in all lowercase.
*A: https

Feedback: Correct! HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is used to securely transfer data over
the internet.

*B: tls

Feedback: Correct! TLS (Transport Layer Security) is used to securely transfer data over the internet.

*C: ssl

Feedback: Correct! SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is used to securely transfer data over the internet.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the data transfer protocols used in cloud computing.

Question 165 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the term used for distributing incoming network traffic across multiple servers in cloud
computing? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: loadbalancing

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing is the term used for distributing incoming network traffic across
multiple servers.

*B: load-balancing

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing is the term used for distributing incoming network traffic across
multiple servers.

*C: load_balancing

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing is the term used for distributing incoming network traffic across
multiple servers.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the concept of load balancing in cloud computing.

Question 166 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What does MAAS stand for in the context of cloud infrastructure? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: metal as a service

Feedback: Correct! MAAS stands for Metal as a Service.

*B: maas

Feedback: Correct! MAAS stands for Metal as a Service.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the course material regarding the acronym MAAS.

Question 167 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What protocol is commonly used in remote procedure calls to facilitate communication over the web?
Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: http

Feedback: Correct! HTTP is commonly used in remote procedure calls for web communication.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. The protocol commonly used in remote procedure calls for web
communication is HTTP.

Question 168 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What type of service model does Salesforce use to provide software applications over the internet?
Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: saas

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce provides software applications over the internet through a Software as a
Service (SaaS) model.

*B: softwareasaservice

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce provides software applications over the internet through a Software as a
Service (SaaS) model.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Think about the service model that delivers software applications over the
internet.

Question 169 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Consider a scenario where using MBaaS can reduce the development cost by 25%. If the original
development cost was $10,000, what would be the new development cost after using MBaaS?

*A: 7500.0

Feedback: Correct! Using MBaaS reduces the development cost by 25%, so the new cost would be
$7,500.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Remember to calculate the new cost by reducing 25% from the original
development cost.

Question 170 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

How many nodes can MAAS manage in a single cluster?

*A: 200.0

Feedback: Correct! MAAS can manage up to 200 nodes in a single cluster.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please refer back to the course material regarding the node management
capabilities of MAAS.

Question 171 - numeric, medium

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

If a cloud service provider offers a 99.95% uptime guarantee, how much downtime is allowed per month
(in minutes)?

*A: 21.6

Feedback: Correct! With a 99.95% uptime guarantee, the allowed downtime is approximately 21.6
minutes per month.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review how to calculate allowed downtime based on uptime
guarantees.

Question 172 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which service model provides the highest level of control over the computing resources and
environment?
*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS offers the highest level of control over computing resources and environment.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS provides less control compared to IaaS, focusing more on the application
layer.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. SaaS provides the least control as it focuses on delivering software applications
over the internet.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. FaaS abstracts away infrastructure management, providing even less control than
PaaS.

Question 173 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Compare Platform as a Service (PaaS) with Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Which of the following is
a primary characteristic that differentiates PaaS from IaaS?

*A: PaaS provides a runtime environment and development tools, while IaaS offers virtualized
computing resources over the internet.

Feedback: Correct! PaaS provides a runtime environment and development tools, which is not a
characteristic of IaaS.

B: PaaS requires users to manage the underlying hardware, while IaaS abstracts all hardware
management.

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS abstracts much of the hardware management, whereas IaaS users often
manage the underlying hardware.

C: PaaS services are typically used for storage solutions, while IaaS is used for application development.

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS is used for application development, while IaaS offers storage solutions
among other things.

D: PaaS is designed for data analytics, whereas IaaS focuses on networking capabilities.

Feedback: Incorrect. PaaS is designed for application development, not specifically for data analytics.
Question 174 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following best describes the role of HTTP in remote procedure calls?

*A: HTTP serves as the transport protocol for transmitting RPC messages between clients and servers.

Feedback: Correct! HTTP is indeed used as the transport protocol for transmitting RPC messages,
providing a mechanism for communication between clients and servers.

B: HTTP is used to encrypt RPC messages to ensure secure communication.

Feedback: Not quite. While HTTP can be used over a secure connection (HTTPS) to encrypt messages,
its primary role in RPC is as a transport protocol.

C: HTTP compiles RPC messages into binary code for faster transmission.

Feedback: Incorrect. HTTP does not compile RPC messages into binary code. It serves as a transport
protocol, not a compiler.

D: HTTP is responsible for assigning unique identifiers to RPC messages.

Feedback: That's not correct. HTTP does not assign unique identifiers to RPC messages; it mainly
facilitates the transmission of these messages.

Question 175 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the primary purpose of the Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI) system in
managing hardware?

*A: To provide remote management and monitoring of hardware

Feedback: Correct! The IPMI system allows for remote management and monitoring of hardware, which
is crucial for system administrators.

B: To enhance the graphical user interface of the operating system

Feedback: Incorrect. The primary purpose of IPMI is not related to enhancing the graphical user
interface of the operating system.

C: To optimize the performance of cloud applications

Feedback: Incorrect. While IPMI is important for hardware management, it does not directly optimize
the performance of cloud applications.

D: To manage user authentication and permissions

Feedback: Incorrect. Managing user authentication and permissions is not the primary purpose of the
IPMI system.

Question 176 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following accurately describes Platform as a Service (PaaS)?

A: A service model that provides hardware and basic computing resources.

Feedback: This describes Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), not PaaS. Review the different service
models.

B: A service model that delivers software applications over the internet.

Feedback: This describes Software as a Service (SaaS), not PaaS. Review the different service models.

*C: A service model that allows developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without worrying
about underlying infrastructure.

Feedback: Correct! PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage
applications.

D: A service model that involves renting physical servers.

Feedback: This describes an aspect of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), not PaaS. Review the different
service models.

Question 177 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Select the benefits of using a Content Delivery Network (CDN).

*A: Improved load times

Feedback: Correct! CDNs improve load times by caching content closer to users.

*B: Enhanced security

Feedback: Correct! CDNs can enhance security by providing DDoS protection and other security
features.

*C: Reduced bandwidth costs

Feedback: Correct! CDNs can reduce bandwidth costs by offloading traffic from origin servers.

D: Complete control over server configuration

Feedback: Incorrect. CDNs do not provide complete control over server configuration; they are
primarily focused on content delivery.

E: Improved SEO rankings

Feedback: Incorrect. While CDNs can indirectly affect SEO by improving site speed, they do not
directly improve SEO rankings.

Question 178 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Select the features that differentiate JSON from XML.

*A: JSON is less verbose than XML.

Feedback: Correct! JSON is generally less verbose, which makes it simpler and more efficient to read
and write.

B: JSON uses a tree structure, while XML uses a map structure.

Feedback: Incorrect. Both JSON and XML can be represented as tree structures.

*C: JSON is often considered less secure than XML due to the lack of schema validation.

Feedback: Correct! JSON lacks built-in schema validation, which can make it less secure compared to
XML.

D: JSON supports comments, while XML does not.

Feedback: Incorrect. JSON does not support comments, whereas XML does.

E: JSON is language-independent, while XML is not.

Feedback: Incorrect. Both JSON and XML are language-independent data formats.

Question 179 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Select the technologies that enable access to clouds:

*A: Web Middleware

Feedback: Correct! Web Middleware is a glue technology that enables access to clouds.

*B: JSON

Feedback: Correct! JSON is used as a data interchange format, facilitating cloud access.

C: HTTP

Feedback: Incorrect. While HTTP is a protocol used for transmitting data, it is not specifically a glue
technology for cloud access.

*D: SOAP

Feedback: Correct! SOAP is a protocol used for exchanging structured information in web services,
aiding cloud access.

E: FTP

Feedback: Incorrect. FTP is used for file transfers but is not a glue technology for cloud computing.

Question 180 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the term used to describe the process of starting a computer from a network server rather than a
local drive? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: pxe

Feedback: Correct! PXE (Preboot Execution Environment) booting allows a computer to start from a
network server.

*B: pxeboot

Feedback: Correct! PXE booting is an essential part of network bootstrapping.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the lesson on network bootstrapping.

Question 181 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Name the protocol commonly used for communication in RESTful web services. Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: http

Feedback: Correct! HTTP is the protocol commonly used in RESTful web services.

*B: https

Feedback: Correct! HTTPS, the secure version of HTTP, is also commonly used in RESTful web
services.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Recall the protocol that is stateless and widely used in RESTful web
services.

Question 182 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the main advantage of using cloud infrastructure for businesses?

*A: Scalability and Flexibility

Feedback: Correct! Cloud infrastructure offers scalability and flexibility, allowing businesses to adapt to
varying demands.

B: Fixed cost

Feedback: Not quite. Cloud infrastructure usually operates on a pay-as-you-go model, rather than a fixed
cost.

C: Limited data access

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically provides extensive data access and storage options.

D: Lack of technical support

Feedback: No, this is incorrect. Cloud providers often offer comprehensive technical support.

Question 183 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the primary role of the IPMI system in managing hardware?

*A: To provide a way to monitor, manage, and recover systems remotely

Feedback: Correct! IPMI allows for remote monitoring and management, which is crucial for efficient
hardware management.

B: To enhance network speed and bandwidth

Feedback: Not quite. While network speed and bandwidth are important, they are not the primary focus
of IPMI.

C: To provide encryption for secure data transmission

Feedback: Incorrect. While encryption is crucial for data security, it's not the main role of IPMI.

D: To optimize server disk storage capacity

Feedback: This is not correct. Disk storage optimization is not directly related to the IPMI system's
primary role.

Question 184 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is a key difference between JSON and XML in terms of data structure?

*A: JSON uses a map structure while XML uses a tree structure.

Feedback: Correct! JSON is structured as key-value pairs, much like a map, while XML organizes data
in a tree format.

B: JSON uses a tree structure while XML uses a map structure.

Feedback: Incorrect. JSON uses a map-like structure, whereas XML is structured as a tree.

C: Both JSON and XML use a map structure for data representation.

Feedback: Incorrect. JSON uses a map structure, but XML uses a tree structure.

D: Both JSON and XML use a tree structure for data representation.

Feedback: Incorrect. JSON uses a map structure, whereas XML uses a tree structure.

Question 185 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is one of the main differences between Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS)?

*A: PaaS provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the
complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure.

Feedback: Correct! PaaS abstracts much of the infrastructure management, enabling developers to focus
on application development.

B: PaaS offers virtualized computing resources over the internet.

Feedback: Not quite. This describes a primary feature of IaaS, which provides virtualized resources such
as servers and storage.

C: IaaS provides a set of tools and services designed to make coding and deploying applications simpler
and more efficient.

Feedback: Incorrect. This is more aligned with PaaS, which offers tools and services for application
development.

D: IaaS abstracts the underlying hardware infrastructure from developers, allowing them to focus on
application logic.

Feedback: No, this is a description of PaaS. IaaS provides the underlying infrastructure, while PaaS
abstracts it for developers.

Question 186 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are benefits of cloud applications?

*A: Automatic software updates

Feedback: Correct! Cloud applications often provide automatic updates, ensuring users have the latest
features.

*B: Increased collaboration

Feedback: Yes, cloud applications can enhance collaboration by allowing multiple users to access and
work on documents simultaneously.

C: Enhanced security without any user action

Feedback: Be cautious. While cloud providers offer security measures, users must still take steps to
secure their data.
D: No internet dependency

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud applications typically require an internet connection to function properly.

Question 187 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following is a key benefit of using load balancing in cloud computing?

*A: Improves application performance by distributing traffic

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing improves performance by distributing traffic efficiently.

B: Increases the cost of data processing

Feedback: Not quite. Load balancing aims to optimize resources, not increase costs.

C: Eliminates the need for data encryption

Feedback: No, load balancing does not negate the need for data encryption.

D: Reduces the number of servers required to handle traffic

Feedback: Incorrect. Load balancing does not necessarily reduce the number of servers.

Question 188 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are challenges associated with remote procedure calls (RPC)?

*A: Network latency affecting performance

Feedback: Correct! Network latency is a significant challenge in RPC as it can affect the overall
performance.

*B: Ensuring data consistency across calls

Feedback: Correct! Ensuring data consistency is a challenge in RPC, especially in distributed

environments.

C: Lack of standard protocols for communication

Feedback: Incorrect. There are standard protocols for RPC communication such as HTTP and gRPC.
*D: Difficulty in error handling and retries

Feedback: Correct! Error handling and implementing retries is a common challenge in RPC systems.

E: RPCs are inherently insecure

Feedback: Incorrect. RPCs themselves are not inherently insecure, but they do require proper security
measures.

Question 189 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are considered glue technologies that enable access to clouds?

*A: JSON

Feedback: Correct! JSON is a lightweight data interchange format used in cloud communication.

*B: REST API

Feedback: Correct! REST API provides a set of operations to access web services.

C: HTML

Feedback: No, HTML is a markup language used for structuring web pages, not a glue technology for
cloud access.

*D: RPC

Feedback: Correct! RPC allows a program to request a service from a program located on another
computer in a network.

E: CSS

Feedback: Incorrect. CSS is used for styling web pages, not for enabling cloud access.

Question 190 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

Which of the following are benefits of using Juju for managing cloud services?

*A: Automates deployment and scaling of services

Feedback: Correct! Juju's automation capabilities are a significant benefit in managing cloud services.
*B: Offers a unified interface for managing resources across different cloud environments

Feedback: That's correct! Juju provides a unified management experience across various clouds.

C: Requires manual configuration for each new service

Feedback: Incorrect. One of Juju's benefits is reducing the need for manual configurations.

D: Limits flexibility to only specific cloud providers

Feedback: Not true. Juju is known for providing flexibility across different cloud environments.

*E: Facilitates easy integration with existing tools and services

Feedback: Correct! Juju is designed to integrate smoothly with various tools and services.

Question 191 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the acronym for Software as a Service in cloud computing? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: saas

Feedback: Correct! SaaS stands for Software as a Service.

B: sass

Feedback: Incorrect. Remember, SaaS is spelled with only one 's' at the end.

C: sas

Feedback: Not quite. SaaS is spelled with two 'a's.

Default Feedback: Think about the common acronym for Software as a Service.

Question 192 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the term for the process of booting a computer using a network interface independent of
available data storage devices? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: pxe

Feedback: Correct! PXE boot is a process that allows a computer to boot from a network interface.
*B: preboot

Feedback: Correct! Preboot is another term used for this process.

Default Feedback: That's not quite right. Consider how computers can boot without relying on local
storage.

Question 193 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 3: MAAS, PAAS, Web Services

What is the term used for Salesforce's ability to provide both PaaS and SaaS to its clients? Please answer
in all lowercase.

*A: multitenancy

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce leverages multitenancy to offer both PaaS and SaaS solutions efficiently.

*B: multi-tenancy

Feedback: Correct! Salesforce uses this model to provide scalable PaaS and SaaS solutions.

Default Feedback: Not quite. Consider revisiting how Salesforce structures its cloud service offerings.

Question 194 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which AWS service is designed to run code in response to events, without provisioning or managing
servers?

*A: Amazon Lambda

Feedback: Correct! Amazon Lambda is designed to run code in response to events without the need to
provision or manage servers.

B: Elastic Beanstalk

Feedback: Incorrect. Elastic Beanstalk is used for deploying and scaling web applications and services.

C: Amazon EC2

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon EC2 provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud.

D: Amazon S3
Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon S3 is an object storage service.

Question 195 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which service is described as an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provider?

*A: Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Feedback: Correct! AWS is well-known for being an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provider.

B: Microsoft Azure

Feedback: Incorrect. Azure also offers IaaS but is often associated with Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Software as a Service (SaaS).

C: Amazon RDS

Feedback: Incorrect. Amazon RDS is a managed database service.

D: Google Cloud Functions

Feedback: Incorrect. Google Cloud Functions is a serverless compute service.

Question 196 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

How does the JVM contribute to the growth of cloud computing?

*A: By allowing Java applications to run on any device or operating system

Feedback: Correct! The JVM allows Java applications to run on any device or OS, which aids in cloud
portability and scalability.

B: By providing a lightweight containerization solution

Feedback: Incorrect. The JVM does not serve as a containerization solution.

C: By integrating directly with cloud service APIs

Feedback: Not quite. The JVM itself does not integrate directly with cloud service APIs.

D: By reducing the need for server maintenance

Feedback: Wrong. While the JVM can help with application management, it does not directly reduce
server maintenance.

Question 197 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is one of the primary benefits of using Kubernetes for application deployment?

*A: Automated scaling and self-healing

Feedback: Correct! Kubernetes offers automated scaling and self-healing, ensuring applications run
smoothly.

B: Simplified billing and cost management

Feedback: Not quite. While Kubernetes can help with resource management, its primary benefit is not
simplified billing and cost management.

C: Enhanced application security

Feedback: Incorrect. Although Kubernetes has security features, its primary benefit lies in deployment
and management efficiency.

D: Improved user interface design

Feedback: No, Kubernetes focuses on application deployment and management, not user interface
design.

Question 198 - multiple choice, shuffle, medium

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

How does virtualization contribute to disaster recovery in data centers?

*A: By enabling quick recovery of virtual machines on different physical servers

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows for the quick recovery of virtual machines on different physical
servers, aiding disaster recovery.

B: By preventing hardware failures

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization cannot prevent hardware failures but can help recover from them
quickly.

C: By eliminating the need for backups

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization does not eliminate the need for backups; backups are still essential.

D: By increasing the physical security of data centers

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization does not impact the physical security of data centers directly.

Question 199 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the primary role of virtualization in a data center?

*A: To reduce hardware costs by running multiple virtual machines on a single physical server

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization helps reduce hardware costs by allowing multiple virtual machines to
run on a single physical server.

B: To increase physical space by adding more servers

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization actually allows for fewer servers by maximizing the use of each
physical server.

C: To improve internet speed

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization does not directly impact internet speed.

D: To enhance software development

Feedback: Incorrect. While virtualization can aid in software development, its primary role in a data
center is to reduce hardware costs.

Question 200 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

In cloud infrastructure, what is the primary function of a load balancer?

*A: Distributes network or application traffic across multiple servers.

Feedback: Correct! A load balancer distributes network or application traffic across multiple servers to
ensure no single server becomes a bottleneck.

B: Stores data across multiple servers.

Feedback: Incorrect. While load balancers can manage traffic, their main function is not to store data.
C: Monitors the health of servers.

Feedback: Incorrect. Monitoring server health is a part of what load balancers do, but it's not their
primary function.

D: Authenticates user requests.

Feedback: Incorrect. Authentication is managed by other services, not load balancers.

Question 201 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following is a key characteristic of cloud computing?

*A: Elasticity

Feedback: Correct! Elasticity is a key characteristic of cloud computing, allowing resources to be scaled
up or down based on demand.

B: Reliability

Feedback: Incorrect. While reliability is important, it is not the unique key characteristic of cloud
computing.

C: Adaptability

Feedback: Incorrect. Adaptability is not specifically a key characteristic of cloud computing.

D: Integration

Feedback: Incorrect. Integration is important but not a key characteristic of cloud computing.

Question 202 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the primary purpose of cloud infrastructure?

*A: To provide a scalable and flexible platform for computing resources.

Feedback: Correct! Cloud infrastructure offers scalability and flexibility for various computing needs.

B: To reduce the need for internet connectivity.

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure often relies on internet connectivity.

C: To eliminate the need for data centers.

Feedback: Incorrect. While cloud infrastructure can reduce dependency on traditional data centers, it
does not eliminate the need for them.

D: To increase the complexity of IT management.

Feedback: Incorrect. The goal of cloud infrastructure is to simplify IT management, not increase its
complexity.

Question 203 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following is a benefit of using cloud infrastructure for businesses?

A: Increased operational costs.

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure generally aims to reduce operational costs, not increase them.

B: Limited access to data.

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically offers better access to data from anywhere with an
internet connection.

*C: Enhanced security measures.

Feedback: Correct! Cloud infrastructure often provides enhanced security measures to protect data and
applications.

D: Dependence on physical hardware.

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure reduces dependence on physical hardware by leveraging

virtual resources.

Question 204 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What are Global Zones in the context of Solaris Zones?

*A: The primary zone that manages all other zones on the system

Feedback: Correct! Global Zones are indeed the primary zones that manage all other zones on the
system.
B: Zones that are isolated from the rest of the system

Feedback: Incorrect. While this might describe Local Zones, Global Zones have administrative control
over the entire system.

C: Zones that have limited access to system resources

Feedback: Incorrect. Global Zones have full access to system resources, unlike Local Zones.

D: Zones used exclusively for network services

Feedback: Incorrect. Global Zones manage all zones on the system, not just network services.

Question 205 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following best describes the virtualization capabilities of Solaris Zones?

*A: They allow multiple secure and isolated environments within a single instance of the OS.

Feedback: Correct! Solaris Zones provide multiple secure and isolated environments within a single OS
instance.

B: They enable running different operating systems simultaneously.

Feedback: Incorrect. Solaris Zones do not support running different operating systems simultaneously.

C: They provide hardware-level virtualization.

Feedback: Incorrect. Solaris Zones offer OS-level virtualization, not hardware-level.

D: They are designed for improving network performance.

Feedback: Incorrect. While they may help with resource management, they are not specifically designed
for network performance.

Question 206 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following best describes the execution environment for AWS Lambda functions?

A: A fully managed container service that runs code in response to events.

Feedback: Incorrect. This better describes AWS Fargate, not AWS Lambda's execution environment.
B: An execution role managed by AWS that automatically scales with event triggers.

Feedback: Incorrect. While this describes some aspects of AWS Lambda, it does not fully capture the
execution environment specifics.

*C: A lightweight, managed runtime environment that includes only the resources needed to run the
function code.

Feedback: Correct! AWS Lambda provides a lightweight, managed runtime environment, including only
the resources needed to execute the function code.

D: A dedicated virtual server that runs and scales based on predefined triggers.

Feedback: Not quite. AWS Lambda does not use dedicated virtual servers for each function execution.

Question 207 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which component in Kubernetes is responsible for maintaining the desired state of resources in the
cluster?

A: Kube-scheduler

Feedback: Incorrect. Kube-scheduler is responsible for distributing workloads, but it does not maintain
the desired state of resources.

B: Etcd

Feedback: Incorrect. Etcd is a key-value store for storing cluster data, but it does not maintain the
desired state of resources.

*C: Kube-controller-manager

Feedback: Correct! Kube-controller-manager is responsible for maintaining the desired state of

resources in the cluster.

D: Kube-proxy

Feedback: Incorrect. Kube-proxy maintains network rules but does not maintain the desired state of
resources.

Question 208 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which cloud deployment model involves using a combination of on-premises infrastructure and public
cloud services?

*A: Hybrid cloud

Feedback: Correct! A hybrid cloud combines on-premises infrastructure with public cloud services,
offering greater flexibility and more deployment options.

B: Private cloud

Feedback: Incorrect. A private cloud is dedicated to a single organization and does not combine public
cloud services.

C: Public cloud

Feedback: Incorrect. A public cloud is a cloud service offered to multiple customers by a cloud provider
and does not involve on-premises infrastructure.

D: Community cloud

Feedback: Incorrect. A community cloud is shared among several organizations with common concerns
but does not necessarily combine public cloud services with on-premises infrastructure.

Question 209 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is one of the primary benefits of using Solaris Zones for virtualization?

*A: Increased security through isolation of applications.

Feedback: Correct! Isolating applications within their own zone can greatly increase security.

B: Enhanced resource management and allocation.

Feedback: While resource management is a feature of Solaris Zones, it is not the primary benefit related
to virtualization.

C: Improved performance due to zone optimization.

Feedback: While Solaris Zones can improve performance, it is not the primary benefit in the context of
virtualization.

D: Simplified administration and maintenance.

Feedback: While ease of administration is a benefit, it is not the primary benefit related to virtualization.
Question 210 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is one of the main benefits of virtualization in data centers?

*A: Increased hardware utilization

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows data centers to use their hardware resources more efficiently.

B: Greater energy consumption

Feedback: Not quite. Virtualization typically leads to reduced energy consumption due to more efficient
resource usage.

C: Reduced server maintenance

Feedback: Incorrect. While virtualization can simplify server management, it doesn't necessarily reduce
the need for server maintenance.

D: Limited scalability

Feedback: That's not right. Virtualization actually enhances scalability by allowing easier allocation and
reallocation of resources.

Question 211 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following statements are true about virtualization in software-defined networks (SDNs)?

*A: Virtualization enables more efficient network resource utilization.

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows for better use of network resources.

B: Virtualization restricts the flexibility of SDNs.

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization actually enhances the flexibility of SDNs by allowing dynamic
allocation of resources.

*C: Virtualization simplifies the management of network policies.

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization can make it easier to manage and implement network policies.

D: Virtualization increases the physical footprint of network hardware.

Feedback: Not quite. Virtualization tends to reduce the physical footprint by consolidating multiple
network functions onto fewer hardware devices.

Question 212 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following cloud service models involves providing virtualized computing resources over
the internet?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) involves providing virtualized computing resources
over the internet.

B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a platform allowing customers to develop,
run, and manage applications.

C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. Software as a Service (SaaS) delivers software applications over the internet.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. Function as a Service (FaaS) runs individual functions in the cloud and scales them
automatically.

Question 213 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are key features of serverless architecture?

*A: Automatic scaling

Feedback: Correct! Automatic scaling is a key feature of serverless architecture.

*B: No server management

Feedback: Correct! Serverless architecture eliminates the need for server management.

C: Fixed pricing model

Feedback: Incorrect. Serverless architecture typically uses a pay-as-you-go pricing model.

*D: Event-driven execution

Feedback: Correct! Event-driven execution is an essential aspect of serverless architecture.

E: Manual provisioning

Feedback: Incorrect. Serverless architecture does not require manual provisioning of servers.

Question 214 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are components of Kubernetes architecture?

*A: Controllers

Feedback: Correct! Controllers are a key component of the Kubernetes architecture.

B: Virtual Machines

Feedback: Incorrect. Kubernetes does not use virtual machines as a core component.

*C: Pods

Feedback: Correct! Pods are an essential part of Kubernetes architecture.

D: API Gateway

Feedback: Incorrect. An API Gateway is not a core component of Kubernetes architecture.

*E: Namespaces

Feedback: Correct! Namespaces are used for organizing cluster resources.

Question 215 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are key benefits of using virtualization in software-defined networks (SDNs)?

*A: Improved resource utilization

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization improves resource utilization by allowing multiple virtual machines to
share the same physical resources.

*B: Enhanced security through isolation

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization can enhance security by isolating virtual machines from each other.

*C: Reduced need for physical networking hardware

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization can reduce the need for physical networking hardware by creating
virtual networks.

D: Increased power consumption

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization typically reduces power consumption by consolidating workloads

onto fewer physical servers.

E: Simplified application development

Feedback: Incorrect. While virtualization can aid in application development, it is not a key benefit of
SDNs.

Question 216 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are common cloud service models?

*A: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Feedback: Correct! IaaS is a common cloud service model where providers supply fundamental
computing resources.

*B: Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Feedback: Correct! PaaS is a common cloud service model providing a platform allowing customers to
develop, run, and manage applications.

*C: Software as a Service (SaaS)

Feedback: Correct! SaaS is a common cloud service model where software is provided over the internet.

D: Function as a Service (FaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. FaaS is a cloud service model but not as fundamental as IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS.

E: Backend as a Service (BaaS)

Feedback: Incorrect. BaaS refers to Backend as a Service, which is not as commonly recognized as a
fundamental cloud service model.
Question 217 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Select the key characteristics of cloud computing.

*A: On-demand self-service.

Feedback: Correct! On-demand self-service is a fundamental characteristic of cloud computing.

*B: Broad network access.

Feedback: Correct! Broad network access is a key feature of cloud computing.

*C: Resource pooling.

Feedback: Correct! Resource pooling allows cloud providers to serve multiple customers using shared
resources.

D: High upfront capital expenditure.

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the advantages of cloud computing is the reduction of high upfront capital
expenditure.

E: Limited scalability.

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud computing offers high scalability compared to traditional IT infrastructure.

Question 218 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are features or advantages of LXC Linux containers?

*A: Lightweight virtualization.

Feedback: Correct! LXC containers indeed provide lightweight virtualization.

*B: Uses cgroups for resource management.

Feedback: Correct! LXC containers use cgroups for resource management.

C: Supports running multiple operating systems.

Feedback: Incorrect. LXC containers do support multiple operating systems, but this is not a unique
feature.
*D: High level of isolation.

Feedback: Correct! LXC containers provide a high level of isolation.

E: Network virtualization capabilities.

Feedback: Incorrect. LXC containers do have network virtualization capabilities, but this is not a feature
unique to LXC.

F: Uses kernel namespaces.

Feedback: Incorrect. LXC containers do use kernel namespaces, but this is not a unique feature.

Question 219 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the pricing model for AWS Lambda? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: pay-as-you-go

Feedback: Correct! AWS Lambda uses a pay-as-you-go pricing model.

*B: payasyougo

Feedback: Correct! AWS Lambda uses a pay-as-you-go pricing model.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Revisit the lesson on AWS Lambda pricing model.

Question 220 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the main runtime environment for Java applications in the cloud? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: jvm

Feedback: Correct! The JVM is the main runtime environment for Java applications.

*B: java virtual machine

Feedback: Correct! The Java Virtual Machine is the main runtime environment for Java applications.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the role of the Java Virtual Machine in cloud computing.
Question 221 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the name of the Linux container system that is similar to Solaris Zones? Please answer in all
lowercase.

*A: lxc

Feedback: Correct! LXC Linux containers are indeed similar to Solaris Zones.

B: lxcs

Feedback: Incorrect. Remember, the correct answer is a single word in lower case.

C: linuxcontainers

Feedback: Incorrect. Remember, the correct answer is a single word in lower case and the abbreviation
commonly used is LXC.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. The Linux container system similar to Solaris Zones is abbreviated as a
three-letter acronym.

Question 222 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

If a data center uses virtualization to achieve a server utilization rate of 75%, what is the range of
utilization rates considered typical for a non-virtualized data center?

*A: [10, 30)

Feedback: Correct! Non-virtualized data centers typically have lower utilization rates, often between
10% and 30%.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Consider the differences in utilization rates between virtualized and non-
virtualized data centers.

Question 223 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What percentage of organizations use cloud services as of 2023?

*A: 94.0
Feedback: Correct! A significant percentage of organizations use cloud services as of 2023.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please refer to the latest statistics on cloud service adoption.

Question 224 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the minimum memory allocation (in MB) required for an AWS Lambda function?

*A: 128.0

Feedback: Correct! The minimum memory allocation for an AWS Lambda function is 128 MB.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please revisit the lesson on AWS Lambda memory allocation.

Question 225 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What term is used to describe the practice of distributing computing workloads across multiple resources
to ensure no single resource is overwhelmed? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: loadbalancing

Feedback: Correct! Load balancing is the practice of distributing computing workloads across multiple
resources to prevent any single resource from being overwhelmed.

B: scaling

Feedback: Incorrect. Make sure to review the concept of distributing workloads across multiple
resources.

C: sharding

Feedback: Incorrect. Read more about the term used to describe distributing workloads.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the practice of distributing computing workloads across
multiple resources.

Question 226 - numeric, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

How many types of zones are there in Solaris?

*A: 2.0

Feedback: Correct! There are two types of zones in Solaris: Global Zones and Local Zones.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Refer back to the lesson on Solaris Zones to understand the types of zones
available.

Question 227 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the term used to describe the creation of a virtual version of something, such as a server or
storage device? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: virtualization

Feedback: Correct! The term used to describe the creation of a virtual version of something is
virtualization.

*B: virtualisation

Feedback: Correct! The term used to describe the creation of a virtual version of something is
virtualization.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the concept of virtualization in the course materials.

Question 228 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the term used to describe the delivery of computing services over the internet? Please answer in
all lowercase.

*A: cloudcomputing

Feedback: Correct! Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet.

*B: cloud

Feedback: Correct! Cloud is a shorthand term often used to describe cloud computing.

*C: internetcomputing

Feedback: Correct! Internet computing can also refer to the delivery of computing services over the
internet.
Default Feedback: Incorrect. Please review the course material on the delivery of computing services
over the internet.

Question 229 - numeric, medium

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

A cloud provider guarantees 99.9% uptime for its services. How many hours of downtime per year does
this allow?

*A: 8.76

Feedback: Correct! With a 99.9% uptime guarantee, the allowed downtime per year is approximately
8.76 hours.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. Revisit the calculation of downtime based on percentage uptime
guarantees.

Question 230 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following statements best describes the role of events in AWS Lambda?

*A: Events trigger Lambda functions, allowing them to execute in response to changes or actions in
other AWS services.

Feedback: Correct! Events are indeed the primary way to trigger Lambda functions, enabling them to
respond to actions or changes in other AWS services.

B: Events are used to monitor the performance of Lambda functions and provide logs.

Feedback: Incorrect. While events can be logged, their primary role is to trigger Lambda functions.

C: Events are the configuration settings required to deploy Lambda functions.

Feedback: Incorrect. Configuration settings are different from events, which are primarily used to trigger
Lambda functions.

D: Events determine the memory allocation for Lambda functions during execution.

Feedback: Incorrect. Memory allocation is set in the function configuration, not determined by events.

Question 231 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the primary role of virtualization in building new facilities and services?

A: To increase the performance of physical hardware

Feedback: This is not correct. Virtualization aims to utilize hardware more efficiently, not necessarily to
increase its raw performance.

*B: To reduce the dependency on physical hardware

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single piece of physical
hardware, reducing dependency on physical resources.

C: To enable faster network speeds

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization does not inherently affect network speeds; it focuses on efficient
hardware utilization.

D: To enhance software development processes

Feedback: This is not accurate. While virtualization can aid in development, its primary role is to
efficiently use hardware resources.

Question 232 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is one of the main benefits of using Docker for running applications?

A: Docker containers are platform-dependent.

Feedback: Incorrect. Docker containers are actually platform-independent, meaning they can run on any
operating system that supports Docker.

*B: Docker containers are lightweight and use fewer resources compared to traditional virtual machines.

Feedback: Correct! Docker containers are known for their lightweight nature and efficiency in using
system resources, which is one of their main benefits.

C: Docker containers require specific hardware to run.

Feedback: Incorrect. Docker containers do not require specific hardware; they can run on any machine
that supports Docker.

D: Docker containers have slower startup times compared to virtual machines.

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the advantages of Docker containers is their fast startup times compared to
traditional virtual machines.

Question 233 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are components of the Kubernetes architecture? Select all that apply.

*A: Pods

Feedback: Correct! Pods are the smallest and simplest Kubernetes objects.

B: Virtual Machines

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtual Machines are not a part of Kubernetes architecture; they are part of
traditional virtualization.

*C: Controllers

Feedback: Correct! Controllers are responsible for managing the state of the system.

D: Docker Daemon

Feedback: Incorrect. The Docker Daemon is part of Docker, not Kubernetes.

Question 234 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following is a primary benefit of using a cloud-based infrastructure for applications?

*A: Scalability

Feedback: Correct! Scalability is indeed a primary benefit, allowing applications to handle varying loads
efficiently.

B: Higher cost

Feedback: Incorrect. While cloud services can sometimes seem costly, they often save money in the
long run due to reduced hardware and maintenance costs.

C: Complex setup

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud infrastructure typically simplifies the setup process, not complicates it.
D: Limited accessibility

Feedback: Incorrect. One of the benefits of cloud infrastructure is enhanced accessibility from various
locations.

Question 235 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are true about container technology?

*A: Containers provide a lightweight form of virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Containers are indeed a lightweight form of virtualization that package applications
and their dependencies.

*B: Containers share the host operating system kernel

Feedback: Correct! Containers share the host OS kernel, making them more efficient than traditional
VMs.

C: Containers can run different operating systems on the same host

Feedback: Incorrect. Unlike VMs, containers share the host OS kernel, so they cannot run different OSes
on the same host.

D: Containers are slower to deploy than virtual machines

Feedback: Incorrect. Containers are generally faster to deploy due to their lightweight nature.

Question 236 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following best explains the role of virtualization in resource sharing within cloud
computing?

*A: Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine, optimizing
resource use.

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows for efficient resource sharing by enabling multiple virtual
instances to operate on a single physical system.

B: Virtualization ensures that all resources are dedicated to a single user at all times.
Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization involves sharing resources among multiple users, not dedicating
them to a single user.

C: Virtualization eliminates the need for physical servers in data centers.

Feedback: Incorrect. While virtualization reduces the number of physical servers, it does not eliminate
the need for them entirely.

D: Virtualization allocates resources based on the user’s physical location.

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization is independent of the user's physical location and focuses on
optimizing resource usage.

Question 237 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are common characteristics of cloud-native applications?

*A: Microservices architecture

Feedback: Correct! Cloud-native applications often use microservices to improve modularity and
scalability.

B: Monolithic design

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud-native applications generally avoid monolithic designs in favor of

microservices.

*C: Containerization

Feedback: Correct! Containerization is a key characteristic, offering consistency across different

environments.

D: Manual scaling

Feedback: Incorrect. Cloud-native applications typically leverage automatic scaling features.

*E: Continuous integration and delivery (CI/CD)

Feedback: Correct! CI/CD pipelines are essential for cloud-native applications to ensure efficient and
reliable updates.

Question 238 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are types of virtualization used in data centers?

*A: Network virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Network virtualization is a key type of virtualization used for efficient network
resource management.

*B: Storage virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Storage virtualization helps in abstracting storage resources for better efficiency and
management.

*C: Application virtualization

Feedback: Correct! Application virtualization allows applications to run in environments separate from
the underlying hardware.

D: Device virtualization

Feedback: Incorrect. Device virtualization is not a common term used in the context of data centers.

E: User virtualization

Feedback: Incorrect. User virtualization is not a type of virtualization typically referenced in data
centers.

Question 239 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are performance benefits and features of Linux containers?

*A: Resource management

Feedback: Correct! Linux containers have strong resource management capabilities, allowing for
controlled use of CPU, memory, and other resources.

*B: Process migration

Feedback: Correct! Process migration is another feature of Linux containers, enabling the movement of
processes between containers.

C: Direct hardware access without an operating system

Feedback: Incorrect. Linux containers do not provide direct hardware access without an operating
system; they run within the host OS.
*D: Elasticity

Feedback: Correct! Elasticity is a key feature, allowing containers to scale up or down based on demand.

E: Native execution without virtualization

Feedback: Incorrect. While containers do offer a lightweight form of virtualization, they still require a
host operating system.

F: Hardware-assisted virtualization

Feedback: Incorrect. Linux containers do not typically use hardware-assisted virtualization; they rely on
OS-level virtualization.

Question 240 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are components of OpenStack?

*A: Nova

Feedback: Correct! Nova is the compute component of OpenStack.

*B: Swift

Feedback: Correct! Swift is the object storage component of OpenStack.

C: Lambda

Feedback: Incorrect. Lambda is not a component of OpenStack; it is an AWS service.

D: Elastic Beanstalk

Feedback: Incorrect. Elastic Beanstalk is an AWS service, not a part of OpenStack.

*E: Glance

Feedback: Correct! Glance is the image service component of OpenStack.

Question 241 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the term for the service model that provides virtualized computing resources over the internet?
Please answer in all lowercase.
*A: iaas

Feedback: Correct! Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet.

*B: infrastructureasaservice

Feedback: Correct! Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet.

Default Feedback: Incorrect. This service model is a foundational concept in cloud computing.

Question 242 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is a significant benefit of using Docker for running applications?

*A: Docker containers provide a high level of isolation for applications.

Feedback: Correct! Docker containers do provide isolation by using namespaces and cgroups, allowing
applications to run in a controlled environment.

B: Docker requires a complex setup and configuration to get started.

Feedback: Incorrect. Docker is known for its simplicity in setup and configuration, making it easy to
start using containers.

C: Docker containers can only run on Linux-based systems.

Feedback: Incorrect. Docker containers are cross-platform and can run on various operating systems,
including Windows and macOS.

D: Docker significantly increases the memory usage for applications.

Feedback: Incorrect. Docker is designed to be lightweight and efficient, minimizing the additional
resource overhead.

Question 243 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the primary advantage of using AWS Lambda over AWS Elastic Beanstalk for deploying
applications?

*A: Scalability without managing servers

Feedback: Correct! AWS Lambda allows for automatic scaling without the need to manage underlying
server infrastructure.

B: Ability to manage custom server configurations

Feedback: Not quite. AWS Elastic Beanstalk is better suited for custom server configurations, as it
provides more control over the environment.

C: Access to a wider range of AWS services

Feedback: This is incorrect. Both Lambda and Elastic Beanstalk offer access to AWS services, but this
is not the primary advantage of Lambda.

D: Cheaper long-term cost for all use cases

Feedback: This is incorrect. While AWS Lambda can be cost-effective for certain use cases, it is not
universally cheaper than Elastic Beanstalk.

Question 244 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is one of the primary benefits of virtualization in cloud computing?

*A: Increased hardware utilization

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows for better utilization of hardware resources by running multiple
virtual machines on a single physical machine.

B: Decreased need for software updates

Feedback: Not quite. While virtualization can help with managing updates, its primary benefit is
hardware utilization.

C: Elimination of all physical hardware

Feedback: This is not accurate. Virtualization reduces but does not eliminate the need for physical
hardware.

D: Guaranteed data security

Feedback: Virtualization can enhance security, but it does not guarantee it. Focus on its benefit in
resource utilization.

Question 245 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which virtualization mechanism provides the best performance efficiency for lightweight applications?

*A: Containers

Feedback: Correct! Containers offer high performance efficiency for lightweight applications due to
their minimal overhead.

B: Software virtualization

Feedback: Software virtualization may not offer the best efficiency for lightweight applications due to
its additional overhead.

C: Hardware-assisted virtualization

Feedback: Hardware-assisted virtualization focuses more on hardware efficiency rather than application
efficiency.

D: Para-virtualization

Feedback: Para-virtualization might improve efficiency over full virtualization, but it's not as
lightweight as containers.

Question 246 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following services is commonly used for automatic scaling of cloud resources?

*A: Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling

Feedback: Correct! Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling is used to automatically adjust capacity to maintain
steady, predictable performance at the lowest possible cost.

B: AWS CloudFormation

Feedback: Incorrect. AWS CloudFormation is used for provisioning and managing cloud resources, not
specifically for automatic scaling.

C: Amazon S3

Feedback: Not quite. Amazon S3 is a storage service and does not handle automatic scaling of compute
resources.

D: AWS Lambda
Feedback: Incorrect. While AWS Lambda can automatically scale to handle requests, it is not the
primary service for automatic scaling of cloud resources.

Question 247 - multiple choice, shuffle, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the primary role of virtualization in cloud computing?

*A: To enable the efficient utilization of physical resources

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine,
optimizing resource utilization.

B: To increase the physical space required for servers

Feedback: Not quite. Virtualization actually reduces the physical space needed by allowing multiple
virtual machines on a single server.

C: To ensure data is stored in physical locations only

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization abstracts physical storage, allowing virtual machines to act
independently of data location.

D: To make the physical hardware obsolete

Feedback: No, virtualization still relies on physical hardware to function, although it maximizes its
usage.

Question 248 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are key differences between containers and traditional virtual machines?

*A: Containers share the host operating system

Feedback: Correct! Containers run on the host OS, unlike VMs which require separate OS instances.

B: Containers require more resources than virtual machines

Feedback: Incorrect. Containers are generally more lightweight and require fewer resources than VMs.

*C: Virtual machines provide a higher level of isolation than containers

Feedback: Correct! VMs offer complete isolation by virtualizing hardware, unlike containers that share
the OS.

D: Containers are unable to run multiple applications simultaneously

Feedback: Incorrect. Containers can, in fact, run multiple applications, just like VMs.

Question 249 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are applications of virtualization in data centers? Select all that apply.

*A: Server consolidation

Feedback: Correct! Virtualization allows multiple servers to be consolidated into fewer physical
machines, optimizing resources.

*B: Enhanced backup solutions

Feedback: Correct. Virtualization supports better backup and recovery solutions.

C: Increased electricity consumption

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization typically reduces electricity consumption by optimizing hardware

usage.

*D: Simplified network management

Feedback: Correct. Virtualization can simplify network management through software-defined

networking (SDN).

E: Unlimited storage capacity

Feedback: Incorrect. Virtualization can improve storage management but does not provide unlimited
storage.

Question 250 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are components of OpenStack? Select all that apply.

*A: Nova
Feedback: Correct! Nova is the component responsible for provisioning and managing compute
resources in OpenStack.

*B: Swift

Feedback: Correct! Swift is the object storage service within OpenStack.

C: Lambda

Feedback: Incorrect. Lambda is an AWS service, not a component of OpenStack.

*D: Glance

Feedback: Correct! Glance is the image service for discovering, registering, and retrieving virtual
machine images.

E: Elastic Beanstalk

Feedback: Incorrect. Elastic Beanstalk is an AWS service, not a component of OpenStack.

Question 251 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Identify the advantages of using Linux containers (LXC) for resource management and application
deployment.

*A: Efficient resource management

Feedback: Correct! LXC allows efficient resource management through cgroups and namespaces.

*B: Support for process migration

Feedback: Correct! LXC supports process migration which enhances flexibility in deployment.

*C: Requires fewer resources than hypervisors

Feedback: Correct! Containers generally require fewer resources compared to hypervisors due to their
lightweight nature.

D: Provides built-in security that surpasses hypervisors

Feedback: While LXC offers security through isolation, it does not inherently surpass the security
provided by hypervisors.

E: Offers better hardware compatibility than Xen

Feedback: LXC doesn't necessarily offer better hardware compatibility than Xen, as both have different
compatibility focuses.

Question 252 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, medium

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Which of the following are true about the architecture of Kubernetes?

*A: Kubernetes uses pods as the smallest deployable units.

Feedback: Correct! Pods are indeed the smallest deployable units in Kubernetes and can contain one or
more containers.

*B: Controllers in Kubernetes manage the state of the cluster by monitoring and taking necessary
actions.

Feedback: Correct! Controllers continuously monitor the state of the cluster and ensure that it matches
the desired state.

C: Kubernetes requires every node to have a separate control plane.

Feedback: Incorrect. Kubernetes has a centralized control plane that manages the cluster, and nodes have
their own kubelet process to communicate with the control plane.

*D: In Kubernetes, services are used to expose applications to external networks.

Feedback: Correct! Services define a logical set of pods and a policy by which to access them, typically
used to expose applications.

E: Kubernetes can only manage Docker containers.

Feedback: Incorrect. Kubernetes can manage containers from various runtimes, not just Docker.

Question 253 - checkbox, shuffle, partial credit, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

Select all the benefits of using Infrastructure as Code (IaC) in cloud computing.

*A: Version control of infrastructure configurations

Feedback: Correct! IaC allows the use of version control systems to manage infrastructure
configurations.

*B: Automated deployment and scaling

Feedback: Correct! IaC facilitates automated deployment and scaling of resources.

C: Elimination of all security vulnerabilities

Feedback: Incorrect. While IaC can help manage security configurations, it does not eliminate all
security vulnerabilities.

*D: Consistency across development, staging, and production environments

Feedback: Correct! IaC ensures that environments are consistent across all stages of development.

E: Reduced cloud service costs to zero

Feedback: Incorrect. IaC can help optimize costs, but it does not reduce them to zero.

Question 254 - text match, easy difficulty

Question category: Module: Module 2: Foundations: Containers, Virtual Machine, JVM

What is the one-word term for a service model that provides virtualized computing resources over the
internet? Please answer in all lowercase.

*A: iaas

Feedback: Correct! Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) delivers virtualized computing resources over the
internet.

*B: infrastructureasaservice

Feedback: Correct! Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) delivers virtualized computing resources over the
internet.

*C: infrastructure

Feedback: Correct! Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) delivers virtualized computing resources over the
internet.

Default Feedback: Try again. Consider the service model that provides essential computing resources
over the cloud.