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 THE COLLECTED WRITINGS OF

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES

Managing Editors:
Professor Austin Robinson and Professor Donald Moggridge

John Maynard Keynes (1883—1946) was without doubt one of the most influ-
ential thinkers of the twentieth century. His work revolutionised the theory
and practice of modern economics. It has had a profound impact on the
way economics is taught and written, and on economic policy, around the
world. The Collected Writings ofJohn Maynard Keynes, published in full in
electronic and paperback format for the first time, makes available in thirty
volumes all of Keynes's published books and articles. This includes writings
from his time in the India Office and Treasury, correspondence in which he
developed his ideas in discussion with fellow economists and correspondence
relating to public affairs. Arguments about Keynes's work have continued
long beyond his lifetime, but his ideas remain central to any understanding of
modern economics, and a point of departure from which each new generation
of economists draws inspiration.

Between the outbreak of war in 1939 and his death in April 1946, Keynes
was closely involved in the management of Britain's war economy and the
planning of the post-war world. This volume, the sixth dealing with this
period, focuses on several aspects of post-war planning: the discussions
surrounding relief and reconstruction, the attempts to produce a post-war
scheme to stabilise the prices of primary products, and the discussions
surrounding Britain's programme of reconstruction, most notably the
Beveridge programme for social insurance and the policy of full employment.
It contains Keynes's contributions to the discussion of these issues, most
notably his primary product scheme and his longer papers on the tactics and
problems of a full employment policy.

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 Kcyncs at work, from a photograph in Picture Post, 10 November 1945.
(Radio Times Hulton Picture Library)

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 THE COLLECTED WRITINGS OF
JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES

VOLUME XXVII

A C T I V I T I E S 1940-1946
SHAPING THE POST-WAR WORLD:
EMPLOYMENT AND COMMODITIES

EDITED BY

DONALD MOGGRIDGE

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

FOR THE

ROYAL ECONOMIC SOCIETY

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 © The Royal Economic Society 1980, 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this publication

may be reproduced or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, without permission

Published for the Royal Economic Society

throughout the world by
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town,
Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by

Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107651562

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

This edition published 2013

Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
by the MPG Books Group

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-107-65156-2 Paperback

30-volume set ISBN 978-1-107-67772-2

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 CONTENTS

General introduction page vii

Editorial note xiii

Part I. Surplus, Relief and Commodity Policy

I SURPLUSES 3
2 RELIEF 42
3 COMMODITY POLICY

Part II. Internal Policy

4 THE BEVERIDGE REPORT 203

5 EMPLOYMENT POLICY 264

Part III. Conclusion

6 LAST THINGS 423
Appendix: Alterations in the Sixth Draft of The Inter-
national Regulation of Primary Products 488
List of Documents Reproduced 502
Acknowledgements 507
Index 509

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 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
This new standard edition of The Collected Writings of John
Maynard Keynes forms the memorial to him of the Royal
Economic Society. He devoted a very large share of his busy
life to the Society. In 1911, at the age of twenty-eight, he became
editor of the Economic Journal in succession to Edgeworth; two
years later he was made secretary as well. He held these offices
without intermittence until almost the end of his life. Edgeworth,
it is true, returned to help him with the editorship from 1919
to 1925; Macgregor took Edgeworth's place until 1934, when
Austin Robinson succeeded him and continued to assist Keynes
down to 1945. But through all these years Keynes himself
carried the major responsibility and made the principal decisions
about the articles that were to appear in the Economic Journal,
without any break save for one or two issues when he was
seriously ill in 1937. It was only a few months before his death
at Easter 1946 that he was elected president and handed over
his editorship to Roy Harrod and the secretaryship to Austin
Robinson.
In his dual capacity of editor and secretary Keynes played
a major part in framing the policies of the Royal Economic
Society. It was very largely due to him that some of the major
publishing activities of the Society—Sraffa's edition of Ricardo,
Stark's edition of the economic writings of Bentham, and
Guillebaud's edition of Marshall, as well as a number of
earlier publications in the 1930s—were initiated.
When Keynes died in 1946 it was natural that the Royal
Economic Society should wish to commemorate him. It was
perhaps equally natural that the Society chose to commemorate
him by producing an edition of his collected works. Keynes
himself had always taken a joy in fine printing, and the Society,
with the help of Messrs Macmillan as publishers and the
Cambridge University Press as printers, has been anxious to give
vii

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 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Keynes's writings a permanent form that is wholly worthy of
him.
The present edition will publish as much as is possible of his
work in the field of economics. It will not include any private
and personal correspondence or publish many letters in the
possession of his family. The edition is concerned, that is to say,
with Keynes as an economist.
Keynes's writings fall into five broad categories. First there
are the books which he wrote and published as books. Second
there are collections of articles and pamphlets which he himself
made during his lifetime (Essays in Persuasion and Essays in
Biography). Third, there is a very considerable volume of
published but uncollected writings—articles written for news-
papers, letters to newspapers, articles in journals that have not
been included in his two volumes of collections, and various
pamphlets. Fourth, there are a few hitherto unpublished
writings. Fifth, there is correspondence with economists and
concerned with economics or public affairs. It is the intention
of this series to publish almost completely the whole of the first
four catagories listed above. The only exceptions are a few
syndicated articles where Keynes wrote almost the same material
for publication in different newspapers or in different countries,
with minor and unimportant variations. In these cases, this
series will publish one only of the variations, choosing the most
interesting.
The publication of Keynes's economic correspondence must
inevitably be selective. In the day of the typewriter and the filing
cabinet and particularly in the case of so active and busy a man,
to publish every scrap of paper that he may have dictated about
some unimportant or ephemeral matter is impossible. We are
aiming to collect and publish as much as possible, however, of
the correspondence in which Keynes developed his own ideas
in argument with his fellow economists, as well as the more
significant correspondence at times when Keynes was in the
middle of public affairs.
Apart from his published books, the main sources available
viii

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 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
to those preparing this series have been two. First, Keynes in
his will made Richard Kahn his executor and responsible for
his economic papers. They have been placed in the Marshall
Library of the University of Cambridge and have been available
for this edition. Until 1914 Keynes did not have a secretary and
his earliest papers are in the main limited to drafts of important
letters that he made in his own handwriting and retained. At
that stage most of the correspondence that we possess is
represented by what he received rather than by what he wrote.
During the war years of 1914-18 and 1940-6 Keynes was
serving in the Treasury. With the opening in 1968 of the records
under the thirty-year rule, the papers that he wrote then and
between the wars have become available. From 1919 onwards,
throughout the rest of his life, Keynes had the help of a
secretary—for many years Mrs Stephens. Thus for the last
twenty-five years of his working life we have in most cases the
carbon copies of his own letters as well as the originals of the
letters that he received.
There were, of course, occasions during this period on which
Keynes wrote himself in his own handwriting. In some of these
cases, with the help of his correspondents, we have been able to
collect the whole of both sides of some important interchanges
and we have been anxious, in justice to both correspondents,
to see that both sides of the correspondence are published in
full.
The second main source of information has been a group of
scrapbooks kept over a very long period of years by Keynes's
mother, Florence Keynes, wife of Neville Keynes. From 1919
onwards these scrapbooks contain almost the whole of Maynard
Keynes's more ephemeral writing, his letters to newspapers
and a great deal of material which enables one to see not only
what he wrote but the reaction of others to his writing. Without
these very carefully kept scrapbooks the task of any editor
or biographer of Keynes would have been immensely more
difficult.
The plan of the edition, as at present intended, is this. It will
ix

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 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
total thirty volumes. Of these the first eight are Keynes's
published books from Indian Currency and Finance, in 1913, to
the General Theory in 1936, with the addition of his Treatise on
Probability. There next follow, as vols. IX and x, Essays in
Persuasion and Essays in Biography, representing Keynes's own
collections of articles. Essays in Persuasion differs from the
original printing in two respects: it contains the full texts of the
articles or pamphlets included in it and not (as in the original
printing) abbreviated versions of these articles, and it also
contains two later pamphlets which are of exactly the same
character as those included by Keynes in his original collection.
In Essays in Biography there have been added a number of
biographical studies that Keynes wrote both before and after
1933-
There will follow two volumes, XI-XII, of economic articles
and correspondence and a further two volumes, already pub-
lished, XIII-XIV, covering the development of his thinking as he
moved towards the General Theory. There are included in these
volumes such part of Keynes's correspondence as is closely
associated with the articles that are printed in them. A supple-
ment to these volumes, xxix, prints some further material
relating to the same issues, which has since been discovered.
The remaining fourteen volumes deal with Keynes's Activities
during the years from the beginning of his public life in 1905
until his death. In each of the periods into which we divide this
material, the volume concerned publishes his more ephemeral
writings, all of it hitherto uncollected, his correspondence
relating to these activities, and such other material and corre-
spondence as is necessary to the understanding of Keynes's
activities. These volumes are edited by Elizabeth Johnson and
Donald Moggridge, and it has been their task to trace and
interpret Keynes's activities sufficiently to make the material
fully intelligible to a later generation. Elizabeth Johnson has
been responsible for vols. XV-XVIII, covering Keynes's earlier
years and his activities down to the end of World War I
reparations and reconstruction. Donald Moggridge is respon-

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 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
sible for all the remaining volumes recording Keynes's other
activities from 1922 until his death in 1946.
The record of Keynes's activities during World War II is now
complete with the publication of volumes xxv-xxvu. It now
remains to fill the gap between 1923 and 1939, to print certain
of his published articles and the correspondence relating to them
which have not appeared elsewhere in this edition, and to
publish a volume of his social, political and literary writings.
Those responsible for this edition have been: Lord Kahn,
both as Lord Keynes's executor and as a long and intimate friend
of Lord Keynes, able to help in the interpreting of much that
would be otherwise misunderstood; the late Sir Roy Harrod as
the author of his biography; Austin Robinson as Keynes's
co-editor on the Economic Journal and. successor as Secretary of
the Royal Economic Society. Austin Robinson has acted
throughout as Managing Editor; Donald Moggridge is now
associated with him as Joint Managing Editor.
In the early stages of the work Elizabeth Johnson was assisted
by Jane Thistlethwaite, and by Mrs McDonald, who was
originally responsible for the systematic ordering of the files of
the Keynes papers. Judith Masterman for many years worked
with Mrs Johnson on the papers. More recently Susan Wilsher,
Margaret Butler and Leonora Woollam have continued the
secretarial work. Barbara Lowe has been responsible for the
indexing. Susan Howson undertook much of the important final
editorial work on the wartime volumes. Since 1977 Judith Allen
has been responsible for seeing the volumes through the press.

XI

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 EDITORIAL NOTE
This volume, the third of three concerned with Keynes's efforts
to shape the post-war world, focuses on relief and rehabilitation,
post-war commodity policy and employment policy.
The main sources for this volume are Keynes's surviving
papers, materials available in the Public Record Office, and the
papers of colleagues and friends. Where the material used has
come from the Public Record Office, the call numbers for the
relevant files appear in the List of Documents Reproduced
following page 502.
In this and the other wartime volumes, to aid the reader in
keeping track of the various personalities who pass through the
pages that follow, we have included brief biographical notes on
the first occasion on which they appear. These notes are
designed to be cumulative over the whole run of wartime
volumes.
In this, as in all the similar volumes, in general all of Keynes's
own writings are printed in larger type. All introductory matter
and all writings by other than Keynes are printed in small type.
The only exception to this general rule is that occasional short
quotations from a letter from Keynes to his parents or to a
friend, used in introductory passages to clarify a situation, are
treated as introductory matter and are printed in the smaller
type. Throughout, Keynes's footnotes are indicated by symbols,
while editorial footnotes are indicated by numbers.
Most of Keynes's letters included in this and other volumes
are reprinted from the carbon copies that remain among his
papers. In most cases he has added his initials to the carbon in
the familiar fashion in which he signed to all his friends. We
have no certain means of knowing whether the top copy, sent
to the recipient of the letter, carried a more formal signature.

Xlll

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 PARTI
SURPLUS, RELIEF AND
COMMODITY POLICY

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 Chapter i

SURPLUSES
Keynes's World War II involvement in the areas of relief and commodity
policy, in addition to its links with the Article VII discussions and other
proposals for post-war Europe, had its origins in British concerns about
export surpluses.
These surpluses arose for two main reasons: the disruption of pre-war
channels of trade by the war and ensuing blockade of enemy countries and
the desire, for economic warfare reasons, to deny the enemy access to supplies
of strategic materials. As a result of early attempts to buoy up primary
exporters' positions and to deny the enemy supplies, Britain acquired titles
to large stocks of primary commodities, Australian wool and Egyptian cotton
to name only two, and faced the need to evolve a longer-term policy. On
19 July 1940 the Economic Policy Committee of the War Cabinet set up a
Ministerial Sub-Committee on Export Surpluses' to report what steps, such
as restriction of production, purchase and storage, destruction, etc., should
be taken to deal with surpluses in producing countries of commodities which
should be denied to the enemy by our blockade' The Sub-Committee's
brief was further influenced by a statement by the Prime Minister in the
Commons on 20 August which reiterated the arguments for continuing the
blockade and committed Britain to a policy of building up stocks of food
and raw materials for post-war relief purposes.
On 9 September the Ministerial Sub-Committee set up an official
sub-committee to carry out its task. This sub-committee after surveying the
situation recommended that Britain should purchase, with or without
American help, £200 million in surplus commodities, linking the purchases
with the goal of restricting or regulating future production. With the
acceptance of this recommendation, Sir Frederick Leith-Ross was appointed
on 9 November to co-ordinate and undertake the necessary negotiations.
Keynes became the Treasury representative on the official committee set up
at the same time to advise Leith-Ross.
Keynes had already been involved in some discussions on the surpluses
issue the previous July, when he suggested that the authorities buy
commodities above current requirements in countries willing to accept
sterling under payments agreements and possibly re-sell the surplus in the
dollar area to gain funds to cover current expenditures, thus gaining current
dollars at the cost of future sterling liabilities which might subsequently be

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 SURPLUS, RELIEF AND COMMODITY POLICY
exchanged for assets such as Argentine railways. When the Board of Trade,
however, made such a proposal a month later, Keynes minuted.

To S. D. WALEY, 2Q August l<)40

I should be surprised if this comes off. But there is just enough

in it (e.g. in the case of Brazil) for there to be no need to
discourage it.
But the main point to get into his [the Board of Trade official
concerned] head seems to me to be that what we are likely to
do anyhow within the sterling area may easily be more than a
50% share of the world requirements. Thus the right line of
approach to U.S.A. (if and when it becomes prudent to
approach them at all) is that all purchases of surpluses throughout
the world should be shared with U.S.A. as the predominant
partner (e.g. 75% to them, 25% to us). The possible gain to
us of something on this basis is on an altogether greater scale
than his suggested gadget.

There matters remained until November, beyond attempts to keep South

American countries sufficiently supplied with sterling through sales of
commodities to meet their current obligations. However, after the presidential
election in the United States, Whitehall returned to the consideration of a
suggestion from the Ambassador in Washington that Britain approach the
Americans on the global problem of surpluses. Through S. D. Waley,
Keynes obtained a copy of the draft telegram giving Whitehall's views. When
he saw it he minuted.

To s. D. WALEY, 25 November 1Q40

I do not feel at all enthusiastic about this draft cable. It makes

it all seem so boring. If we really want to get U.S.A. in, we ought
to make it seem more interesting and of real significance to the
world as a whole. As it is, we are simply appearing as suppliants
pleading with them once more to give us financial assistance and
to pull chestnuts out of the fire. On my view of the matter that

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 SURPLUSES
is not at all a correct view of the situation. If this is anything
at all it is a world scheme of the greatest possible post-war
significance, which the United States, if they understood it,
would want to be very much in at the front row.
To achieve what I really want, the whole thing would have
to be re-drafted and only after some general discussion. Mean-
while, paragraph 4 is particularly feeble, and I suggest for that
the following redraft:
'With reference to paragraph 3 of your telegram, we recognise
the political difficulties of the Administration in helping with
international surpluses unless the scheme covers in some way
or another their own surpluses. Obviously it is not within our
power to incur any net dollar expenditure. But a general scheme
in which the two Governments co-operate in all parts of the world
will enable us to take our appropriate part in both the American
continents without incurring any net dollar liability, our liabil-
ities there being offset by United States Government's liabil-
ities elsewhere. We believe that a suitable scheme of financial
co-operation is feasible if the interest of the United States
Administration can be secured for the principles underlying the
scheme as a whole, but it would be premature to develop them
in any detail at this stage.' r ,..„,,
J
° [copy initialled] J.M.K.
The telegram went off as amended by Keynes.

Just after Keynes saw the telegram, Sir Frederick Leith-Ross had sent
him a draft outlining his ideas on the subject of surpluses as a preliminary
to an approach to the Americans on the subject. Leith-Ross suggested that
a surplus policy should have three objectives: the provision of supplies for
post-war relief, the relief of producers whose markets had been disrupted
by the war, and the regulation of production to avoid the recurrence of
surpluses during the rest of the war and the creation of post-war imbalances.
He then suggested Anglo-American co-operation to encourage, largely
through financial assistance to the producers involved, the accumulation and
storage of stocks for future sale to European relief agencies, while limiting

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 SURPLUS, RELIEF AND COMMODITY POLICY
production. On reading the proposals, and after attempting to telephone
Leith-Ross, Keynes wrote the following letter.

To SIR FREDERICK LEITH-ROSS, 23 November ig4o

My dear Leith-Ross,
Surpluses
I have not been able to get you on the telephone this
afternoon, but have given a message to your secretary. However,
perhaps I had better confirm what I said to her in a brief note.
I think your outline of policy quite excellent and have no
criticisms whatever to make on the substance. I quite agree that
the next step is to approach the U.S.A. I saw, a day or two ago,
a draft cable which did not strike me as particularly happy-
nothing like as good as your outline of policy. This draft cable
had the faults, in my opinion, of being at the same time boring
and producing the impression that we were suppliants of some
kind trying to get something out of U.S.A. and make them pull
out the chestnuts for us.
The chief thing, it seems to me, is to get the State Department
and others concerned really interested. With this object, I
suggest that perhaps the objectives of our policy as outlined on
your first page might be amplified a bit. But that is my only
suggestion. v
eo
Yours ever,
[copy initialled] J.M.K.

Keynes missed the first meeting of Leith-Ross's Committee on 6 December,

which discussed a revision of the draft he had already commented on.
However, he did comment by letter, giving rise to a further exchange.

To SIR FREDERICK LEITH-ROSS, / / December 1940

My dear Leith-Ross,
I was very disappointed not to get to the first Committee on
Export Surpluses last Friday. But I was called down to the
Board-room exactly at that hour.
6

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 AN

ODE ON THE DEATH

OF

MR DRYDEN.

I.
 On a soft bank of camomel I sate,
O’ershaded by two mournful yews;
(Doubtless it was the will of fate
I this retreat should chuse.)
Where on delicious poetry I fed,
Amazing thoughts chilled all my blood,
And almost stopt the vital flood,
As Dryden’s sacred verse I read.
Whilst killing raptures seized my head,
I shook, as if I had foreknown
What all-commanding fate had done;
What for our sovereign Dryden had designed,
Till sleep o’erwhelmed my brain, as sorrow had my mind;
To think that all the great, even he, must die,
And here, in fame alone, have immortality.
When in my dream the fatal muse,
With hair dishevell’d, and in tears,
Melpomene appears;
Upon my throbbing heart her hand she laid,
Her hand as cold as death, and thus she said,—
“Least of my care, be calmed! No more just heaven accuse!

II.
“Eternal fate has said,—He must remove;
The bards triumphant wait for him above.
To everlasting day and blest abodes
(The seats of poets and of gods)
He’s gone, to fill the throne
Which none could fill but he alone;
The glorious throne for him prepared;
Of glorious acts the glorious, just reward.
See, see, as he ascends on high,
The sacred bards attending in the sky!
So low do they descend
To meet their now immortal friend!
Immortal there above, and here below,
As long as men shall wit and English know,
The unequalled Dryden must be so,
Immortal in his verse, in verse unequalled too.”—
She said,—then disappear’d; when I
Could plainly see all that was done on high.

III.
 I saw above an universal joy,
Perfect without alloy;
(So great as ne’er till then had been
Since the sweet Waller entered in,)
When all that sacred company
Brought the triumphant bard from ours to heaven’s great jubilee;
That was the occasion of his happiness,
And of our sorrows, surely that the cause,
Called hence heaven’s monarch’s praise to help to express,
And to receive for that his own deserved applause.
There wanted still one in the heavenly quire,
Dryden alone was their desire,
Whom for the sacred song th’ Almighty did inspire
’Twas pity to us that so long delayed
His blest translation to eternal light;
Or, otherwise may we not be afraid,
’Twas for the sins of some who durst presume to write;
Who durst in verse, in sacred poetry,
Even heaven’s own design bely,
And damn themselves with utmost industry!
For this may we not dread
The mighty prophet’s taken from our head?
And though the fate of these I fear,
I in respect must venture here.
A long and racking war was sent,
Of common sins, a common punishment;
To the unthinking crowd the only curse,
Who feel no loss but in their purse:
But ah! what loss can now be worse?
The mighty Pan has left our mournful shore;
The mighty Pan is gone, Dryden is here no more.
 IV.

When to the blest bright region he was come,

The vulgar angels gazed, and made him room:
Each laureat monarch welcomes him on high,
And to embrace him altogether fly:
Then strait the happy guest is shown
To his bright and lofty throne,
Inferior there to none.
A crown beset with little suns, whose rays
Shoot forth in foliages resembling bays,
Now on his head they place:
Then round him all the sacred band
Loudly congratulating stand:
When after silence made,
Thus the sweetest Waller said:—
“Well hast thou merited, triumphant bard!
For, once I knew thee militant below,
When I myself was so;
Dangerous thy post, the combat fierce and hard,
Ignorance and rebellion still thy foe;
But for those little pains see now the great reward!
Mack-Flecknoe and Achitophel
Can now no more disturb thy peace,
Thy labours past, thy endless joys increase;
The more thou hast endured, the more thou dost excel;
And for the laurels snatched from thee below,
Thou wear’st an everlasting crown upon thy hallowed brow.”
 V.

The bard, who next the new-born saint addrest,

Was Milton, for his wonderous poem blest;
Who strangely found, in his Lost Paradise, rest.
“Great bard,” said he, “’twas verse alone
Did for my hideous crime atone,
Defending once the worst rebellion.
A double share of bliss belongs to thee,
For thy rich verse and thy firm loyalty;
Some of my harsh and uncouth points do owe
To thee a tuneful cadence still below.
Thine was indeed the state of innocence,
Mine of offence,
With studied treason and self-interest stained,
Till Paradise Lost wrought Paradise Regained.”
He said:—when thus our English Abraham,
(In heaven the second of that name,
Cowley, as glorious there as sacred here in fame,)
“Welcome, Aleides, to this happy place!
Our wish, and our long expectation here,
Makes thee to us more dear;
Thou great destroyer of that monstrous race,
Which our sad former seat did harass and disgrace,
Be blest and welcomed with our praise!
Thy great Herculean labours done,
And all the courses of thy zodiac run,
Shine here to us, a more illustrious sun!
But see! thy brethren gods in poetry,
The whole great race divine,
Ready in thy applause to join,
Who will supply what is defect in me.”
VI.
 Rochester, once on earth a prodigy,
A happy convert now on high,
Here begins his wonderous lays,
In the sainted poet’s praise.
Fathomless Buckingham, smooth Orrery,
The witty D’Avenant, Denham, Suckling too,
Shakespeare, nature’s Kneller, who
Nature’s picture likest drew,
Each in their turn his praise pursue.
His song elaborate Jonson next does try,
On earth unused to eulogy;
Beaumont and Fletcher sing together still,
And with their tuneful notes the arched palace fill.
The noble patron poet now does try,
His wondrous Spenser to outvy.
Drayton did next our sacred bard address,
And sung above with wonderful success.
Our English Ennius, he who gave
To the great bard kind welcome to his grave,
Chaucer, the mightiest bard of yore,
Whose verse could mirth to saddest souls restore,
Caressed him next, whilst his delighted eye
Expressed his love, and thus his tongue his joy:—
“Was I, when erst below,” said he,
“In hopes so great a bard to see,
As thou, my son, adopted unto me,
And all this godlike race, some equal even to thee!
O! ’tis enough.”—Here soft Orinda219 came
And sprightly Afra,220 muses both on earth,
Both burned here with a bright poetic flame,
Which to their happiness above gave birth;
Their charming songs his entertainment close,
The mighty bard then, smiling, bowed, and rose.
 VII.

Strait from his head each takes his laurel’d crown,

And on the golden pavement casts it down:
All prostrate fall before heaven’s high imperial throne,
When the new saint begins his song alone;
Wond’rous even there it was confest,
Scarce to be equalled by the rest;
Herbert nor Crashaw, though on earth divine,
So sweetly could their numbers join!
When, lo! the light of twenty thousand suns,
All in one body, shining all at once,
Darts from the imperial to this lower court;
A light which they but hardly could support!
Then the great anthem was begun,
Which all the hallowed bards together sung;
And by no choir of angels is outdone,
But by the great seraphic choir alone,
That day and night surround the awful throne of heaven’s eternal
King;
Even they themselves did the great chorus fill,
And brought the grateful sounds to heaven’s high holiest hill.

VIII.
My soul shook with the sacred harmony, which soon alarmed my
heart;
I fancied I was falling from on high, and wakened with a start:
“Waked,” said I, “surely no; I did not sleep;
Can they be dreams which such impressions make?
My soul does still the blest ideas keep;
And still, methinks, I see them, though awake!
The other thrones too, which, though vacant, shone
With greater glory than the sun,
Come fresh into my mind;
Which once will lose their lustre by their bards outdone,
When filled with those for whom they are designed.
Upon their fronts I saw the glittering names,
All written in celestial flames.
For Dorset what a palace did I see!
For Montague! And what for Normandy!
What glories wait for Wycherly!
For Congreve, Southerne, Tate, Garth, Addison?
For Stephney, Prior, and for Dennis too?
What thrones are void, what joys prepared and due?
The pleasant dear companion Cheek,
Whom all the great although at midnight seek,
This glorious wreath must wear, and endless joys pursue.
And for Motteux, my Gallic friend,
The like triumphant laurels wait;
Though heaven, I hope, will send it very late,
Ere they or he to their blest seats ascend.
’Tis in their verse, next his, that he must live,
Next his their lines eternal fame can give;
Then all the happiness on earth I know
Is, that such godlike men as they are with us still below.”
 No. X.
TO THE

MEMORY OF MR DRYDEN,
A POEM.

Huic versatile ingenium sic pariter ad omnia fuit,

Ut ad id unum natum diceres quodcunque ageret.

1700, 17th June.

When mortals formed of common clay expire,
These vulgar souls an elegy require;
But some hero of more heavenly frame,
Exerts his valour, and extends his fame;
Below the spheres impatient to abide,
With universal joy is deified.
Thus our triumphant Bard from hence is fled.
But let us never, never say he’s dead;
Let poetasters make the Muses mourn,
And common-place it o’er his sacred urn;
The public voice exalts him to the sky,
And fate decrees him immortality;
Ordains, instead of tears or mournful hearse,
His apotheosis be sung in verse.
Great poets sure are formed of heavenly race,
And with great heroes justly claim a place.
As Cæsar’s pen did Cæsar best commend,
And all the elegies of Rome transcend;
So Dryden’s muse alone, like Phœbus bright,
Outshines all human praise, or borrowed light;
To form his image, and to make it true,
There must be art, and inspiration too.
Auspicious stars had doomed him to the trade,
By nature framed, by art a poet made:
Thus Maro’s words and sense in him we see,
And Ovid’s teeming vein of poesy.
In his vast miscellaneous works we find,
What charms at once, and edifies the mind:
His pregnant muse has in the offspring shown
What’s rare for use, or beauty to be known:
In monumental everlasting verse
Epitomised, he grasped the universe.
No power but his could tune a British lyre
To sweeter notes than any Tuscan quire,
Teutonic words to animate and raise,
Strong, shining, musical, as attic lays;
Rude matter indisposed he formed polite,
His muse seemed rather to create than write.
His nervous eloquence is brighter far
Than florid pulpit, or the noisy bar.
His periods shine harmonious in the close,
As if a muse presided in his prose;
Yet unaffected plain, but strong his style,
It overflows to fructify, like Nile.
The God of wit conspires with all the Nine,
To make the orator and poet join.
We’re charmed when he the lady or the friend,
Pleased in majestic numbers to commend.
The panegyric flows in streams profuse,
When worth or beauty sublimates the muse.
His notes are moving, powerful, and strong,
As Orpheus’ lyre, or as a Syren’s song;
Sweet as the happy Idumean fields,
And fragrant as the flowers that Tempe yields.
Thrice happy she to whom such tribute’s paid,
And has such incense at her altar laid;
A sacrifice that might with envy move
Jove’s consort, or the charming Queen of Love.
His lasting lines will give a sacred name,
(Eternal records in the book of fame,)
His favourites are doom’d by Jove’s decree,
To share with him in immortality.
The wealthy muse on innate mines could live,
Though no Mecenas any smile would give;
His light not borrowed, but was all his own;
His rays were bright and warm without the sun.
Pictures (weak images of him) are sold,
The French are proud to have the head for gold:
The echo of his verse has charmed their ear,—
O could they comprehend the sound they hear!
Who hug the cloud, caress an airy face,
What would they give the goddess to embrace?
The characters his steady muse could frame,
Are more than like, they are so much the same;
The pencil and the mirror faintly live,
’Tis but the shadow of a life they give;
Like resurrection from the silent grave,
He the numeric soul and body gave.
No art, no hand but his could e’er bring home
The noblest choicest flowers of Greece and Rome;
Transplant them with sublimest art and toil,
And make them flourish in a British soil.
Whatever ore he cast into his mould }
He did the dark philosophy unfold, }
And by a touch converted all to gold. }
With epic feet who ere can steady run,
May drive the fiery chariot of the sun,
Must neither soar too high, nor fall too low;
Must neither burn like fire, nor freeze like snow.
All ages mighty conquerors have known,
Who courage and their power in arms have shown:
Greece knew but one, and Rome the Mantuan swain,
Who durst engage in lofty epic strain;
Heroics here were lands unknown before,
Our great Columbus first descried the shore.
No prophet moved the passions of the mind,
With sovereign power and force so unconfined:
We sympathised with his poetic rage,
In lofty buskins when he ruled the stage;
He roused our love, our hope, despairs, and fears,
Dissolved in joy we were, or drowned in tears.
When juster indignation roused his hate,
Insipid rhymes to lash, or knaves of state;
Each line’s a sting, and ev’ry sting a death,
As if their fate depended on his breath.
Like sun-beams swift, his fiery shafts were sent,
Or lightning darted from the firmament.
No warmer clime, no age or muse divine,
In pointed satire could our bard outshine.
His unexhausted force knew no decay;
In spite of years, his muse grew young and gay,
And vigorous, like the patriarch of old,
His last-born Joseph cast in finest mould;
This son of sixty-nine, surpassing fair,
With any elder offspring may compare,
Has charms in courts of monarchs to be seen,
Caressed and cherished by a longing queen.
Great prophets oft extend their just command,
Receive the tribute of a foreign land;
When in their own ungrateful native ground
Few just admiring votaries they found.
But when these god-like men their clay resign,
Pale Envy’s laid a victim at their shrine;
United mortals do their worth proclaim,
And altars raise to their eternal fame.
Wealth, beauty, force of wit, without allay,
In Dryden’s heavenly muse profusely lay;
Which mighty charms did never yet combine,
In any single deity to shine,
But were dispensed, more thriftily, between
Jove’s wife, his daughter, and the Cyprian queen.
The nymphs recorded in his artful lays,
Produce the grateful homage of their praise;
Assisted in their vows by powers divine,
Offer their sacred incense at his shrine.
The spheres exalt their music, to commend
The poet’s master and the muse’s friend;
In concert form seraphic notes to sing,
Of numbers, and of harmony the king.
In this triumphant scene to act her part,
Nature’s attended by her hand-maid, Art:
Resounding Echo, with her mimic voice,
Concurs to make the universe rejoice.
Let ev’ry tongue and pen the poet sing,
Who mounts Parnassus top with lofty wing;
Whose splendid muse has crowns of laurel won,
That brave the shining beauties of the sun.
His lines (those sacred reliques of the mind)
Not by the laws of fate or war confined,
In spite of flames will everlasting prove,
Devouring rust of time, or angry Jove.
 No. XI.
EXTRACT
FROM

POETÆ BRITANNICI.
A POEM, SATIRICAL AND PANEGYRICAL.

1700. 9. January.
L—gh aim’d to rise above great Dr—-n’s height,
But lofty Dryden kept a steady flight.
Like Dædalus, he times with prudent care
His well-waxed wings, and waves in middle air.
Crowned with the sacred snow of reverend years,
Dryden above the ignobler crowd appears,
Raises his laurelled head, and, as he goes,
O’er-shoulders all, and like Apollo shows.
The native spark, which first advanced his name,
By industry he kindled to a flame.
Then to a different coast his judgment flew,
He left the old world behind, and found a new.
On the strong columns of his lasting wit,
Instructive Dryden built, and peopled it.
In every page delight and profit shines;
Immortal sense flows in his mighty lines.
His images so strong and lively be,
I hear not words alone, but substance see,
The proper phrase of our exalted tongue
To such perfection from his numbers sprung;
His tropes continued, and his figures fine,
All of a piece throughout, and all divine.
Adapted words and sweet expressions move
Our various passions, pity, rage, and love.
I weep to hear fond Antony complain
In Shakespeare’s fancy, but in Virgil’s strain.
Though for the comic, others we prefer,
Himself the judge; nor does his judgment err.
But comedy, ’tis thought, can never claim
The sounding title of a poem’s name.
For raillery, and what creates a smile,
Betrays no lofty genius, nor a style.
That heavenly heat refuses to be seen
In a town character, and comic mien.
If we would do him right, we must produce
The Sophoclean buskin; when his muse
With her loud accents filled the listning ear,
And peals applauding shook the theatre.
They fondly seek, great name, to blast thy praise,
Who think that foreign banks produced thy bays.
Is he obliged to France, who draws from thence,
By English energy, their captive sense?
Though Edward and famed Henry warred in vain,
Subduing what they could not long retain,
Yet now, beyond our arms, the muse prevails,
And poets conquer, when the hero fails.
This does superior excellence betray:
O could I write in thy immortal way!
If Art be Nature’s scholar, and can make
Such great improvements, Nature must forsake
Her ancient style; and in some grand design, }
She must her own originals decline, }
And for the noblest copies follow thine. }
This all the world must offer to thy praise,
And this Thalia sang in rural lays.
As sleep to weary drovers on the plain,
As a sweet river to a thirsty swain,
Such divine Dryden’s charming verses show,
Please like the river, like the river flow.
When his first years in mighty order ran,
And cradled infancy bespoke the man,
Around his lips the waxen artists hung,
And breathed ambrosial odours as they sung.
In yellow clusters from their hives they flew,
And on his tongue distilled eternal dew:
Thence from his mouth harmonious numbers broke,
More sweet than honey from the knotted oak;
More smooth than streams, that from a mountain glide,
Yet lofty as the top from whence they slide.
Long he possest the hereditary plains,
Beloved by all the herdsmen, and the swains,
Till he resigned his flock, opprest with years,
And olden’d in his woe, as well as fears.
Yet still, like Etna’s mount, he kept his fire,
And look’d, like beauteous roses on a brier:
He smiled, like Phœbus in a stormy morn,
And sung, like Philomel against a thorn.
 No. XII.
SOME ACCOUNT
OF

THE NINE MUSES;

Or, Poems written by nine several Ladies, upon the death of
the late famous John Dryden, Esq.

As earth thy body keeps, thy soul the sky,

So shall this verse preserve thy memory;
For thou shalt make it live, because it sings of thee.

London: printed for Richard Basset, at the Mitre, in Fleet Street,

1700.

The work is dedicated to the Right Hon. Charles Montague, (Lord

Halifax,) by the publisher Basset, who thus apologizes for the
intrusion:

“The ladies indeed themselves might have had a better plea for your
reception; but since the modesty which is natural to the sex they are
of, will not suffer them to do that violence to their tempers, I think
myself obliged to make a present of what is written in honour of the
most consummate poet among our English dead, to the most
distinguished among the living. You have been pleased already to
shew your respect to his memory, in contributing so largely to his
burial, notwithstanding he had that unhappiness of conduct, when
alive, to give you cause to disclaim the protection of him.”

The dedication is followed by a commendatory copy of verses,

addressed to the publisher, and signed Philomusus; of which most
readers will think the following lines a sufficient specimen:

Hence issues forth a most delightful song,

Fair as their sex, and as their judgment strong;
Moving its force, and tempting in its ease;
Secured of fame, unknowing to displease;
Its every word like Aganippe, clear,
And close its meaning, and its sense severe:
As virtuous thoughts with chaste expression join,
And make them truly, what they feign, divine.

The poems of these divine ladies, as their eulogist phrases them,

appear in the following order:

Melpomene, the Tragic Muse, personated by Mrs Manley, refers to

his elegies and tragedies. Melpomene sorrows for him:

Who sorrowed Killigrew’s untimely fall,

And more than Roman made her funeral;
Inspired by me, for me he could command,
Bright Abingdon’s rich monument shall stand
For evermore the wonder of the land;
Oldham he snatched from an ignoble fate,
Changed his cross star for one more fortunate;
For who would not with pride resign his breath,
To be so loved, to be so blest in death?
The eulogiums on Cromwell and Charles then praised. Of the last it
is said,

For this alone he did deserve the prize,

As Ranelagh, for her victorious eyes.

Cleopatra and St Catharine are mentioned; then

——Dorax and Sebastian both contend

To shew the generous enemy and friend.

Urania, the Divine Muse, by the Honourable the Lady Peirce. This
lady, after much tragic dole, is wonderfully comforted by recollecting
that Garth survives, though Dryden is dead:

More I’ll not urge, but know, our wishes can

No higher soar, since Garth’s the glorious man;
Him let us constitute in Dryden’s stead,
Let laurels ever flourish on his head.

Urania, after mentioning Virgil, exclaims,

O give us Homer yet, thou glorious bard!

Erato, the Amorous Muse, by Mrs S. Field. She claims the merit of
Dryden’s love poems, on the following grounds:

Oft I for ink did radiant nectar bring,

And gave him quills from infant Cupid’s wing.
Euterpe, the Lyric Muse, by Mrs J. E. Euterpe, of course, pours forth
her sorrow in a scrambling Pindaric ode:

But, oh! they could not stand the rage

Of an ill-natured and lethargic age,
Who, spite of wit, would stupidly be wise;
All noble raptures, extasies despise,
And only plodders after sense will prize.

Euterpe eulogizeth

Garth, whom the god of wisdom did foredoom,

And stock with eloquence, to pay thy tomb
The most triumphant rites of ancient Rome.

Euterpe is true to her own character; for one may plod in vain after
sense through her lyric effusion.

Thalia, the Comic Muse, by Mrs Manley. A pastoral dialogue betwixt

Alexis, Daphne, Aminta, and Thalia. After the usual questions
concerning the cause of sorrow, Thalia, invoked by the nymphs and
swains, sings a ditty, bearing the following burden:

Bring here the spring, and throw fresh garlands on,

With all the flowers that wait the rising sun;
These ever-greens, true emblems of his soul,
Take, Daphne, these, and scatter through the whole,
While the eternal Dryden’s worth I tell,
My lovely bard, that so lamented fell.

Clio, or the Historic Muse, by Mrs Pix, the authoress of a tragedy

called “Queen Catharine, or the Ruins of Love.”
 Stop here, my muse, no more thy office boast,
This drop of praise is in an ocean lost;
His works alone are trumpets of his fame,
And every line will chronicle his name.

Calliope, the Heroic Muse, by Mrs C. Trotter. This is the best of these
pieces. Calliope complains, that she is more unhappy than her sisters
of the sock and buskin, still worshipped successfully by Vanburgh
and Granville, in the epic province:

————————Blackmore, in spite
Of me and nature, still presumes to write;
Heavy and dozed, crawls out the tedious length;
Unfit to soar, drags on with peasant strength
The weight he cannot raise.

The poem concludes,

———————————Now you who aim,

With fading power, at bright immortal fame;
Ambitious monarchs, all whom glory warms,
Cease your vain toil, throw down your conquering arms;
Your active souls confine, since you must die
Like vulgar men, your names and actions lie
Where Trojan heroes, had not Homer lived,
Had lain forgot, nor ruined Troy survived;
No more their glories I can e’er retrieve,
For nature can no second Dryden give.

Terpsichore, a Lyric Muse, by Mrs L. D. ex tempore. Albeit a lyric

muse, Terpsichore laments in hexameters:
 Just as the gods were listening to my strains,
And thousand loves danced o’er the etherial plains,
With my own radiant hair my harp I strung,
And in glad concert all my sisters sung:
An universal harmony above
Inspired us all with gaiety and love;
A horrid sound dashed our immortal mirth,
Wafted by sighs from the unlucky earth,
Et cætera, et cætera.

Polyhymnia, the Muse of Rhetoric, by Mrs D. E. This lady concludes

the volume thus:

Incessant groans be all my rhetoric now!

My immortality I would forego,
Rather than drag this chain of endless woe.
O mighty Father, hear a daughter’s prayer,
Cure me by death from deathless sad despair!

These extracts are taken from the presentation copy of this rare
book, in the library of Mr Bindley, of Somerset-House, whose
liberality I have had already repeated occasion to acknowledge.
 No. XIII.
VERSES
IN PRAISE OF MR DRYDEN.
To Mr Dryden, by Jo. Addison, Esq.
How long, great poet, shall thy sacred lays
Provoke our wonder, and transcend our praise!
Can neither injuries of time, or age,
Damp thy poetic heat, and quench thy rage?
Not so thy Ovid in his exile wrote;
Grief chilled his breast, and checked his rising thought;
Pensive and sad, his drooping muse betrays
The Roman genius in its last decays.
Prevailing warmth has still thy mind possest,
And second youth is kindled in thy breast.
Thou mak’st the beauties of the Romans known,
And England boasts of riches not her own:
Thy lines have heightened Virgil’s majesty,
And Horace wonders at himself in thee.
Thou teachest Persius to inform our isle
In smoother numbers, and a clearer style:
And Juvenal, instructed in thy page,
Edges his satire, and improves his rage.
Thy copy casts a fairer light on all,
And still outshines the bright original.
Now Ovid boasts the advantage of thy song,
And tells his story in the British tongue;
Thy charming verse, and fair translations show
How thy own laurel first began to grow;
How wild Lycaon, changed by angry Gods,
And frighted at himself, ran howling through the woods.
O may’st thou still the noble tale prolong,
Nor age, nor sickness interrupt thy song!
Then may we wond’ring read, how human limbs
Have watered kingdoms, and dissolved in streams,
Of those rich fruits that on the fertile mould
Turned yellow by degrees, and ripened into gold:
How some in feathers, or a ragged hide,
Have lived a second life, and different natures tried
Then will thy Ovid, thus transformed, reveal
A nobler change than he himself can tell.

Mag. Coll. Oxon. June 2, 1693.

 INDEX.

A.

Abingdon, Earl of, dedication to, Vol. xi, 121

Countess of, account of, xi, 119
Absalom and Achitophel, Part I. ix, 195
remarks on, ib. 197
recommendatory verses to, ib. 213, 216
notes on, ib. 249
Part I. character of, i, 243
answers to, ib. 253
Part II. ix, 313
remarks on, ib. 315
notes on, ib. 354
character of, i, 268
extracts from Buckingham’s answer to, ix, 272-4
Absalom’s Conspiracy, or the Tragedy of Treason, ix,
199, 205
Abuse of personal satires, xiii, 81
Accession of James I., state of learning in England on, i,
5
James II., poems on, x, 59
Account of Gibbon’s conversion to the catholic faith, by
himself, i, 316
Montague and Prior’s parody on the Hind and the Panther, ib.
330
Luke Milbourne, ib. 394
ludicrous, Dryden’s funeral, ib. 441
Dryden’s funeral, by Mrs Thomas, false, ib. 442
Dryden’s funeral, by Tom Brown, ib. 443
Dryden’s family, ib. 462
of Cleveland, i, 43
Sir Robert Howard, i, 54
defence of an Essay of Dramatic Poesy, ii, 263
the representation of the Spanish Friar, vi, 371
Annus Mirabilis, in a letter to Sir Robert Howard, ix, 92
contest at the election of Sheriffs for London, ix, 404
the last period of the life of the Earl of Shaftesbury, ix, 415
the reception of the Lancashire Witches, vii, 15
Protestant flail, ib. 19
the Associating Club, ib. 154
the Hind and Panther, by Swift, x, 106
the rise of the Quakers, ib. 141
the noble house-keeping of the Duke of Beaufort, ix, 391
the sect of Anabaptists, x, 145
the rise of Presbyterianism, ib. 148
the birth of the son of James II., by Smollet, x, 305
Pope-burning, x, 370
John Lilburn, vi, 363
William Fuller, viii, 329
Lodovico Sforza, ix, 46
Anne Hyde, Duchess of York, ib. 73
Sir John Lawson, ib. 161
gallant actions of Prince Rupert, ix, 167, 174
gallant actions of the Duke of Albemarle, ib. 168, 171
Sir Edward Spragge, ib. 178
Sir Freschville Hollis, ib. 180
Michael Adrien de Ruyter, ib. 182
Sir William Jones, ib. 279
Slingsby Bethel, ib. 280
Titus Oates, ib. 282
Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, ib. 285
the Duke of Ormond, ib. 294
the Earl of Ossory, ib. 299
Archbishop Sancroft, ib. 301
Bishop Compton, ib. 302
Bishop Dolben, ib. 303
the Marquis of Halifax, ib. 305
of the Earl of Rochester, ix. 307
Sir Edward Seymour, ib. 308
Nahum Tate, ib. 315
Sir Robert Playton, ib. 359
Sir Thomas Player, ib. 361
Robert Ferguson, ib. 363
James Forbes, ib. 368
Samuel Johnson, ib. 369
Samuel Pordage, ib. 372
Elkanah Settle, ib. 373
King’s Head Club, ib. 380
Sir William Waller, ib. 381
the Earl of Dartmouth, ib. 386
Edward Sackville, ib. 387
the Duke of Beaufort, ib. 390
the Duke of Albemarle, ib. 394
the Earl of Arlington, ib. 395
the Duke of Grafton, ib. 396
the Earl of Feversham, ix, 397
Nottingham, ib. 400
Sir Roger L’Estrange, ib, 400
Sir John Moor, ib. 402
Whip and Key, ib. 425
Thomas Hunt, vii, 127
Richard Rumbold, ib. 261
Edward Coleman, x, 18
Hugh Paulin Cressy, ib. 21
Edmund Campian, ib. 20
Robert Parsons, ib. 20
William Tyndal, ib. 24
Richard Hooker, ib. 26
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