v

for Learners
GENERAL BIOLOGY II
Fourth Grading - Week 6Day 1-4
Lesson Objectives:
he learners should be able to describe examples of homeostasis
(e.g.,
temperature regulation, osmotic balance and glucose level
regulation) and the
major features of feedback loops that produce
 Differentiate Endotherms and Ectotherms in Homeostasis
 Describe thermoregulation of endothermic and ectothermic animals.
 Give Importance of Homeostasis in the Human Body and Ecosystem

MELC Code: STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-12 to STEM_BIO11/12-IIIc-g-16

Written by:
CARMELIA JHAN FATE F. ABRAJANO
Kabasalan Science and Technology High School

1
I. MINI LESSON – DAY 1

Not all organisms keep their body temperature in as narrow a range as we

humans do, but virtually every animal on the planet has to regulate body
temperature to some degree—if only to keep the water in its cells from
turning to ice or to avoid denaturing its metabolic enzymes with heat.
Animals can be divided into two groups: some maintain a constant
body temperature in the face of differing environmental temperatures, while
others have a body temperature that is the same as their environment and
thus varies with the environment. Animals that do not control their body
temperature are ectotherms; instead they rely on external energy to dictate
their body temperature. This group has been called cold-blooded, but the
term may not apply to an animal in the desert with a very warm body
temperature. Endotherms are animals that rely on internal sources for body
temperature but which can exhibit extremes in temperature. These animals
are able to maintain a level of activity at cooler temperature, which an
ectotherm cannot due to differing enzyme levels of
activity. Endotherms generate most of the heat they need internally. When
it's cold out, they increase metabolic heat production to keep their body
temperature constant. Because of this, the internal body temperature of an
endotherm is more or less independent of the temperature of the
environment.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/energy-flow-
through-ecosystems/a/endotherms-ectotherms
This pattern is shown on the graph above: the mouse maintains a steady
body temperature close to 37\,^\circ \text C37∘C37, degrees, start text, C,
end text across a wide range of external temperatures.

2
Ectotherms, on the other hand, body temperature mainly
depends on external heat sources. That is, ectotherm body
temperature rises and falls along with the temperature of the
surrounding environment. Although ectotherms do generate
some metabolic heat—like all living things—ectotherms can't
increase this heat production to maintain a specific internal
temperature.

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/ecology-ap/energy-flow-
through-ecosystems/a/endotherms-ectotherms

Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature to some degree,

though. They just don't do it by producing heat. Instead, they use other
strategies, such as behavior—seeking sun, shade, etc.—to find environments
whose temperature meets their needs.

Some species blur the line between endotherms and ectotherms.

Animals that hibernate, for instance, are endothermic when they are active
but resemble ectotherms when they are hibernating. Large fish like tuna and
sharks generate and conserve enough heat to raise their body temperature
above that of the surrounding water, but unlike a true endotherm, they don't
maintain a specific body temperature

3
 Heat can be exchanged between an animal and its environment through
four mechanisms: radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction
Radiation is the emission of electromagnetic “heat” waves. Heat comes
from the sun in this manner and radiates from dry skin the same way. Heat
can be removed with liquid from a surface during evaporation. This occurs
when a mammal sweats. Convection currents of air remove heat from the
surface of dry skin as the air passes over it. Heat will be conducted from
one surface to another during direct contact with the surfaces, such as an
animal resting on a warm rock.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-bio1-1/chapter/homeostasis/

ACTIVITY 1: THERMOREGULATION OF LIVING ANIMALS

I. Problem: What is thermoregulation in mammals?

II. Hypothesis: In mammals, thermoregulation is a key feature in the maintenance

of homeostasis. Moreover, thermoregulation function is under the control of
central, metabolic, energetic and endocrine systems, which induces that
parameters such as hour of the day, season, gender or aging may
affect thermoregulatory adjustments.

III. Materias: Picture, Selection on thermoregulation

IV. Instruction/s:
1. Study the figure/ images below and answer the guide questions..

4
 Figure 1. Endotherm and Ectotherm Animals
Source: http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/360/360F20_9a.html, 2020

Guide Questions:
1. . Look at the images of the four animals in Figure 1. Imagine that you measured
the temperature inside each animal and also the temperature in the
environment where the animals live. Would you expect any differences between
the animals and the environment? Would the pattern be the same for all the
animals? Why or why not?
Ans.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________

5
 2. Write definitions for “endothermic” and “ectothermic” using your own words.
List four examples of animals that would fit into each category.

Ans.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

3.Make a prediction of whether you think dinosaurs were more like endotherms or
ectotherms. Include the reasons for your prediction. Ans. May vary)
Ans.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Is you Hypothesis correct? If yes, why? If no, why?

___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Therefore I conclude
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

II. Guided Activity

Activity 2: METABOLISM AND MASS OF LIVING ANIMALS
I. Problem: How do the metabolic rates of endotherms compare with those of
ectotherms?

II.Hypothesis:The metabolic rates of endotherms are higher than those of

ectotherms and that within each set (ectotherms, endotherms) the greater the
mass of the animal the greater the resting metabolic rate.

6
 III. Materials: Selection on Metabolism of living Animals

IV. Instruction/s:
1. Study the diagram below and answer the guide question.

Figure 2. Metabolic Rate versus Metabolic Mass of Vertebrates.

This graph appears as Figure 2 in the student handout (but without the lines of best fit). Adapted
from Grady, John M., Brian J. Enquist, Eva Dettweiler-Robinson, Natalie. A. Wright, and Felisa A.
Smith. 2014. “Evidence for Mesothermy in Dinosaurs.” Supplementary Materials. Science, 344, no.
6189 (2014): 1268– 1272.

Guide Questions
1. Look first at the general trends on the graph. How do the metabolic rates of
endotherms compare with those of ectotherms?

Ans.-
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

7
 2.As the masses of the animals increase, how do their metabolic rates change?

Ans.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Is your hypothesis correct?If yes,why?If no, why?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
Therefore I Conclude,
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

III. Independent Activity

Activity 1. Endothermic and Ectothermic Animals

I. Problem: What is the difference between ectothermic and endothermic

animals?

II. Hypothesis: An ectotherm (reptile/amphibian) relies primarily on its external

environment to regulate the temperature of its body. Endotherms (birds) are
able to regulate their body temperatures by producing heat within the body.
ectotherms is the way that animal habitats are set up.

III. Materials:Selection on Endothermic and Ectothermic animals

IV. Instruction/s:Think and list an animal that start the name from A- Z . Check if
the animal belongs to endothermic and ectothermic.

ANIMAL NAMES ENDOTHERMIC ECTOTHERMIC

1.
2.

8
 3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.

Guide Questions:
1. What are some examples of endothermic animals?

Ans.
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___________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________
2. What are some examples of enctothermic animals?

Ans.
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___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Is your hypothesis correct? If yes,why? If no, why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
Therefore I conclude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

10
 V. EVALUATION ACTIVITY

Multiple Choice Test

Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.Write your answer in your
activity notebook.

1.What do you mean by Ectothermic animals?

a. are so called cold blooded animals
b. are so called warm blooded animals
c.are animals that can live in cold and warm environment
d. are animals that cannot live in cold and warm environment

2. What do you mean by Endothermic animals?

a. are so called cold blooded animals
b. are so called warm blooded animals
c.are animals that can live in cold and warm environment
d. are animals that cannot live in cold and warm environment

3. Which of the following is NOT an ectothermic animal?

a. fish
b.crabs
c.humans
d.amphibians

4. What is cold blooded animals?

a. Cold Blooded animals can be defined as the animals which can regulate
body temperature.
b. Cold Blooded animals can be defined as the animals which cannot regulate
their external body.
c. Cold Blooded animals can be defined as the animals which cannot regulate
their internal body temperature.
d. Cold Blooded animals can be defined as the animals which cannot regulate
their internal body temperature of environment

5.Is human warm blooded?

a. Humans are cold blooded meaning we can internal body temperature.
b. Humans are cold blooded that can regulate our internal body temperature
c. Humans are warm blooded meaning we can regulate our body temperature.
d. Humans are warm blooded meaning we can regulate our external body
temperature

11
I. Mini Lesson ( Day 2)
Disruption of Homeostasis
Many homeostatic mechanisms keep the internal environment within
certain limits (or set points). When the cells in your body do not work correctly,
homeostatic balance is disrupted. Homeostatic imbalance may lead to a state
of disease. Disease and cellular malfunction can be caused in two basic ways:
by deficiency or toxicity. Deficiency occurs when beneficial pathways are
blocked and cells lack adequate quantities of vitamins or
minerals. Toxicity occurs when cells have an excess of a toxin that poisons the
cell. Cells are delicate and require concise levels of every necessary
substance; levels that are too high and levels that are too low can be extremely
dangerous. Cells undergo homeostasis to maintain the ideal levels, but, when
homeostasis is interrupted, your body may correct or worsen the problem
based on certain influences. In addition to inherited (genetic) influences, there
are external influences that are based on lifestyle choices and environmental
exposure. These factors together influence the body's ability to maintain
homeostatic balance.
A commonly seen example of homeostatic imbalance is diabetes. In a
diabetic, the endocrine system has difficulty maintaining the correct blood glucose
levels, so diabetics must closely monitor their blood glucose levels, as shown
in Figure below. They must monitor their daily sugar intake and regulate
their blood glucose levels with insulin injections. Like most homeostatic
imbalances, diabetes is dependent on both genetics and lifestyle.

Figure 3. Glucose Meter , “A person with diabetes has to monitor their blood glucose carefully.
This glucose meter analyzes only a small drop of blood.”
Source: https://www.ck12.org/c/biology/homeostasis-imbalance/lesson/Disruption-of-
Homeostasis-Advanced-BIO-ADV/, 2021

12
Table 1 summarizes how various body systems work together to maintain

homeostasis .
Table 1: Types of Homeostatic Regulation in the Body
Tissues, Organs
Hormones and
Homeostatic and Organ
Other
Processes Systems
Messengers
Involved
Kidneys, urinary
bladder, ureters,
Antidiuretic urethra (urinary
Osmoregulation Excess water, hormone (ADH), system), pituitary
(also known as salts, and urea aldosterone, gland (endocrine
excretions) expelled from body angiotensin II, system), lungs
carbon dioxide (respiratory
system)

Skeletal muscle
(muscular
Sweating, system), nerves
shivering, (nervous
dilation/constriction system), blood
of blood vessels at vessels
skin surface, (cardiovascular
Thermoregulation Nerve Impulses
insulation by system), skin and
adipose tissue, adipose tissue
breakdown of (integumentary
adipose tissue to system),
produce heat hypothalamus
(endocrine
system)
Chemical Release of insulin Insulin, Pancreas
Regulation and glucagon into glucagon, (endocrine
(including the blood in cortisol, carbon system), liver
glucoregulation) response to rising dioxide, nerve (digestive
and falling blood impulses, system); adrenal
glucose levels, erythropoietin glands
respectively; (EPO) (endocrine
increase in system) lungs
breathing rate in (respiratory
response to system), brain
increases carbon (nervous
dioxide levels in the system), kidneys
blood, and release (urinary system)
of carbon dioxide
into exhaled air
from lungs,
secretion of

13
Activity 1.Blood Flow
I. Problem: How does blood maintain homeostasis in the body?
II. Hypothesis: Blood carries and distributes nutrition heat throughout
the body. It helps to maintain homeostasis through the spread or release of
warmth. Blood vessels contracts when they react to outside place/ organism.
III. Materials. Selection of the text and Diagram.
IV.Instruction/s:
Read the text and understand the diagram that you will see below.
Answer the questions based on the diagram

When your warm blood flows through the surface blood vessels in your
skin, it warms your skin which radiates heat away from your body. When more
blood flows through these surface blood vessels, more heat is lost from your
body. The amount of blood flow through these surface blood vessels is
regulated by your temperature control center as part of the negative feedback
regulation of your body temperature.

Figure 4. Blood Samples

Source: “https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/homeostasis/”, 2020

Guide Questions:
1. Which diagram shows the pattern of blood flow that would be expected when
a person is in a cold environment? A ___ B___
2. Explain your reasoning.

Is your hypothesis correct? If yes,why? If no, why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Therefore I conclude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

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II. Guided Activity

I. Problem: How are organ systems related to one another?

IV. Hypothesis: Just as the organs in an organ system work together to

accomplish their task, so the different organ systems also cooperate to keep
the body running. For example, the respiratory system and the
circulatory system work closely together to deliver oxygen to cells and to get
rid of the carbon dioxide the cells produce.

V. Materials: Selection of the text and diagram

VI. Instruction/s:
1. Fill in the boxes to describe the body’s responses to changes in body
temperature.
2. The top half of this figure corresponds to the (left / right) half of the
flowchart in

Figure 5. Homoestasis blood flow

Source:” https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/homeostasis/”,2020

15
Guide Questions:
1. What could go wrong if your body temperature got too low or too high?
Ans.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. When your body temperature drops, your heart, nervous system and other
organs can't work normally.
Ans.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

Is your hypothesis correct? If yes,why? If no, why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Therefore I conclude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

16
III. INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY

I.Activity 3: Homeostasis and Human Body

II.Problem: How do the organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

II.Hypothesis: Your circulatory system delivers oxygen-rich blood to your

bones. Meanwhile, your bones are busy making new blood cells. Working
together, these systems maintain internal stability and balance, otherwise known
as homeostasis. Disease in one body system can disrupt homeostasis and
cause trouble in other body systems

III.Materials:Selection on Homeostasis and Human Body

IV.Instruction/s:
1. Read the scenario legibly and answer the discussion question based in the
Scenario.

Scenario:
A millionaire named forest Fenn has hidden a treasure chest deep
into the Rocky Mountains, in hopes to spark adventure and get people off
the couch to seek fortune in the great outdoors. The treasure chest is known
in the Rocky Mountains as the “Bronze Box”, which is filled with gold and
precious gems. Fenn tells us the box is hidden somewhere between Santa
Fe, New Mexico and the Canadian border at an elevation above 5,000 feet
right in the middle of a rapidly changing climate. In this area where the
treasure resides, temperatures can vary from day to evening; it’s not
uncommon in summer months to drop below freezing, particularly at higher
elevations which gives risk to frost bite or worse. Frost bite causes the body
to divert blood flow from the surface as the temperature drops so the more
important body parts stay warm the longest. This process utilizes several
body systems and allows the body’s core to stay protected for as long as
possible. Randy Bilyeu, a 54-year old retired mechanic who had moved from
Florida to Colorado to seek out the treasure, was last seen on January 5 th
2016. His belongings were found near the Rio Grande river, south of Santa
Fe, New Mexico. Severe frost bite has been concluded as his probable
death. Investigators are still in debate regarding the true cause of his death.

Guided question
1.What is the system that most affected by the death of Randy’s?
Ans.______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Which system was primarily responsible for initiating Randy’s shivering if
frostbite was his cause of death?
Ans.
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4.What system in the body was triggered when Randy’s blood flow was
limited due to the severe cold temperatures,?What system was able to constrict
blood vessels in the circulatory system and cause shivering.?This is the body’s first
line of defense in response to Frost bite.
Pos.
Ans.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Is your hypothesis correct? If yes,why? If no, why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Therefore I conclude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

18
 IV. EVALUATION ACTIVITY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
Directions:Choose the letter of the correct answer.Write your answer before the
number.

1. Which of the following strategies would NOT help restore a high body
temperature?
a.Sweating
b.Increase respiration
c.Decrease respiration
d.Non Shivering Thermogenesis

2. What is the function of respiratory system in maintatining homeostasis?

a. Regulating Cell level
b. Regulating body level
c.Regulating Energy level
d.Regulating oxygen level

3. Which is NOT a Homeostatic Mechanism?

a.Hormonal level
b.Hormonal change
C.Hormonal Regulation
d.Hormonal body temperature

4. How does blood maintain homeostasis in the body?

a. It helps to maintain homeostasis through the spread or release of warmth.
b. It helps to maintain homeostasis through the spread or release of hormone.
d. It helps to maintain homeostasis by gaining the temperature of the environment.
c. It helps to helps the heat and cold balance in the body and regulate its
temperature

5. How are organ systems related to one another?

a. organs in an organ system work together to accomplish different goal and do their
task
b. organs in an organ system have the same number of cells that work together to
accomplished the task
c. organ system work together to accomplish their task, so the same organ
systems also made their self indepent to one another
a. organs in an organ system work together to accomplish their task, so the different
organ systems also cooperate to keep the body running

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I. MINI LESSON DAY 3

Basics of Homeostasis

In general, homeostasis refers to the balance within a system that

keeps it operating within a range of conditions. Homeostasis helps animals
maintain stable internal and external environments with the best conditions
for it to operate. It is a dynamic process that requires constant monitoring of
all systems in the body to detect changes, and mechanisms that react to
those changes and restore stability.
There are three components to homeostatic regulation in animals:
the receptor, the control center, and the effector. Receptors are constantly
surveilling conditions and detect changes that take conditions outside the
normal range, away from a set point. The control centers receive and
process the information from the receptors and give commands to the
effectors on how to respond.

The Importance of Homeostasis

The failure of homeostatic regulation in just one body system will

cause conditions to deteriorate and it may be fatal. For the health of
an organism, all homeostatic regulation mechanisms must function properly.
The information below describes how various body systems contribute to
overall homeostasis.
Muscular System
Muscles not only work with the skeleton to move the body, but they
make digestion and breathing possible. The layers of muscle also protect
internal organs and generate heat when they contract (useful for shivering
when the body is cold). Finally, the heart is made of cardiac muscle and its
pumping of blood is necessary for many of the homeostatic control systems
in the body.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system transports gases like oxygen and carbon
dioxide in and out of the lungs. This is critical to maintaining the proper pH of
the blood. If the blood is too acidic, the brain slows the breathing to increase
the amount of bicarbonate ions (carbon dioxide) in the blood. Conversely, to
adjust the blood chemistry when the pH is too low, respiration increases so
that more carbon dioxide is expelled. The respiratory system also acts to
dissipate heat when the body temperature gets too hot. This is done through
open-mouth breathing or panting in animals that don’t have sweat glands.
Digestive System
The digestive system helps maintain homeostasis by eliminating toxins and
waste and supplying nutrients to the body. It also serves the critical immune
system function of destroying bacteria and viruses than enter the body
through food and water intake. Also, the heat generated during the digestive
process contributes to regulation of the
20
core temperature.
Nervous System
The nervous system maintains homeostasis by controlling other parts
of the body. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral
nervous system. The peripheral nerves are those outside of the brain and
spinal cord which go to the limbs and organs. The brain and spinal cord
make up the central nervous system. The hypothalamus in the brain is
particularly important for maintaining homeostasis because it controls the
actions of the medulla oblongata (involuntary functions), the autonomic
nervous system (smooth muscle and glands), and the pituitary
gland (hormone excretion).
Endocrine System
This system comprises the glands that excrete hormones into the
bloodstream. Hormones have a myriad of functions in the body that maintain
homeostasis by targeting certain tissues. Besides regulating bone
growth, muscle metabolism, and energy production, there are hormones that
regulate fluid balance, the production of red blood cells, blood pressure, and
inflammation.
Integumentary System
The skin helps to regulate body temperature through dilation and
constriction of blood vessels, the production of sweat, and shivering. It also
regulates the balance of water and other solutes through its surface. Hairs in
the nose and other body orifices protect the body from particles, debris,
and bacteria. The skin also synthesizes Vitamin D from cholesterol needed
for bone growth, maintenance, and repair.
Skeletal System
The bones of the skeleton protect the brain, spinal cord, and internal organs
and serve as a reservoir of calcium, phosphorous, and other minerals.
Calcium, for example, is needed for muscle contraction. Red and white
blood cells and other cells of the immune system are made and stored in the
bone marrow. The skeleton also makes movement of the body possible
which is important for homeostasis. An example of this is when an animal’s
core temperature becomes too hot, it can move into the shade of a tree or
into the water to cool itself.
Lymphatic System
This system is key to maintaining homeostasis by controlling blood
volume and tissue fluids. The lymphatic system works with the capillaries in
the cardiovascular system to remove excess fluid which can build up and
cause edema and swelling. The lymphatics are also a critical part of the
immune system and immune response. After B cells mature in the bone
marrow, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they stand guard against
foreign invaders in the body. Other parts of the lymphatic system that help
maintain homeostasis are the lymph glands, tonsils, adenoids, spleen,
and thymus gland.

21
Why Homeostasis Is Important In Living Organisms?
Homeostasis is widely exhibited by almost all living organisms. It is happening
constantly which is almost impossible to find any organism that does not
perform it. The following are just some few examples from the human body
and our ecosystems.
1.Maintenance of Body Temperature
One of the most common examples of homeostasis is the regulation of
body temperature. In humans, the normal range falls on 37 degrees Celsius or
98. 6 degrees Fahrenheit. In order to maintain this, the body controls
temperature either by producing heat or releasing excess heat. When the
body temperature goes beyond 98.6F, the person would get fever and if it
drops below this limit, the person would get hypothermia.
2. Maintenance of Glucose level
A special type of sugar in our bloodstream called Glucose and it needs
to be level for the person to be healthy. If this sugar level gets too high, then
the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin to balance the Glucose in the
bloodstream. On contrast, if the sugar level drops too low, then stored
Glycogen (form of sugar) in liver and muscles get converted into Glucose to
maintain the optimal balance.
3.Protection from Infection
The immune system kicks in to maintain the homeostasis when a rogue
virus or bacteria gets into the body; it fights and protects from getting
infections before they make the person ill.
4. Maintenance of Body Temperature
The healthy blood pressure (BP) for humans is 120/80 (120 – systolic
pressure / 80 – diastolic pressure). If the BP is too high, then brain sends
signals to heart to slow down the heart pumping to normalize the pressure.
Similarly, if the BP is too low, then the heart compensates by increasing the
pressure in arteries to keep the balance. This whole orchestration is done via
the nervous and endocrine systems.
5. Maintenance of Fluid Volume
Homeostasis is also important to regulate fluid (i.e. water) as well as
the concentration of ions in the body. In animals, the main organs assigned for
this task are the kidneys. Aside from the said functions, the kidney also
maintains homeostasis by holding essential substances (e.g. sugars
and proteins) so they are not flushed out of the body.
6. Maintenance of Breathing Pattern
Breathing is an involuntary action and the nervous system helps to keep the
homeostasis by ensuring the body gets its most essential oxygen (O 2) by
proper breathing patterns.

22
7. Removal of Waste Toxins.
The lymphatic system (network of tissues and organs to help get rid of toxins
from the body) maintains homeostasis by getting rid of toxins such as urine,
feces, CO2, bile, sweat and worn out cells from the body
8.Regulation of Light Entry in the Eyes
The way Homeostasis is maintained by the eyes is by contracting the pupil
when excess light enters; on contrast, the pupil expands when exposed to
darkness to get a sense of the visual.
9. Stable Population in the Ecosystem
In an ecological perspective , an ecosystem maintains equilibrium in a
different way. An ecosystem in homeostasis occurs when there is a relatively
stable number of population of organisms. An example of this occurs when a
huge number in the population gets wiped out due to natural disasters
of anthropogenic activities.
Importance of the Homestasis.
Based from the aforementioned examples, you may probably already have
understood how important homeostasis is. Living organisms need to maintain
homeostasis constantly in order to properly grow, work, and survive. In
general, homeostasis is essential for normal cell function, and overall balance.

 In the human body, chemicals like Oxygen (O2), Carbon dioxide

(CO2) and digested food enter and exit the cells using the concept
called diffusion and osmosis. For this process to function properly,
homeostasis helps our body to keep both water and salt balance
level.
 Enzymes in the cell help in the speedy chemical reactions to order
to keep the cells alive but these enzymes need to be in an optimal
temperature to function properly. Again, homeostasis plays a crucial
role in maintaining a constant body temperature (37C/98.6F) for
enzymes to do their jobs.
 Mechanisms to attain homeostasis are stable as they need to resist
any change that happens within and outside the organism’s
environment. These mechanisms vary depending on the individual
and may either be positive or negative feedback.

How homeostasis is maintained

Many homeostatic systems listen for distress signals from the body to know
when key variables fall out of their appropriate range. The nervous
system detects these deviations and reports back to a control center, often
based in the brain. The control center then directs muscles, organs and
glands to correct for the disturbance. The continual loop of disturbance and
adjustment is known as "negative feedback," according to the online
textbook Anatomy and Physiology.
reducing blood circulation to the skin. Similarly, when sodium levels spike, the
body signals the kidneys to conserve water and expel excess salt in
concentrated urine, according to two NIH-funded studies.

23
 For example, the human body maintains a core temperature of about
98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius). When overheated,
thermosensors in the skin and brain sound an alarm, initiating a chain
reaction that directs the body to sweat and flush. When chilled, the body
responds by shivering, and reducing blood circulation to the skin. Similarly,
when sodium levels spike, the body signals the kidneys to conserve water
and expel excess salt in concentrated urine, according to two NIH-funded
studies
Animals will also adjust their behavior in response to negative
feedback. For example, when overheated, we may shed a layer of clothing,
move into the shade, or drink a cold glass of water. The human body, for
example, regulates its internal concentrations of hydrogen,
calcium, potassium and sodium, charged particles that cells rely on for normal
function. Homeostatic processes also maintain water, oxygen, pH and blood
sugar levels, as well as core body temperature, according to a 2015 review
in Advances in Physiology Education.
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal state
that persists despite changes in the world outside. All living organisms, from
plants to puppies to people, must regulate their internal environment to
process energy and ultimately survive. If your blood pressure skyrockets or
body temperature plummets, for example, your organ systems may struggle
to do their jobs and eventually fail.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT HOMEOSTASIS OCCURS
NATURALLY WHEN A SYSTEM IS AT STABILITY AND FUNCTIONS
CORRECTLY, AND THIS CAN BE DONE BY CONTINUOUSLY MAKING
SYSTEMS TO WORK TOGETHER IN HARMONY. MAKES SENSE,
DOESN’T IT?

II. Guided Activity

I. Activity 1. Disruption of Homeostasis

II. Problem: What is disruption of homeostasis called?

III. Hypothesis: Many diseases are a result of homeostatic imbalance, an inability

of the body to restore a functional, stable internal environment. Aging is a source
of homeostatic imbalance as the control mechanisms of the feedback loops lose
their efficiency, which can cause heart failure.

III. Materials: Selection on the text Disruption of Homeostasis

IV.Instruction:In table 2, write 5 diseases that result from disruption of

homeostasis.Give the reason of the disease.

24
Table 2. DISRUPTION OF HOMEOSTASIS/ PATHOLOGY OF THE DISEASE

ORGAN OF THE NAME OF DISRUPTION OF HOMEOSTASIS/

BODY DISEASE/CELLLULAR PATHOLOGY OF THE DISEASE
MALFUNCTION

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Guide Questions.

1. Give me 5 reasons why we need homeostasis/ balance in the organs of the body?

Ans.____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

2. What are just three of many ways that human organ system help maintain
homeostasis?
Ans.______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

25
3. What are the conditions in the body related to maintaining homeostasis?

Ans.______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

Is your hypothesis correct? If yes,why? If no, why?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Conclusion
Therefore I conclude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

II. Guided Activity

Activity 1. Crossword Balance

I. Problem: Why is homeostasis is important in humans life?

II.Hypothesis: Homeostasis maintain optimal condition for enzyme action throughout the
body, as well as all cell functions. It is the maintenance of constant internal environment
despite changes in internal and external factor. In the human body , these include control
of body temperature and glucose regulation.

III.Materials: Selection on Crossword Balance

IV:Instruction/s:
Answer the crossword puzzle base on the sentence below. The words may be
put in horizontal or vertical.

26
 https://wordmint.com/public_puzzles/60704
.

27
 https://wordmint.com/public_puzzles/60704

Guide Questions
1.What are the consequences of homeostatic imbalance?
Ans.______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2.Based on the crossword , list the organs that are included in your answer
Ans.______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Is your hypothesis correct? If yes,why? If no, why?

28
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Conclusion
Therefore I conclude:
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

29
IV. EVALUATION ACTIVITY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
Directions:Choose the letter of the correct answer.Write your answer before the
number.

1. Which of the following strategies would NOT help restore a high body
temperature?
a.Sweating
b.Increase respiration
c.Decrease respiration
d.Non Shivering Thermogenesis

2. What is the function of respiratory system in maintatining homeostasis?

a. Regulating Cell level
b. Regulating body level
c.Regulating Energy level
d.Regulating oxygen level

3. Which is NOT a Homeostatic Mechanism?

a.Hormonal level
b.Hormonal change
c.Hormonal Regulation
d.Hormonal body temperature

4. How does blood maintain homeostasis in the body?

a. It helps to maintain homeostasis through the spread or release of warmth.
b. It helps to maintain homeostasis through the spread or release of hormone.
d. It helps to maintain homeostasis by gaining the temperature of the environment.
c. It helps to helps the heat and cold balance in the body and regulate its
temperature

5. How are organ systems related to one another?

a. organs in an organ system work together to accomplish different goal and do their
task
b. organs in an organ system have the same number of cells that work together to
accomplished the task
c. organ system work together to accomplish their task, so the same organ
systems also made their self indepent to one another
a. organs in an organ system work together to accomplish their task, so the different
organ systems also cooperate to keep the body running

0
DAY 4 PERFORMANCE TASK
Instructions: In separate bond paper ( LONG or SHORT) make a Poster with the
them “HOMEOSTASIS OCCURS NATURALLY WHEN A SYSTEM IS AT
STABILITY AND FUNCTIONS CORRECTLY, AND THIS CAN BE DONE BY
CONTINUOUSLY MAKING SYSTEMS TO WORK TOGETHER IN HARMONY”

Rubric of Poster making

CATEGORY 4 3 2 1
Content - At least 7 accurate 5-6 accurate facts 3-4 accurate factsLess than 3
Accuracy facts are displayed are displayed on are displayed on accurate facts are
on the poster. the poster. the poster. displayed on the
poster.
Attractiveness The poster is The poster is The poster is The poster is
exceptionally attractive in acceptably distractingly messy
attractive in terms terms of design, attractive though or very poorly
of design, layout, layout and it may be a bit designed. It is not
and neatness. neatness. messy. attractive.
Grammar There are no There is 1 There are 2 There are more
grammatical grammatical grammatical than 2 grammatical
mistakes on the mistake on the mistakes on the mistakes on the
poster. poster. poster. poster.
Required The poster includes All required All but 1 of the Several required
Elements all required elements are required elements elements were
elements as well as included on the are included on missing.
additional poster. the poster.
information.
Source: “(https://docs.google.com/document/edit?id=1z5UnNzgLCq9wYnWiR6Q5benlAkLUXiDSiYqR_JG1CYc&hl=en)

Reference:
https://www.livescience.com/65938-homeostasis.html
https://opentextbc.ca/biology2eopenstax/chapter/homeostasis/
https://www.bioexplorer.net/importance-of-homeostatis-examples.html/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-
systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-
systems)
(https://www.britannica.com/science/homeostasis)
(https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-human-body-
systems/hs-body-structure-and-homeostasis/a/tissues-organs-organ-
systems)

1
Quality Assured/Evaluated by the Following
Carmelia Jhan Fate F. Abrajano
Claire Anne T. Hamo
Franco Rhino Apoyon – Team Leader

Jenny T. Dosil
Education Program Supervisor in Science

Reviewed by:

Evelyn F. Importante
OIC-CID Chief EPS

Aurelio A. Santisas, CESE

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jerry C. Bokingkito
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dr. Jeanelyn A. Aleman, CESO VI

OIC- Schools Division Superintendent