Lecture 6

Fluid Mechanics
(Bernoulli’s equation)
Mahmoud Nady Abdelmoez
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department
Assiut University, Egypt

1
Conservation of mass
𝑑
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑠 + න 𝜌 𝑑𝑉𝑐𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑡

• The above equation describes conservation of mass in the most general form (velocity is changing
along the surface of the control volume and there is a change in the mass stored in the control
volume)
 Bernoulli Equation
• The Bernoulli equation is an approximate relation between pressure, velocity, and elevation, and is valid
in regions of steady, incompressible flow where net frictional forces are negligible.
• Despite its simplicity, Bernoulli equation is a very powerful tool in fluid mechanics.
• Assumptions of Bernoulli equation:
1. Viscous friction forces are negligible compared to pressure, gravitational, and inertia forces (i.e.
inviscid flow).
2. Flow is steady (the velocity does not change with time)
3. Incompressible flow ( is constant)
4. Consider the flow along a streamline.
• Bernoulli equation is derived by applying Newton second
law on a fluid element flowing along a streamline:
σ 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑠
 Acceleration along a streamline
• Although the flow may be steady (V does not change with time), however, velocity may
change from one location to another.
• This means that fluid particles may still experience a change in speed (i.e. acceleration) while
moving along a stream line.

• This acceleration can be calculated from the following equation:

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑉
𝑎𝑠 = = =𝑉
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑆
• If the streamline is curved, a normal acceleration may also exist:
𝑉2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑅
• So, even if the flow is steady, a fluid particle may
Experience a tangential and normal accelerations.
Derivation of Bernoulli equation
Derivation of Bernoulli equation
෍ 𝐹𝑠 = 𝑚 𝑎𝑠
𝑑𝑉
𝑃𝑑𝐴 − 𝑃 + 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝐴 − 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑉
𝑑𝑠

• Substituting the values of W and sin:

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑉
−𝑑𝑃𝑑𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑠 𝑉
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

• Canceling dA and dividing by ds :

𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑉
+ 𝜌𝑔 + 𝜌𝑉 =0
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠

• Integrating with respect to ds:

1
𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 + 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

1 2 1 2
𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑧1 + 𝜌𝑉1 = 𝑃2 + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝜌𝑉2
2 2
Bernoulli equation
Example
• Consider the flow of air around a cyclist moving through still air with a velocity of 40 km/hr.
• Find the pressure applied by air on the cyclist face.
Example
• Consider the flow of air around a cyclist moving through still air with a velocity of 40 km/hr.
• Find the pressure applied by air on the cyclist face.
 Bernoulli equation and conservation of energy

Highest potential energy

zero Kinetic energy
• Bernoulli equation represent conservation of energy: zero pressure energy
𝑃 1 2
+ 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2

Medium potential
energy
Highest Kinetic energy
zero pressure energy
Pressure Kinetic
energy Potentia energy
l energy

• The sum of the kinetic, potential, and flow energies of a

fluid particle is constant along a streamline during Zero potential energy
steady flow when compressibility and frictional effects Low Kinetic energy
Highest pressure energy
are negligible.
 Bernoulli equation and conservation of energy
Highest potential energy
Low Kinetic energy

• Bernoulli equation represent Medium potential

Low pressure energy

conservation of energy: energy

Highest Kinetic energy
𝑃 1 2 Low pressure energy
+ 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 Medium potential
𝜌 2 energy
Zero Kinetic energy
Zero pressure energy

Pressure
energy Kinetic
Potentia energy
l energy

Lowest potential energy

Medium Kinetic energy
zero pressure energy
Lab experiment: Flow inside a Venturi
 Vertical free jets
• Free jets are jets of fluid ejected in the atmosphere.
• Pressure on the outer layer of the jet is atmospheric because this
layer is in touch with the atmosphere.
• Since streamlines in the jet are straight, then pressure depends
only on the elevation (z)
𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• Pressure everywhere on a horizontal plan across a vertical jet is
atmospheric.

• To find velocity of a jet ejected from a hole in a tank:

1 10
• 𝑃1 + 𝛾𝑧1 + 𝜌𝑉12 =0 𝑃2 + 𝛾𝑧2 + 𝜌𝑉22 0
2 2
1
• 𝛾(𝑧1 −𝑧2 ) = 𝜌𝑉22
2

• 𝑉2 = 2𝑔(𝑧1 −𝑧2 ) = 2𝑔ℎ

 Horizontal free jets
• For a horizontal free jet, the situation is almost the same but with a
slight change:
• Pressure on the outer layer of the jet is atmospheric because this layer is in
touch with the atmosphere.
• Then all inside streamlines have atmospheric pressure because they lie on the
same horizontal plane with an outer streamline.
• The only difference is that the fluid velocity across the jet is not constant and
slightly increases downward.

• Pressure everywhere across a horizontal jet is atmospheric.

• Neglecting the jet diameter compared to the height of liquid in the tank:
𝑉2 = 2𝑔(𝑧1 −𝑧2 ) = 2𝑔ℎ
 Example
• For the tank-pipe system shown, air= 1.23
kg/m3. Find:
• The flowrate and
• The pressure in the hose (P2)
 Example
• For the tank-pipe system shown, air= 1.23
kg/m3. Find:
• The flowrate and
• The pressure in the hose (P2)
 Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation
pressures1
• 𝑃 + 𝛾𝑧 + 𝜌𝑉 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
• P is the static pressure and represents the actual
thermodynamic pressure of the fluid.
1
• 𝜌𝑉 2is the dynamic pressure; it represents the pressure
2
rise when the fluid in motion is brought to a stop
isentropically.
• 𝛾𝑧 is the hydrostatic pressure term.
• The sum of the static and dynamic pressures is called the
stagnation pressure, and it is expressed as:
1
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑉 2
2
• Measurement of the stagnation and static pressures
enables calculating the fluid velocity:
2 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝑉=
𝜌
Pitot tube
 Example
• The specific gravity of the manometer fluid is 1.07. Determine
the volume flowrate, Q, if the flow is inviscid and incompressible
and the flowing fluid is water.
 Cavitation
• Pressure of a liquid in a pipe may decreases due to:
• Increase in pipe elevation.
• Reduction in pipe diameter (increase in liquid velocity)

• If pressure decreases down to the vapor pressure of the liquid, the

liquid will start evaporating (i.e. cavitation will happen)

• When designing pipe networks, cavitation is to be avoided due to

the damage it causes to the system.

• To avoid cavitation, find the potential location with lowest pressure

in the system and make sure that pressure of the liquid at this
location is higher than vapor pressure at the given temperature.
𝑃 < 𝑃𝑣

• Cavitation is likely to happen at highest points in the system or at

points with smallest diameter.
Example
• Find the maximum height of water level in the tank (h) to
induce highest flow rate without cavitation happening (Pv
= 11.86 kPa absolute).
Example
• Find the maximum height of water level in the tank (h) to
induce highest flow rate without cavitation happening (Pv
= 11.86 kPa absolute).
 Siphoning
• In siphoning, the liquid is transferred between two tanks of different elevations using an inverted U-shaped tube.
• In doing so, the liquid moves up from the top tank and then down to the lower tank.

https://lockhaven.edu/~dsiman
ek/museum/themes/siphon.ht
m
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZmP0vsRBZ8
Example
• A 50-mm-diameter plastic tube is used to siphon water from the large tank shown in Fig. P3.60. If the pressure
on the outside of the tube is more than 30 kPa greater than the pressure within the tube, the tube will collapse
and siphon will stop. If viscous effects are negligible, determine the minimum value of h allowed without the
siphon stopping. (Ans. 2.94 m)
Thank you