Recent Advances in Quantum Computing

Figure: A conceptual image of a quantum computing processor. Quantum computing harnesses

quantum-mechanical phenomena to process information in fundamentally new ways. Unlike
classical bits, which can be 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a superposition of both states
simultaneouslyibm.com. Multiple qubits can also become entangled, allowing computation over
many possibilities in parallelibm.comibm.com. In theory, this enables quantum machines to
solve certain complex problems (e.g. factoring large numbers, optimizing huge systems) much
faster than classical supercomputersibm.comibm.com. In practice, quantum computers today
are small, noisy, and primarily experimental. However, recent breakthroughs in hardware and
algorithms are rapidly advancing the field. In this brief, we summarize key concepts and the
latest milestones in quantum computing research.

Quantum Principles

• Superposition: A qubit can be both 0 and 1 at the same time. By contrast, classical bits
are only ever 0 or 1ibm.com. This means n qubits can represent 2^n states
simultaneously, offering exponential capacity in parallelismibm.com.

• Entanglement: Qubits can be linked so that the state of one instantaneously affects
another, even far apartibm.com. Entanglement is a resource that quantum algorithms
exploit for correlated operations.

• Decoherence and Error Correction: Qubits are fragile. Interaction with the environment
causes decoherence, collapsing superpositionsibm.com. Reducing noise and correcting
errors is a major challenge. Recent work (e.g. Google’s new Willow chip) has shown a path
toward threshold scalability, where adding qubits reduces noise growthdarkreading.com.

• Quantum Algorithms: Algorithms like Shor’s factoring or Grover’s search theoretically

provide dramatic speedups. For example, Shor’s algorithm could break RSA encryption in
polynomial time. Experts estimate that if trends continue, a quantum computer might
break RSA-2048 (standard encryption) within ~15 yearsdarkreading.com, spurring
development of post-quantum cryptography.

Recent Milestones (2024)

• Google’s Willow Chip: In Dec 2024, Google announced the Willow processor, which
achieved reduced error rates as qubit count grewdarkreading.com. This is a major step
 toward the long-sought “threshold scalability,” where adding qubits actually decreases
overall errordarkreading.com. Google reports this as a leap forward for error-corrected
designs.

• Industry Roadmaps: In 2024, several companies published aggressive roadmaps with

concrete targetsquantumcomputingreport.comquantumcomputingreport.com. For
example, QuEra, Infleqtion, and Quantinuum outlined plans to reach hundreds of logical
qubits over the next 3–5 yearsquantumcomputingreport.com. IBM and Google updated
their own milestones (IBM on performance, Google aiming for 1,500 physical qubits with
ultra-low error)quantumcomputingreport.com. PsiQuantum announced a $620M project
to build a 1-million-qubit system by 2027quantumcomputingreport.com. These roadmap
announcements mark a shift from vague promises to specific
goalsquantumcomputingreport.com.

• Quantum Volume and Performance: Industry benchmarks are improving. Leading qubit
gate fidelities now target 99.9–99.99%, and companies measure metrics
like CLOPS (Circuit Layer Operations Per Second) and quantum volume. Logical error-rate
goals of 10^-6 or better are increasingly cited for large-scale
designsquantumcomputingreport.com. In Oct 2024, Microsoft reached a 24-qubit
entanglement with Atom Computing, and Japanese teams unveiled a new optical
quantum systemdarkreading.com.

• Security Implications: Experts warn that as quantum hardware advances, encrypted

data harvested today could be vulnerable laterdarkreading.com. The Hudson Institute
published reports on financial system risks from quantum
breakthroughsdarkreading.com. Standards bodies are already developing quantum-safe
encryption protocols in parallel.

Current Challenges and Outlook

Building a practical quantum computer still faces hurdles. Current systems (so-
called NISQ devices) have too much noise for error-free algorithmsdarkreading.com.
Achieving fault tolerance requires massive overhead (often thousands of physical qubits per
logical qubit). Research is focusing on error-correction techniques and materials science to
scale further. On the algorithm side, most quantum algorithms assume many qubits with low
error, so progress in software will follow hardware capabilities.
Nevertheless, the pace of research has accelerated. Experts at institutions like IBM, Google, and
numerous startups are collaborating on this global challenge. A recent report finds that by
leveraging quantum physics, these efforts could soon tackle problems (e.g. optimization,
materials simulation) beyond classical reachibm.com. In summary:

• Continued Progress: Major companies and labs are hitting new milestones (more qubits,
better error correction)darkreading.com.

• Growing Collaboration: Initiatives are forming in cryptography and standards to prepare

for quantum impacts.

• Future Potential: If technical challenges are overcome, quantum machines promise

breakthroughs in chemistry, cryptography, and beyond.

Conclusion

Quantum computing is a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of physics and computer
science. Recent 2024 advances, such as Google’s Willow chip and industry-wide roadmaps,
indicate that scaling up is becoming a realistic
goaldarkreading.comquantumcomputingreport.com. Practical quantum computers capable of
outperforming classical ones on key tasks may still be a decade or more awaydarkreading.com.
In the meantime, research on qubit design, error correction, and quantum algorithms continues
at a fast pace. For now, the field remains experimental but trending steadily forward. By staying
aware of developments and preparing (e.g. adopting quantum-resistant encryption), scientists
and industries can harness the potential of this transformative technology.

References

• Schneider J. & Smalley I., “What is quantum computing?” IBM, 5 Aug 2024ibm.com.

• Lemos R., “Quantum Computing Advances in 2024 Put Security In Spotlight”,

DarkReading, 27 Dec 2024darkreading.com.

• Quantum Computing Report, “2024: The Year of Quantum Computing

Roadmaps” (2024)quantumcomputingreport.com.

• Wulff Pabilonia S. & Redmond J., “The rise in remote work since the pandemic and its
impact on productivity”, BLS Beyond the Numbers, Oct 2024bls.gov.

The Future of Artificial Intelligence in Education

Figure: Survey results (2023 vs 2024) on attitudes toward AI in K–12 education. Over half of
respondents believe schools should teach students how to use AI*aiprm.com.* The integration
of artificial intelligence (AI) into education is accelerating. Generative AI tools like ChatGPT
have captured public attention since 2022, prompting schools to reconsider traditional
methodsedtechmagazine.com. AI in education includes any use of machine learning algorithms
for teaching, administration, or learning support. Proponents argue AI can augment rather than
replace educators, personalizing lessons and handling routine tasksweforum.orgfrontiersin.org.
However, this shift raises questions about pedagogy, ethics, and equity. Below, we review current
trends, benefits, challenges, and policy considerations in the evolving AI-education landscape.

Current Adoption

• Wide Interest, Slow Implementation: Most educators see promise in AI, but practical
rollout is cautious. One survey found 97% of school leaders expect AI to positively impact
educationedtechmagazine.com. Similarly, 77% of teachers think AI is useful, yet only
~56% actually use it nowedtechmagazine.com. Familiarity is another barrier: only about
24% of surveyed K–12 educators felt they had a strong understanding of
AIedtechmagazine.com. This gap explains why only ~35% of districts had an AI initiative in
place by 2024edtechmagazine.com.

• Tools in Use: Prior to generative AI, platforms like Google Classroom, smart tutoring
systems, and learning analytics used AI in limited waysedtechmagazine.com. Since
ChatGPT’s emergence, schools are experimenting with new use cases (e.g., AI-assisted
writing, automated quizzes). Major organizations have begun publishing guidelines (e.g.
UNESCO’s AI-in-education guidance and UNESCO’s competency
frameworksunesco.orgunesco.org).

Potential Benefits

AI promises several advantages in education:

• Administrative Automation: AI can take over routine tasks like grading or scheduling,
freeing teachers’ time. For example, a Carnegie Learning survey reports 42% of teachers
using AI saw reduced time on admin workedtechmagazine.com. This aligns with WEF
guidance that AI should augment educators by handling administrative loadweforum.org.

• Personalized Learning: By adapting to individual student needs, AI can tailor practice

exercises and pacing. In the same survey, 25% of teachers noted AI helped with
personalized learning, and 18% saw improved student engagementedtechmagazine.com.
 • Immediate Feedback and Tutoring: AI-driven tutors can give instant feedback on
assignments or questions, helping students learn at their own pacefrontiersin.org. Studies
suggest adaptive tutoring systems powered by AI could deepen learning
interactionsfrontiersin.org.

• Teacher Support: AI can aid lesson planning (generating quiz questions, summarizing
content) and communication (automatically drafting emails to parents, for
example)edtechmagazine.com. The World Economic Forum notes that responsible AI
can enhance human teaching rather than replace itweforum.org.

• Productivity Gains: Some researchers even link hybrid work (and by extension hybrid
learning) to productivity. For instance, Nicholas Bloom estimates that hybrid models
effectively add the equivalent of an 8% salary gain in value, reflecting saved commute
time and greater flexibilityimf.org.

Challenges and Risks

The flip side includes significant concerns:

• Academic Integrity & Plagiarism: A chief worry is students using AI to cheat. ChatGPT
can generate essays indistinguishable from student work, making plagiarism hard to
detectfrontiersin.org. Frontiers Education notes students may misuse AI
to undermine learning, and those without AI access could be
disadvantagedfrontiersin.org. Policies and detection tools are struggling to keep up.

• Bias and Fairness: AI models can embed biases present in their training data. If left
unchecked, AI could reinforce stereotypes or give uneven educational support. UNESCO
warns that rapid AI deployment brings risks that “have so far outpaced policy debates and
regulatory frameworks,” necessitating careful oversightunesco.org.

• Equity and Access: There is a danger of widening gaps. Schools in wealthier areas can
afford AI tools and training, while under-resourced schools fall behind. UNESCO
highlights an “AI divide” – unequal access and literacy in AI across socio-economic
groupsunesco.org. For AI to benefit all students, governments must ensure inclusive
access and teacher training.

• Data Privacy and Security: AI systems often rely on student data. Protecting privacy,
ensuring data security, and obtaining consent are critical but complex. Mistakes here
could erode trust in digital learning.
 • Over-Reliance on Technology: Relying too much on AI risks diminishing fundamental
skills or human interactions. Educators and researchers stress a balanced approach,
where technology supports but does not replace the human elements of
teachingweforum.orgfrontiersin.org.

Policy and Best Practices

Experts advise cautious, human-centered implementation:

• Human-Centered Design: AI curricula and policies should focus on student and teacher
needs. The WEF emphasizes designing AI tools with equity in mind, not just automating
existing disparitiesweforum.org. For example, involving educators in AI tool development
can align technology with learning objectives.

• AI Literacy: Teach students about AI itself – how models work, their biases and limits.
According to UNESCO, preparing students (and teachers) with AI competency is essential
so they can use technology responsiblyunesco.orgunesco.org.

• Guidelines and Ethics: UNESCO and other bodies recommend ethical frameworks.
UNESCO’s guidance calls for inclusion and human oversight, ensuring AI expands access
rather than replacing human guidanceunesco.orgunesco.org.

• Pilot Programs and Research: Schools are encouraged to pilot AI tools and measure
outcomes. Controlled studies (as done by Carnegie Learning and Microsoft) help identify
what works. Collecting data on student performance, engagement, and equity effects will
inform broader adoption.

Conclusion

AI in education holds tremendous promise but requires prudent adoption. It can empower
teachers and students by handling menial tasks and tailoring learningweforum.orgfrontiersin.org.
Surveys show strong educator optimism (nearly all see potential benefitsedtechmagazine.com),
yet actual use is still emerging. The key will be balancing innovation with care: ensuring all
schools can access these tools, training teachers, and maintaining academic integrity. By
prioritizing inclusive design and ethics, AI could enhance learning outcomes and student
engagement across the boardweforum.orgfrontiersin.org.

References

• “AI in Education in 2024: Mixed Feelings on The Tech’s Future.” EdTech Magazine, 22 Apr
2025edtechmagazine.comedtechmagazine.com.
 • Milberg T., “The future of learning: How AI is revolutionizing education 4.0.” World
Economic Forum, 28 Apr 2024weforum.org.

• UNESCO, “Artificial intelligence in education.” UNESCO Digital Education portal

(2024)unesco.orgunesco.org.

• Schwartz D. et al., “Ethical use of ChatGPT in education—Best practices to combat AI-

induced plagiarism.” Frontiers in Education, 2024frontiersin.orgfrontiersin.org.

• Gonzales S., “AI literacy and the new Digital Divide - A Global Call for Action.” UNESCO
Articles, 6 Aug 2024unesco.org.

The Impact of Remote Work on Urban Economies

Figure: McKinsey/Visual Capitalist infographic comparing the share of U.S. workers “mostly in
office” between 2023 and 2024gettyimages.in. The COVID-19 pandemic fundamentally altered
how many people work. Before 2020, only about 6% of U.S. private-sector employees worked
from home full-timebls.gov. By 2021, that had tripled to roughly 17–18%qualtrics.com. Although
in-office rates rebounded somewhat by 2023, remote and hybrid schedules remain far more
common than before. Economist Nicholas Bloom notes that remote work levels “stabilized”
around 30% of days in 2023–24penniur.upenn.edu, roughly five times the pre-pandemic
shareimf.org. This sustained shift has broad effects on cities:

• Commercial Real Estate: Downtown office occupancy has dropped dramatically. As of

late 2023, Moody’s reported ~19.6% of U.S. office space vacant, and many buildings
operate at only ~50% of pre-COVID attendancepenniur.upenn.edu. Columbia University
researchers predict that U.S. commercial real estate values could cumulatively fall
by 45% ($600B) by end of 2024 due to the excess spacepenniur.upenn.edu. Lower
demand for offices shrinks property tax revenues for cities.

• Local Businesses: Fewer daily commuters mean less foot traffic for urban services.
Restaurants, cafes, and retail outlets that once relied on office workers’ lunch and after-
work spending are seeing reduced sales. One expert warns of “domino-like effects” on
downtown businesses, transit usage, and city budgetspenniur.upenn.edu. (Indeed,
Manhattan’s March 2023 sales tax revenue was down 27% from pre-pandemic levels, per
NYC officials.)
 • Urban Transportation: With fewer people commuting downtown, public transit systems
face funding shortfalls and ridership drops. Peak-hour congestion has eased, but average
city transit fares and parking revenues have declined. These deficits may force service
cuts or fare hikes, further altering city centers.

• Residential Shifts: Many remote-capable workers are moving to suburbs or smaller cities
for more space or lower cost-of-living. Brookings Institution research notes that
metropolitan life and work have “become unbundled,” allowing quality-of-life factors to
drive location decisionspenniur.upenn.edu. This can boost suburban economies but
erode tax bases in formerly high-demand urban cores.

• Widening Inequalities: Remote work benefits jobs in tech, finance, and professional
sectors, often high-paying. Workers in retail, manufacturing, and service industries have
far fewer remote options. Thus the shift has a regressive tilt, potentially increasing income
disparities between white-collar and blue-collar workers.

Adaptive Responses

City leaders and planners are experimenting with strategies to counteract these challenges:

• Office Conversion: Many cities are incentivizing repurposing empty office towers. Boston
and Minneapolis, for instance, offer tax breaks up to 75% for projects that convert offices
into residential units or mixed-use spacepenniur.upenn.edu. New York City launched an
“Office Conversion Accelerator” to streamline permits for such
projectspenniur.upenn.edu. These conversions aim to introduce residents downtown,
supporting local shops and diversifying real-estate use.

• Revitalizing Amenities: Investing in parks, arts, and entertainment can draw people
downtown for non-work reasons. Salt Lake City reports its downtown foot traffic has risen
~140% since 2020 by enhancing livability – adding green spaces, cultural venues, and
eventspenniur.upenn.edu. Other cities are expanding outdoor dining, weekend markets,
and cultural festivals to make urban centers attractive around the clock.

• Zoning and Density Changes: Some cities are loosening zoning laws to allow more
housing and mixed-use development in core areas. By increasing residential density
downtown, these measures aim to replace some lost commuter population with full-time
residents.

• Workplace Innovation: Employers and city agencies are creating new kinds of downtown
hubs (tech innovation centers, co-working spaces, vertical campuses for universities and
hospitals) to bring people in for specialized activitiespenniur.upenn.edu. For example, a
 downtown might become a hub for a university’s research labs or a medical-tech
incubator, supporting high-value jobs in place.

Urban experts stress that no single solution will suffice. It will take coordinated efforts – involving
city, state, federal, businesses, and communities – to reinvent downtowns. As Clarence Anthony
(National League of Cities) notes, this is an opportunity to build “better, more livable cities” for
the futurepenniur.upenn.edu.

Economic Outlook

Although short-term effects have been disruptive, some observers see potential upsides:

• Productivity and Growth: An IMF note by Nicholas Bloom argues that if remote work
boosts worker productivity and satisfaction (as many surveys suggest), it could stimulate
long-term economic growthimf.org. In one model, hybrid work patterns effectively
deliver the equivalent of an 8% salary increase in value (due to time saved, better work-life
balance)imf.org. Lower employee turnover (shown by BLS experiments) could cut hiring
costs for firmsbls.gov.

• Regional Revitalization: As workers disperse geographically, smaller cities and towns

may thrive, reducing pressure on mega-cities. Economists like Brookings’ Tracy Loh
emphasize that while superstar cities adapt, we might see a more polycentric system –
multiple centers connected digitallypenniur.upenn.edupenniur.upenn.edu.

• Infrastructure Reorientation: Some investments may shift to digital infrastructure

(broadband, 5G) and local commuting (electric vehicles, bikes). Cities could repurpose
downtown parking structures into green or residential space, improving sustainability.

Social Implications

Remote work’s impacts go beyond economics:

• Workplace Diversity: Remote jobs can benefit marginalized groups who faced barriers
(e.g. workers uncomfortable in certain workplace environments). Surveys showed Black
employees were more likely to opt for remote work during the
pandemicpenniur.upenn.edu. However, without strong equity policies, “proximity bias”
may occur: white executives in the office receive more promotions, leaving remote (often
minority) employees behindpenniur.upenn.edu. Addressing this requires deliberate DEI
strategies in hybrid workplaces.

• Urban Life: The very nature of city life is shifting. Brookings scholars remind us that
downtowns rely on diverse visitors, not just 9–5 office workerspenniur.upenn.edu. Cities
 now must cater to tourists, shoppers, students, and residents alike. Those that succeed in
being “welcoming” to all may emerge strongerpenniur.upenn.edu.

• Environmental Factors: Less commuting can reduce emissions, but increased suburban
living can raise car use. The net climate impact depends on many factors (e.g. energy use
in homes vs offices). Planners are watching how remote work intersects with
sustainability goals, such as those in federal infrastructure initiatives.

Conclusion

The remote work revolution is no longer a temporary blip but a lasting change. Recent data show
U.S. office occupancy rebounding somewhat in 2024, but still vastly under pre-pandemic
levelspenniur.upenn.edugettyimages.in. Economists and city leaders agree that a “new
normal” requires adaptation, not trying to recreate the
pastpenniur.upenn.edupenniur.upenn.edu. The winners will be those cities and communities
that innovate – transforming vacant offices into homes and innovation hubs, enriching public
spaces, and building policies that leverage remote work’s benefits while mitigating its costs. In
doing so, urban economies can find resilience and growth opportunities in this evolving
landscape.

References

• Bloom N., “Working From Home Is Powering Productivity.” IMF Finance & Development,
Sep 2024imf.orgimf.org.

• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “The rise in remote work since the pandemic and its
impact on productivity.” Beyond the Numbers Vol.13 No.8, Oct 2024bls.govbls.gov.

• US Census Bureau, American Community Survey data (2019–2021). (Cited in Qualtrics

Blog)qualtrics.com.

• Qualtrics Blog, “Which U.S. Cities Have the Largest Remote

Workforce?” (2024)qualtrics.com.

• Penn Institute for Urban Research, “Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on
Cities.” 8 Jan 2024penniur.upenn.edupenniur.upenn.edu.

• Katz B., “Remote Work and the Next Downtown.” (Expert Voices
2024)penniur.upenn.edupenniur.upenn.edu.

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https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024
The rise in remote work since the pandemic and its impact on productivity : Beyond the
Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-13/remote-work-productivity.htm

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024

Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024
Expert Voices 2024 | Remote Work: Its Impact on Cities | Penn IUR

https://penniur.upenn.edu/publications/expert-voices-2024