Microprocessor Oral Question Bank with Answers |. What is microprocessor? A microprocessor is @ small chip that works as the brain of a computer. It performs arithmetic and logic operations. 2. Features of 30386 Microprocessor: + 32-bit processor + Supports multitasking + Virtual memory support + Paging and protection * Can run in Reel, Protected, and Virtual mode 3, How to declare variable in data and .bss: + data is for initialized data — msg db ‘Hello’, 0 + .bss is for uninitialized data — buffer resh 10 4, Difference between macro and procedure: + Macro: Code is\replaced WiVing-assembly, faster, no call/ret used. + Procedures Code/#8\stofed separately, uses call and ret, saves memory. S. Syntax of macro & procedure definition and call: Macro: macro macroname 0 } statements Bendmacro macroname ; callProcedure: proc_name: } Statements ret Call with: call proc-name 5. Read & Write syscall syntax: Read (From keyboard): mov eax, 3 ; syscall number For read mov ebx, 0 ; stdin mov ecx, buffer ; where to store mov edx, 10 ; how many bytes int 0x80 larite (to screen): mov eax, 4 ; syscall number for wifite mov ebx, |; stdout ‘mov ecx, msg ; what to write mov edx, S ; number of bytes int Ox30 7. Date types example: + db (Define Byte): num db 10 + dw Define Word): nur dw 1000 + dd (Define Double Word): val dd 1234S67%h 8. Assembler directives definition & example: Assembler directives help organize code and data. Examples:+ section data —» defines data section + section text — defines code section + global —start —» marks entry point 9. Conditional & Uneonditional jump instructions: + Unconditional Jump: Jumps always — jmp label + Conditional Jump: Based on flag — Je joe, jg J} Exarnple: je label —» jump if equal 10, Command to execute assembly program: nasm -f elf64 program.asm # Assemble Id -0 program program.o # Link Aprogram # Run II. Processor modes difference — Reali Protetted, Virtual (8086): + Real Mode: 20-bit addressing, n0"Protection, max IMB memory. + Protected Mode: 32-bit/64-bit, memory protection, multitasking. + Virtual Mode: Simulates real mad®*tinder protected mode Cused in DOS-based apps). 12. Difference between Mierotontroller & Microprocessor: Microcontroller Microprocessor CPU + RAM +.ROM + 1/0 on chip Only CPU om chip Used for specific tasks Used in general computing Example: 8051 Example: intel 2036 13, Difference between NASM, TASM, MASM: NASM TASM MASM Netwide Assembler Turbo Assembler Microsoft Assembler Open-source DOS/Windows Microsoft productUses section Uses segment Uses segment 14, What is Assembler, Linker, Loader: + Assembler: Converts assembly code to machine code. + Linker: Combines object files into one executable. + Loader: Loads executable into memory to run. IS, Segment Translation, Page Translation: + Segment Translation: Converts logical to linear address using segments. + Page Translation: Converts linear to physical address using page tables. 18. Working of LOOP, IN2, C72, REP, MOVSB Instructions + LOOP: Repeats code until CX = 0 + IN2: Jump if not zero + €72: (Typo, likely meant 12) Jump if zero + REP: Repeat string instruction + MOVSB: Move byte from source to destination (SI —» Di) 17. What is ASCII of Newline Character, Carriage Return: + Newline (LF): ASCII code = 10 CORA) + Carriage Return (CR); ASCII code 2 13 COx0D) 18, ExplainxMUL:Bl, MUL BX, DIV BL, DIV BX: + MUL BL: Multiplies AL x BL — Result in AX «MUL BX: AX x BX — Result in DK:AX + DIV BL: AX + BL — Quotient in AL, Remainder in AH + DIV BX: DAK + BX —+ Quotient in AX, Remainder in DX 19. Size & Use of GDTR, IDTR, LDTR, MSW, TR, EAX, RAX, AX, AH, AL: Register Size Use GDTR, IDTR, LDTR, TR 16/32/64-bit Store table addresses for segment & interruptsEAX (32-bit), RAX (64-bit) Accumulator Register AX (16-bit) Lower part of EAX AH (8-bit) High byte of AX AL (8-bit) Low byte of AX 20. Difference between Overlapped & Non-Overlapped Blocks: + Overlapped: Memory blocks share some part. * Non-Overlapped: Memory blocks are completely separate. 2h. Use of $ sign and equ directive: + $: Represents current addvess (used in loops or label calculatiaiss).. ~—» Example: jmp $ (infinite loop) + egu: Constant definition —+ Example: size equ 10 22, What is data and .bss sections? + data: Stores initialized global/staticWariables. + .bss: Stores uninitialized global/stite, variables (gets 2ero by default). 23. How are variables declared in déto & bss Csyntox)? section data varl db 10 pjnitiglized variable section bss var2 resb I; reserve | byte for uninitialized variable 24, Explain Read & Write syscall with syntax: + Write syscall (stdout): ‘mov eox, 4 ; syscall number for writemov ebx, | ; file descriptor (1 = stdout) mov eex, msg ; message to write mov eds, len ; message length int 0x30 « Read syscall (stdin): mov eax, 3 ; syscall number for read mov ebx, 0 ; file descriptor (0 = stdin) mov eck, buffer ; buffer to store input mov edx, len ; number of bytes to read int 0x80 25. Conditional jump & Unconditional jump instructions + Conditional jump: Depends on fags (2F, SF, etc.) — JE, INE, 12, IN2, 1G, TL, ete, + Unconditional jump: Always jumps — IMP label 26. How to caleulate length of message ($ - msg method)? ‘mov ede, msg_len msg db "Hello’, 0 msg-len equ $= msg ; length = current address - msg start address 27. What is the meaning of .equ, db, 10,13 in variables? + equ: Defines constant = len equ 5 + db: Define byte — msg db 10,13,"Hello” + 10,13: ASCIF values10 = Line Feed (LF) » 13 = Carriage Return (CR) — Moves cursor to new line 28. Advantages of macro & procedure: + Macro: Fast, no call overhead + Procedure: Saves memory, reusable code 29. Disadvantages of macro & procedure: + Macro: Increases code size (repeated inline) + Procedure: Slower due to call/return overhead 30. What is macro expansion? + Replacing macro calls with the actual code during cartpilatiom 3), How to declare array with initialized element valties? Array} de Nh, 20h, 7Ah, 9Ch, 21h 32. How to display two-digit numberiCe.gy. 3AH)? Answer: To display a two-digit hexadecimal Wimber like 3AH, we convert each nibble (4-bit part) into its corresponding ASCII character. > Steps: |, Rotate the number. to’bring the high nibble to the lower nibble position. 2. Mask upper nibble using AND to isolate it, 3. If nibble < 9 — Add 30H to convert to ASCH digit CO-'4') 4, If nibble > 4 — Add 37H to convert to ASCII letter CAF) S. Repeat far the second nibble. » Assembly Code: mov CH, 02H ; Loop counter for 2 digits ‘mov AL, 3AH ; Input hex numbert3: Rol AL, 04H ; Rotate left to bring high nibble to low mov BL, AL ; Store AL AND AL, OFH ; Mask to keep only low nibble ‘emp AL, 09H Jbe LI ; IF <4, jump to LI add Al, 37H ; For A-F, convert to ASCII jmp 2 ur add AL, 30H ; For 0-49, convert to ASCII 42: 3 Display AL here Cwrite to sereen or memory) mov AL, BL ; Restore AL dec CH ; Decrease counter nz L3 ; Repeat if CH #0 Example: if AL = 3AH, the output will Bes + High nibble 3 + ASCII'3! + Low nibble A (10) 4 ASCII 'A' So the display will be: "3A" 33, Explain ROL, ROR, SHR, SHL with example: + ROL (Rotate Left): Rotates bits to the left. Example: ROL Al, | - Moves MSB to LSB. + ROR (Rotate Right): Rotates bits to the right. Example: ROR AL, 1 - Moves LSB to MSB. + SHL (Shift Left): Shifts bits left, inserts 0 in LSB, MSB goes to carry. Example: SHL AL, } + SHR Shift Right): Shifts bits right, inserts 0 in MSB, LSB goes to cany.Example: SHR AL, | 34, Difference between RET and IRET: + RET (Retum): Used to return from @ procedure. + IRET (interrupt Return): Used to return from an interrupt routine. Also restores flags. 35. Declare byte, word, double word, quad variable with exomple: varl DB OSH ; Byte (8-bit) var2 DW) 1234H ; Word Clé-bit) var3 DD 1234SAB7H ; Double Word (32-bit) vard DQ S7B9ABCDEFIAGTAGH ; Quad Word (64-bit) 36. ASCH to Hex Conversion: + ASCII —» HEX: emp with 39H I less than 34H — subtract 30H Else —» subtract 37H 37, HEX to ASCII Conversion: + HEX — ASCII: emp with 09H o IPs 4» Add 30H Else — Add 37H 38. How following instructions work (brief): + MOV — Data tronsfer + ADD —» Addition + SUB — Subtraction + DEC —+ Decrement by | + INZ — Jump if not zero+ IBE — Jump if below or equal + IMP — Unconditional jump + ZEP — Likely a typo} no such instruction + MOVSB — Move string byte “CLD —+ Clear direction flag « SGDT — Store global descriptor table + SLDT —+ Store local descriptor table + SIDT —» Store interrupt descriptor table + STR + Store task register + SMSW) —» Store machine status word + AND — Bitwise AND + ROL — Rotate Left + XOR — Bitwise XOR + BT — Bit test + INC — Jump if no carry + MUL — Unsigned multiplication + IDIV — Signed division 34. Explain logic of block transfer: « Involves overlapping & non-overlapping memory copy using loops or string operations. 40. +ve & -ve No. Conversion: + Convert using 2’s "complement for -ve. + Use BCD conversion for decimal display. GI, HEX to BED & BCD to HEX: + Use division/modulus or lookup table method. 42, Successive addition (Add & Shift method): « Repeatedly add and shift bits to multiply or compute values.43, Registers in 80386 & their use: + EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX — General purpose + ESP, EBP — Stock pointer/bose pointer + EIP — Instruction pointer + All are 32-bit registers