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Value Addition in Flowers

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 Popular Article

www.vigyanvarta.com Vol-1 Issue-3 De (2020)

Value Addition in Flowers

L.C. De
ICAR-NRC for Orchids, Pakyong, Sikkim, India

Corresponding Author
L.C. De
Email: [email protected]
OPEN ACCESS

Keywords

Flowers, Self-employment, Value Addition

How to cite this article:

De, L.C. 2020. Value Addition in Flowers. Vigyan Varta 1 (3): 10-15.

ABSTRACT
Value addition in flowers is a good source of income by self-employment. It includes fresh
flower products from cut flower arrangements like bouquets, baskets, bunch, buttonaire,
corsage etc. and secondly loose flower products like garland, floral strings, pomanders,
wreaths, floral jewelry. Dry flower value added products includes dried flower arrangements,
products of press dried flowers and pot pourries etc. Processed products include essential oils,
absolutes, concrete, petal jam (rose, rhododendron), jelly, ready to serve beverages, wine,
floral tea, rose hip juice, poultry feed, insect repellent, floral dyes, petal embedded handmade
paper, cosmetics like calendula cream, rose water, rose cream etc. Value addition in
floriculture also covers novel innovative products and technologies such as floral genes,
novelty for molecular breeding, flower form, flower colour, floral fragrance and modern
gardening.

INTRODUCTION properties and pharmaceutical compounds can

also be prepared from the flowers. It is a good

F
lowers give the opportunity to convert source of income generation by self-
them into remunerative value added employment. The value-added products can be
products directly from fresh flowers like classified into three categories namely 1. Fresh
garland, bouquet, flower arrangements or after Flower Products, 2. Dried Flower Products and
drying the flowers making different dried 3. Processed Flower Products (Jain, 2016).
flower products like pot pourri, wreath, painted
gourds, greeting cards or after processing like 1. Fresh flower value added products
rose water, gulkand, gulroban, perfumes,
essential oil, insect repellants, cosmetics, etc. It includes two types of flower arrangements;
Besides, a number of pigments like firstly, cut flower arrangements like bouquets,
xanthophylls, carotenoids, luteins, baskets, bunch, buttonaire, corsage etc.;
anthocyanins, etc. which have neutraceutical secondly loose flower products like garland,

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floral strings, pomanders, wreaths, floral Floral crowns

jewelry etc.
Floral crowns made of scented tuberose flowers
Cut Flower arrangements are usually used in ceremonies like
‘Annaprasna’or by a queen or a princess in a
Flowers like roses, carnation, chrysanthemum, drama.
lilium and other high value crops are suitable
for making different type of flower Floral earrings and Bajubandh
arrangement. The flower arrangements can be
Japanese style of arrangements namely Floral Earrings and Bajubandh are worn by
ikebana, moribana; English style like upright, women in dance ceremonies to remember epic
slanting, regular, irregular, curved shape, heroes and heroines such as Rama and Sita.
Hogarth S shape etc. Flowers like tuberose, kadamba, jasmine etc.
are used for this purpose.
Flower Bouquets
Veni
A flower bouquet is the collection of flowers in
a creative arrangement. Flower bouquets are Special kind of flower arrangement is
arranged for the decor of homes or public commonly used in South India to decorate long
buildings, or may be handheld. Handheld plait of hair during ceremonies at the time of
bouquets can be classified by several different marriages or Bharat Natyam dance recital.
popular shapes and styles, including nosegay,
crescent, and cascading bouquets. Wreath

Rangoli It is a band of flowers or foliage intertwined

into a ring, usually placed on a grave as a
Generally, the rangoli means drawing patterns memorial or worn on the head as a crown or a
at the entrance is made up of colours but mark of honour.
keeping in view the ecofriendly nature, the
loose flowers can also be used to make rangoli. Buttonhole/ boutonniere
In place of artificial colours, flowers of
These are generally worn by both man and
different colours are used; to create green
women. It is a miniature flower arrangement
colour either turf grass clippings or foliage
prepared by using single small flower like rose
clippings are used.
or orchid along with filler like thuja leaf.
Garlands
Corsage
Garlands are prepared by using only one type of
A flower or small arrangement of flowers worn
flower or a combination of different flowers.
by a person as a personal ornament.. It is
Generally, sweet scented flowers such as
usually larger or more elaborate than a
jasmine, tuberose, gardenia etc. are preferred
boutonniere.
for making a garland (De, 2011).
2. Dry Flower Value Added Products
Floral bangles
Dry flower value added products includes dried
Floral bangles made of fragrant flowers like
flower arrangements, products of press dried
jasmine or tuberose or non-fragrant flowers like
flowers and pot pourries etc.
Tabernaemontana, marigold and Thevetia
peruviana worn by female dancers.

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Dry flower arrangement pouring a little melted wax over the flowers
followed by rolling the candle in the flowers.
Dry flowers are arranged in dry vases just as
fresh cut flowers are arranged. They can be Press dried flower products
arranged in bouquets or wall displays after
fastening them to decorative bands. Flowers It includes greeting cards, bookmarks, paper
like Helichrysum, Delphinium, Helipterum, weights, wall hangings, table tops, table mats,
Amaranthus, Nigella, Carathmus, Gypsophilla etc. The flowers and leaves are dried by
and Rosa can be dried by different methods of herbarium method and finally pasted with
drying in making the dried flower products and fevicol or glue in artistic manner.
flower arrangements.
Petal embedded handmade paper
Floral Jewelry
It is made with all wood free materials and real
Orchid flowers are widely used in Thailand, flower petals are embedded in the paper during
Singapore and Malaysia to electroplate with the making process. This gives the paper that
gold and platinum to make exquisite jewelry. exclusive look. On beautiful textured
India has enormous potential with orchid handmade sheets petals are embedded which
species and hybrids like Dendrobium, adds grace and beauty.
Phalaenopsis, Cattleya, Oncidium, Arnada,
Mokara, Vanda, Pholidota etc. to diversify into 3. Processed Flower Products
such avenues to exploit the vast genetic
Processed products include essential oils,
resources and expert craftsmanship available in
absolutes, concrete, petal jam (rose,
the country.
rhododendron), jelly, ready to serve beverages,
Floral gifts wine, floral tea, rose hip juice, poultry feed,
insect repellent, floral dyes, petal embedded
The advancement of internet and cheap air handmade paper, cosmetics like calendula
travel facilities have opened up the avenues to cream, rose water, rose cream etc.
place and deliver floral arrangements as
personal gifts across the country. Value addition through novel innovative
floriculture (Chavan et al, 2019)
Pot pourri
Use of molecular breeding for novelty
It is a mixture of dried, naturally fragrant plant
material, used to provide a gentle natural scent Important ornamental characters such as flower
in houses. It is usually placed in a decorative color, fragrance, and flower shape can be
wooden bowl, or tied in small bags made from clarified through isolation and analysis of
sheer fabric. Dried flowers are used as a related genes. Modification technology for
common component of potpourris. Rose petals, these characters by genetic transformation have
gomphrena, marigold petals, lotus pods, are also been developed.
ideally suitable for making pot pourris.
Novelty in flower form
Candle making
Different improvement strategies are being
Dry flowers can also add beauty to the candles. applied like hybridization, mutation,
It can be done by just adding dried flowers to polyploidy, genetic engineering to breed the
the outside of plain candles or simply placing cultivars with new flower forms (Table 1).
crushed dried flowers on wax paper and then

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Novelty in flower color protected environments, with precise light,

nutrients, and temperatures. Aero Farms
Flower color is determined by four classes of (building farms around the world to make sure
pigments viz., Flavonoids, carotenoids, there is a local production of food that is
betalains and chlorophylls. Creation of novel nutritious, safe, sustainable and delicious) and
flower colors employing genetic manipulation Plantscapers (A building that provides food for
techniques. Transgenic carnation and roses its occupants by autonomous and controlled
accumulating delphinidin as a result of environmental systems)
flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase gene expression
with novel blue hued flowers have been As a bio filtration
commercialized (Table 3).
An active living wall is intended to be
Novelty in floral fragrance integrated into a building’s infrastructure and
designed to bio filter indoor air and provide
Many flowering plant species emit floral scent thermal regulation. It is a hydroponic system
to attract pollinators. Such compounds are fed by nutrient rich water which is re- circulated
mixture of aliphatic molecules (terpenoid, from a manifold, located at the top of the wall,
phenyl propanoid, benzenoid). RNAi and collected in a gutter at the bottom of the
technology, transgenics and expressed fabric wall system. Plant roots are sandwiched
sequence stage are the geometric tools for between two layers of synthetic fabric that
genetic engineering of floral scent (Table 2). support microbes and a dense root mass. These
root microbes remove airborne volatile organic
Bioluminescent orchid compounds (VOCs), while foliage absorbs
carbon monoxide and dioxide.
To create bioluminescent orchid, tissues are
transformed from the Dendrobium genus using Floral genes for modification of morphology,
firefly luciferase gene using a method called colour and other biotic and abiotic stresses
“particle bombardment”. The bioluminescent
orchids produce constant light. LFY or LEAFY gene, APETALA1 (AP1)
and CAULIFLOWER (CAL) genes: This
Grapheme from bougainvillea gene has been found to have a pivotal role in the
transition from the vegetative ("leafy") phase to
High quality grapheme at the rate of 30gm/kg
reproductive phase. UNIFOLIATA (UFI) in
flower of bougainvillea can be obtained by
peas and FLORICAULA in snapdragons.
drying followed by chemical treatment. This
discovery may make the batteries cheaper and • ELF4 gene: (Early Flowering 4) gene
long- lasting in future. was discovered to have a role in
maintaining circadian rhythms in
Aeroponics Arabidopsis thaliana.
• RD29A gene: Tolerant to cold and
Aeroponic is the method of growing plants in
drought stress
the mist environment without the use of soil or
• HALI, Alfin1, DREBIA genes:
an aggregate medium. Aeroponic culture can
Tolerant to salt
produce the highest number of leaves with the
maximum leaf size and petiole length. • An2, An4, Fl, Hfl, Po genes: Colour
modification in Petunia
Vertical garden • Tpn2, Tpn1 genes: Colour
modification in Ipomoea
A Green Wall also commonly referred to as a • CHSc-DNA genes: Colour
Vertical Garden involves growing crops under modification in Rose
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• Etr 1, ERS genes: Enhanced vase life • Phytochrome: Shading response

in cut flowers • Rol C gene: Plant branching
• TSWV-N gene: Viral resistance • MAD Box gene: Floral meristem organ
• Clavata gene: Shoot apical meristem primordia
development • ABC gene: Control of flower whorl
• gai gene: Stem elongation • ABCE Model: Floral development
• Brassinosteroid: Dwarfing effect • Bt genes: Cry Ab, Cryl Ac
• MAX gene: More axillary branching

Table 1. Novelty in flower form

Breeding methodology Crop Characteristics

Hybridization Stock Double flowers
Gamma ray mutation Chrysanthemum Spoon shaped, tubular and irregular ray
florets with reduced flower head size
Heavy ion beam mutation Carnation Serrate to round petals
Gamma ray mutation Bougainvillea Variegated flower
Gamma ray mutation Gerbera Change in flower morphology
Polyploidy breeding Anthurium Stronger petioles, thicker and deeper green
leaves, and thicker and longer-lived
spathes in tetraploids
RNA-mediated interference Petunia hybrida Double flower formation

Ion beam mutation Rose Change in number of petals, shape and size

Chimeric Repressor Gene- Torenia Modification of the flower shape

Silencing Technology chysanthemum,
(CRES-T) morning glory,
Cyclamen, Rose

Table 2. RNAi technology in floral crops

Genes silenced Scent compounds

PhBSMT(Petunia hybrid benzyl • Lacking of major scent compound methyl
Salicylate methyl Transferase) benzoate
• Minimal changes in the emission of other
volatiles
(PhPAAS) Phenyl acetaldehyde • Complete elimination of the emission of
Synthase phenyl acetaldehyde
• 2-phenyethanol (Phenyl acetaldehyde-
precursor) (Precursor of PAA)
(CFAT), Coniferyl alcohol • Complete elimination of sioeugenol
acyltransferase • Little effect on the emission of other
Phelpropanoid / benzenoids volatiles

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Table 3. Transgenics in ornamentals

Approach Transgenic Genes Results

species used
Single gene Petunia CbLIS Linalyl glucoside
Single gene Carnation CbLIS Linalyl oxides
Single gene Petunia RhAAT Benzyl acetate and phenyethyl
acetate
Blocking of Carnation Anti- Increased Methylbenzoate emission
competitive DcF30H
pathway
Down-regulation of Petunia PhODO1 Reduced levels of volatile
transcription factor benzenoides

REFERENCES

Chavan, V.B., S.P. Khedkar, B.R. Salvi, Y.R. Jain, Ritu (2016). Floral Value-Added Products
Parulekar and Dalvi, N.V. 2019. Novel for Employment Generation.
Innovations in Floriculture Industry. https://www.biotecharticles.com/Agricu
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 8(06): lture-Article/Floral-Value-Added-
1855-1863. Products-for-Employment-Generation-
3673.html
De, L.C.2011. ‘Value Addition in Flowers and
Orchids’, published by New India
Publishing Agency, Pitampura, New
Delhi-110088, Pp.294 (ISBN:
9789381450123).

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