KARMAYOGI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC),

SHELVE-PANDHARPUR.

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & TELE-COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

MICRO PROJECT PROPOSAL

COURSE TITLE
Optical Network & Satellite Communication

Course Code
22647

Micro Project Title

Internet Survey and Report on GPS and Its Applications
Submitted By
Ms. Nikam Sakshi Nitin [Enrollment No. 2210710228]
Ms. Ovhal Priti Shankar [Enrollment No. 2210710208]
Ms. Kolekar Rohini Bhausaheb [Enrollment No. 2210710211]
Ms. Keskar Pushpanjali Dhuldev [Enrollment No. 2210710174]
Ms. Nimbalkar Asmita Balasaheb [Enrollment No. 2210710206]

Guided By
Prof. Dhat A. D.

Academic Year 2024-25

 MICRO PROJECT PROPOSAL
 Aim: - Internet Survey and Report on GPS and Its Applications

 Proposed Methodology: -
The present study is concentrated Business plan of “Internet Survey and Report
on GPS and Its Applications” company Relevant and significant data has been
analyzed thoroughly Prepare a municipal solid waste and waste generation. Are
taken to into consideration in analyzing the data. The data and information have
been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources
involve practical manuals and required materials. The secondary sources
consist of theoretical data from the various books, articles, magazines, journals
and web sources.
 Sheri Pandurang Pratishthan Pandharpur’s

KARMAYOGI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC),

SHELVE-PANDHARPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & TELE-
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is certifying that,

Ms. Nikam Sakshi Nitin [Enrollment No. 2210710228]

Ms. Ovhal Priti Shankar [Enrollment No. 2210710208]
Ms. Kolekar Rohini Bhausaheb [Enrollment No. 2210710211]
Ms. Keskar Pushpanjali Dhuldev [Enrollment No. 2210710174]
Ms. Nimbalkar Asmita Balasaheb [Enrollment No. 2210710206]

of Third Year Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, has satisfactorily and

successfully completed their Micro-Project Report entitled, “Internet Survey and Report
on GPS and Its Applications.” under the subject of Optical Network & Satellite
Communication, and has submitted this project report in partial fulfillment of the award of
“Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering” as per the curriculum laid
down by M.S.B.T.E. Mumbai, during the academic year 2024-2025.
Date: - _/ /2025.

Project Guide Head of Department Hon. Principal

(Mr. Dhat A. D.) (Prof. Khiste R. R.) (Dr. Kanase A. B.)
 MICRO PROJECT REPORT

Title: Internet Survey and Report on GPS and Its Applications

 Introduction

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to
determine their exact location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) anywhere on Earth. It is a critical
component of modern navigation and tracking technologies, used globally in various industries
and everyday life. Initially developed by the United States Department of Defense in the 1970s
for military use, it became available for civilian purposes in the 1980s and has since become a
fundamental part of modern infrastructure.

Today, GPS is used in smartphones, vehicles, airplanes, ships, wearable devices, and a wide
array of technologies. The accessibility and accuracy of GPS have made it indispensable in
sectors such as transportation, agriculture, disaster management, and scientific research. With the
ongoing evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous systems, GPS remains at the
forefront of technological innovation.

This report provides a comprehensive survey of GPS technology, its technical specifications, the
working mechanism, various applications across sectors, and emerging trends. The data
presented has been compiled through extensive research from credible online sources.
  Working Principle of GPS

GPS works through a constellation of at least 24 satellites orbiting about 20,200 kilometers
above the Earth. These satellites continuously transmit microwave signals that contain the
satellite’s location and the time the signal was sent. A GPS receiver on the ground picks up these
signals from multiple satellites. By calculating the time it took for the signals to reach the
receiver, it determines the distance to each satellite.

Using a process called trilateration, the GPS receiver uses signals from at least four satellites to
calculate the user's precise position. Three satellites are needed to determine a location on the
Earth's surface, and a fourth is used to correct the clock in the GPS receiver, ensuring
synchronization with atomic clocks in the satellites.

The system has three segments:

1. Space Segment: Comprises the satellite constellation.

2. Control Segment: Ground stations that track, control, and maintain satellites.
3. User Segment: GPS receivers used in various devices for navigation and positioning.
  Technical Specifications

GPS relies on highly accurate time and signal measurements. Some key technical specifications
include:

 Frequency Bands: L1 (1575.42 MHz), L2 (1227.60 MHz), and L5 (1176.45 MHz) for civilian
and military use.
 Positioning Accuracy: Civilian GPS typically provides accuracy within 5–10 meters. With
correction methods such as Differential GPS (DGPS) or Real-Time Kinematic (RTK), sub-meter
or even centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved.
 Time Accuracy: Within 10 nanoseconds of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
 Speed Accuracy: Can measure speed within 0.1 m/s.
 Update Rate: Typically 1 to 10 updates per second depending on the receiver.
 Coverage: Global, 24/7, regardless of weather conditions.
 Power Consumption: Varies based on the device; optimized GPS chips are designed for energy
efficiency in mobile and wearable devices.
  Evolution and History

GPS development began in the early 1970s with the objective of improving navigation systems
for U.S. military operations. The system became fully operational in 1995 after the launch of the
24th satellite. Major milestones include:

 1978: First experimental Block-I GPS satellite launched.

 1983: President Ronald Reagan authorized civilian use of GPS after a Korean Airlines flight was
mistakenly shot down.
 1990s: Full satellite constellation established.
 2000: Selective Availability, a feature that reduced civilian accuracy, was turned off to improve
GPS access.
 2010–Present: GPS Block III satellites launched, offering better signal strength, higher accuracy,
and better resistance to signal jamming.

Today, GPS operates alongside other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), including
Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s Galileo, and China’s BeiDou.
  Applications in Navigation

Navigation is one of the most common uses of GPS technology. Its real-time location tracking
and route optimization capabilities have revolutionized how we travel and transport goods. Some
key uses include:

 Personal Navigation: GPS-enabled smartphones and handheld devices provide users with
directions, estimated arrival times, and real-time traffic updates.
 Automotive Navigation: Modern vehicles are equipped with built-in GPS systems that provide
route planning, lane guidance, and voice navigation.
 Marine Navigation: Ships use GPS for determining routes, avoiding obstacles, and docking
safely.
 Aviation Navigation: Pilots rely on GPS for takeoff, en-route navigation, and landings,
particularly in poor visibility conditions.
 Public Transportation: GPS helps track buses, trains, and taxis in real-time, improving
reliability and planning.
  Applications in Surveying and Mapping

Surveying and mapping have been transformed by GPS technology, which allows for accurate
measurements of land, structures, and topography. Key applications include:

 Land Surveying: GPS enables land boundary determination, infrastructure layout planning, and
cadastral mapping with high precision.
 Construction and Engineering: Construction projects use GPS for site layout, equipment
tracking, and automated machine control.
 Topographic Mapping: Accurate elevation data is collected for planning roads, dams, and other
infrastructure.
 GIS Integration: GPS data is used in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial analysis
and decision-making.
 Environmental Studies: Mapping deforestation, glacier movements, and changes in coastal
boundaries using GPS-based tools.
With advanced techniques like RTK and DGPS, modern GPS systems achieve centimeter-level
precision, making them vital for civil and environmental engineering.

 Applications in Agriculture

GPS-based precision agriculture has significantly enhanced farming efficiency and productivity.
Farmers now rely on GPS to optimize the use of seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation. Major
applications include:

 Field Mapping: Accurate mapping of fields allows for better planning of crop planting and
harvesting.
 Tractor Guidance: GPS-equipped tractors follow precise paths, reducing overlap and
minimizing fuel and resource wastage.
 Soil Sampling: GPS coordinates help identify soil types and nutrient requirements at specific
locations.
  Yield Monitoring: Sensors collect georeferenced yield data during harvesting, which is then
used to improve future crop planning.
 Variable Rate Technology (VRT): GPS helps automate the application of fertilizers and
pesticides only where needed.

These practices not only increase crop yields but also promote sustainable and environmentally-
friendly farming.

 Applications in Disaster Management and Rescue

GPS technology plays a crucial role in improving emergency response and disaster management.
It helps in:

 Search and Rescue Operations: GPS coordinates from mobile devices and transmitters enable
quick location of stranded or missing individuals.
 Disaster Mapping: Real-time GPS data helps monitor and map areas affected by earthquakes,
floods, landslides, and hurricanes.
 Resource Deployment: Emergency vehicles and personnel can be directed to affected areas
efficiently using GPS tracking.
 Evacuation Planning: Real-time traffic data helps manage evacuation routes and avoid
congested areas.
  Disaster Recovery: GPS aids in assessing damage and planning reconstruction efforts.

The integration of GPS with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) further enhances situational
awareness and response planning.

 Emerging Applications and Trends

The scope of GPS technology is expanding rapidly with the advancement of digital and smart
systems. Emerging trends include:

 Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars use GPS for route planning, lane detection, and real-
time navigation.
 Wearable Devices: Smartwatches and fitness bands track workouts, distance, and location using
GPS.
 Drone Operations: GPS guides unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for aerial photography,
surveillance, and delivery services.
  Smart Cities: GPS is integral in traffic management, waste collection, public transportation
tracking, and urban planning.
 Augmented Reality (AR): Applications use GPS to overlay virtual content based on real-world
locations.
 IoT and Logistics: GPS-based asset tracking ensures efficient supply chain management.

These innovations demonstrate the evolving role of GPS in shaping the future of transportation,
health, commerce, and urban living.

 Conclusion and References

GPS has become a foundational technology that supports countless applications across
industries. From simple navigation tools to complex geospatial analysis, its accuracy,
availability, and integration capabilities have revolutionized how we interact with the world.

As the technology continues to evolve with improvements in precision, miniaturization, and

interoperability with other GNSS systems, we can expect even more innovative applications in
the near future. This detailed report highlights the vital role GPS plays in modern society and the
potential it holds for the future.

References:

1. www.gps.gov
2. www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/gps.html
3. www.esri.com
4. IEEE Xplore digital library
5. Garmin, Trimble, and u-blox official product documentation
6. ResearchGate and Google Scholar articles on GNSS and GPS