RADIATION AND MATTER

DUAL NATURE OF

CHAPTER – 11

DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Dual Nature of Radiations (i) Thermionic emission: By suitably heating, sufficient
It is well known that the phenomena of interference, diffraction thermal energy can be imparted to the free electrons to
and polarization indicate that light has wave nature. But some enable them to come out of the metal.
phenomena like photoelectric effect, Compton effect, emission (ii) Field emission: By applying a very strong electric field (of
and absorption of radiation could not be explained by wave the order of 108 V m–1 ) to a metal, electrons can be
nature. These were explained by particle (quantum) nature of pulled out of the metal, as in a spark plug.
light. Thus, light (radiation) has dual nature. (iii) Photo-electric emission: When light of suitable frequency
illuminates a metal surface, electrons are emitted from the
Emission Of Electrons metal surface. These photo(light)-generated electrons are
We know that metals have free electrons (negatively charged called photoelectrons.
particles) that are responsible for their conductivity. However,
the free electrons cannot normally escape out of the metal Photoelectric Effect
surface. If an electron attempts to come out of the metal, the When an electromagnetic radiation of enough high frequency is
metal surface acquires a positive charge and pulls the electron incident on a cleaned surface, electrons can be liberated from
back to the metal. The free electron is thus held inside the metal the metal surface. This phenomenon is known as the
surface by the attractive forces of the ions. Consequently, the photoelectric effect and the electron emitted are known as
electron can come out of the metal surface only if it has got Photo electrons. To have photo emission, the frequency of
sufficient energy to overcome the attractive pull. A certain incident light should be more than some minimum frequency.
This minimum frequency is called the threshold frequency. It
minimum amount of energy is required to be given to an
depends on the type of the metal. For most of the metals (e.g.
electron to pull it out from the surface of the metal. This
Zn, Cd, Mg) threshold frequency lies in the ultraviolet region of
minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the
electromagnetic spectrum. But for alkali metals (Li, K, Na, Rb) it
metal surface is called the work function of the metal. It is
lies in the visible region.
generally denoted by φ0 and measured in eV (electron volt). The
work function (φ0) depends on the properties of the metal and Lenard’s Observations
the nature of its surface. These values are approximate as they Phillip Lenard observed that when ultraviolet radiations were
made incident on the emitter plate of an evacuated glass tube
are very sensitive to surface impurities. The work function of
enclosing two metal plates (called electrodes), current flows in
platinum is the highest (φ0 = 5.65 eV) while it is the lowest (φ0 =
the circuit, but as soon as ultraviolet radiation falling on the
2.14 eV) for cesium. The minimum energy required for the emitter plate was stopped, the current flow stopped. These
electron emission from the metal surface can be supplied to the observations indicate that when ultraviolet radiations fall on the
free electrons by any one of the following physical processes: emitter (cathode) plate C, the electrons are ejected from it,
which are attracted towards anode plate A. The electrons flow the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons depends on the
through the evacuated glass tube, complete the circuit and light source and the emitter plate material, but is independent
current begins to flow in the circuit. of intensity of incident radiation.
Hallwachs Exp: Effect of intensity of incident radiation on photo electric
Hallwachs studied further by taking a zinc plate and an current
electroscope. The zinc plate was connected to an electroscope. Keeping the frequency of the incident radiation and the
He observed that: potential difference between the collector(A) and the Surface
(i) When an uncharged zinc plate was irradiated by ultraviolet (C) at constant values, the intensity of incident radiation is
light, the zinc plate acquired positive charge. varied. The corresponding photoelectric current is measured in
(ii) When a positively charged zinc plate is illuminated by the micro-ammeter. It is found that the photo electric current
ultraviolet light, the positive charge of the plate was increased. increases linearly with the intensity of incident radiation (Fig).
(iii) When a negatively charged zinc plate was irradiated by
ultraviolet light, the zinc plate lost its charge. All these
observations show that when ultraviolet light falls on zinc plate,
the negatively charged particles (electrons) are emitted. Further
study done by Hallwach’s experiment shows that different
metals emit electrons by different electromagnetic radiations.
Effect of potential on photoelectric current
When the collector (A) is made negative with respect to C, the Since the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the
emitted electrons are repelled and only those electrons which number of photoelectrons emitted per second, it implies that
have sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the repulsion may the number of photoelectrons emitted per second is
reach to the collector(A) and constitute current. So the current proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
in ammeter falls. On making Collector (A) more negative,
number of photoelectrons reaching the collector further Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential
decreases. Keeping the photosensitive plate (C) and intensity of incident
For specific negative potential of the collector, even the most radiation a constant, the effect of frequency of the incident
energetic electrons are unable to reach collector and radiations on stopping potential is studied.
photoelectric current becomes zero. It remains zero even if the
potential is made further negative than the specific value of
negative potential. This minimum specific negative potential of
the collector with respect to the emitter (photo sensitive
surface) at which photo-electric current becomes zero is known
as the Stopping Potential (VO) for the given surface. It is thus the
1
maximum kinetic energy 𝑚𝑣 2 of the emitted photoelectrons. If
2
charge and mass of an electron are e and m respectively then
1
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉0
2 Fig shows the variation of the photo electric current with the
applied potential difference V for three different frequencies.
From the graph, it is found that higher the frequency of the
incident radiation, higher is the value of stopping potential Vo.
For frequencies ν3 > ν2 > ν1, the corresponding stopping
potentials are in the same order (Vo )3 > (Vo )2 > (Vo )1. It is
concluded from the graph that; the maximum kinetic energy of
the photoelectrons varies linearly with the frequency of incident
radiation but is independent of its intensity. If the frequency of
the incident radiation is plotted against the corresponding
Stopping potential, a straight line is obtained as shown in Fig
We can now repeat this experiment with incident radiation of
the same frequency but of higher intensity I2 and I3 (I3 > I2 > I1).
We note that the saturation currents are now found to be at
higher values. This shows that more electrons are being emitted
per second, proportional to the intensity of incident radiation.
But the stopping potential remains the same as that for the
incident radiation of intensity I1, as shown graphically in Fig.
Thus, for a given frequency of the incident radiation, the
stopping potential is independent of its intensity. In other words,
From this graph, it is found that at a frequency, the value of the frequency of light. According to wave theory of light,
stopping potential is zero. This frequency is known as the energy of light has nothing to do with frequency. Hence
threshold frequency for the photo metal used. The photoelectric change in energy of photoelectrons with change in
effect occurs above this frequency and ceases below it. frequency cannot be explained
Therefore, threshold frequency is defined as the minimum (2) Photons are emitted immediately (within 10-9 s) on
frequency of incident radiation, below which the photoelectric making light incident on metal surface. Since the free
emission is not possible completely. The threshold frequency is electrons within metal are withheld under the effect of
different for different metals. certain forces, and to bring them out, energy must be
Laws Of Photoelectric Emission supplied Now if the incident energy is showing wave
The experimental observations on photoelectric effect may be nature, free electrons in metal get energy gradually and
summarized as follows, which are known as the fundamental when accumulates energy at least equal to work function
laws of photoelectric emission. then they escape from metal. Thus, electrons get emitted
(i) For a given photo sensitive material, there is a minimum only after some time (3) According to wave theory of light,
frequency called the threshold frequency, below which less intense light is ‘weak’ in terms of energy. To liberate
emission of photoelectrons stops completely, however photoelectron with such light one has to wait long till
great the intensity may be. electron gather sufficient energy. Whereas experimental
(ii) For a given photosensitive material, the photo electric result shows that phenomenon depends on frequency
current is directly proportional to the intensity of the and for low intensity light of appropriate frequency
incident radiation, provided the frequency is greater than photoelectrons are emitted instantly
the threshold frequency. Light waves and photons the electromagnetic theory of
(iii) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process. i.e. light proposed by Maxwell could not explain
there is no time lag between the incidence of radiation and photoelectric effect. But Max Planck’s quantum theory
the emission of photo electrons. successfully explains photoelectric effect. According to
(iv) The maximum kinetic energy of the photo electrons is Planck’s quantum theory, light is emitted in the form of
directly proportional to the frequency of incident radiation, discrete packets of energy called ‘quanta’ or photon. The
but is independent of its intensity. energy of each photon is E = hν, where h is Planck’s
Wave theory fails to explain the photoelectric effect constant. Photon is neither a particle nor a wave. In the
(1) According to the wave theory of light, energy and phenomena like interference, diffraction, polarization,
intensity of wave depend on its amplitude. Hence intense the photon behaves like a wave. Energy of n photon E = n
radiation has higher energy and on increasing intensity, hν In the phenomena like emission, absorption and
energy of photoelectrons should increase. But interaction with matter (photo electric effect) photon
experimental results show that photoelectric effect is behaves as a particle. Hence light photon has a dual
independent of intensity of light, but depends on the nature.

Q. Let an electron requires 5 × 10−19 joule energy to just escape from the irradiated metal. If photoelectron is emitted
after 10−9 s of the incident light, calculate the rate of absorption of energy. If this process is considered classically, the
light energy is assumed to be continuously distributed over the wave front. Now, the electron can only absorb the light
incident within a small area, say 10−19 m2 . Find the intensity of illumination in order to see the photoelectric effect
5×10−19
Sol. Rate of absorption of energy is power 𝑃=
𝐸
= = 5 × 10−10
𝐽
𝑡 10−9 𝑠
Power 5×10−10 J
From the definition of intensity of light 𝐼= = = 5 × 109
Area 10−19 s. 𝑚2
Since, practically it is impossibly high energy, which suggest that explanation of photoelectric effect in classical term is
not possible

Q. Work function is 2eV. Light of intensity 10−5 W m−2 is incident on 2 cm2 area of it. If 1017 electrons of these metals
absorb the light, in how much time does the photo electric effect start? Consider the waveform of incident light
Sol. Intensity of incident light is 10−5 W m−2
𝐸
Now intensity 𝐼=
𝐴⋅𝑡
𝐸 = 10−5 × 2 × 10−4 × 1 = 2 × 10−9 J
This energy is absorbed by 1017 electrons
Average energy absorbed by each electron = 2×10-9 /1017 = 2×10-26 J
Now, electron may get emitted when it absorbs energy equal to the work function of its metal = 2eV = 3.6×10 -19 J
Thus time required to absorb energy = 3.6×10-19 J / 2×10-26 J = 1.6×107 s
 Q. Light of frequency 1.5 times the threshold frequency is incident on a photosensitive material. What will be the
photoelectric current if the frequency is halved and intensity is doubled?

Sol. Initially, 𝜐 = 1.5 𝜐0

𝜐 1.5 𝜐0
If the frequency is halved, 𝜐′ = = < 𝜐0
2 2

Hence, no photoelectric emission will take place

Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

In 1905, Albert Einstein successfully applied quantum theory of According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, if the
radiation to photoelectric effect. Plank had assumed that uncertainty in the x-coordinate of the position of a particle is Δx
emission of radiant energy takes place in the quantized form, the and uncertainty in the x-component of momentum is Δp (i.e. in
photon, but once emitted it propagate in the form of wave. one dimension) them
ℎ
Einstein further assumed that not only the emission, even the Δ𝑥 ⋅ Δ𝑝 ≥
2𝜋
absorption of light takes place in the form of photons. According Similarly
ℎ
to Einstein, the emission of photo electron is the result of the Δ𝐸 ⋅ Δ𝑡 ≥
2𝜋
interaction between a single photon of the incident radiation
Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
and an electron in the metal. When a photon of energy hν is In interaction of radiation with matter, radiation behaves as if it
incident on a metal surface, its energy is used up in two ways: is made up of particles called photons. (ii) Each photon has
(i) A part of the energy of the photon is used in extracting the energy E (=hν) and momentum p (= hν/c), and speed c, the speed
electron from the surface of metal, since the electrons in of light. (iii) All photons of light of a particular frequency ν, or
the metal are bound to the nucleus. This energy W spent in wavelength λ, have the same energy E (=hν = hc/λ) and
releasing the photo electron is known as photoelectric work momentum p (= hν/c = h/λ), whatever the intensity of radiation
function of the metal. The work function of a photo metal is may be. By increasing the intensity of light of given wavelength,
defined as the minimum amount of energy required to there is only an increase in the number of photons per second
liberate an electron from the metal surface. crossing a given area, with each photon having the same energy.
(ii) The remaining energy of the photon is used to impart kinetic Thus, photon energy is independent of intensity of radiation. (iv)
Photons are electrically neutral and are not deflected by electric
energy to the liberated electron. If m is the mass of an
and magnetic fields. (v) In a photon-particle collision (such as
electron and v, its velocity then
photon-electron collision), the total energy and total
Energy of the incident photon = Work function + Kinetic
momentum are conserved. However, the number of photons
energy of the electron may not be conserved in a collision. The photon may be
1
ℎ𝑣 = 𝜙0 + 𝑚𝑣 2 absorbed or a new photon may be created. (v) Mass of photon
2 m = E/c2
If the electron does not lose energy by internal collisions, as it
De Broglie's Wavelength of Matter Waves
escapes from the metal, the entire energy (ℎ𝑣 − 𝜙0 ) will be
de Broglie equated the energy equations of Planck (wave) and
exhibited as the kinetic energy of the electron.
Einstein (particle). For a wave of frequency 𝑣, the energy
Thus, (ℎ𝑣 − 𝜙0 ) represents the maximum kinetic energy of the
associated with each photon is given by Planck's relation, 𝐸 =
ejected photo electron. If 𝑉max is the maximum velocity with ℎ∨
which the photoelectron can be ejected, then where ℎ is Planck's constant.
1
2
ℎ𝑣 = 𝜙0 + 𝑚𝑣max − −(1) According to Einstein's mass energy relation, a mass 𝑚 is
2
This equation is known as Einstein's photoelectric equation. equivalent to energy,
When the frequency (𝑣) of the incident radiation is equal to the 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
where 𝑐 is the velocity of light.
threshold frequency (𝑣0 ) of the metal surface, kinetic energy of
If, ℎ𝑣 = 𝑚𝑐 2
the ℎ𝑐 ℎ
∴ = 𝑚𝑐 2 or 𝜆 =
electron is zero. Then equation (1) becomes, 𝜆 𝑚𝑐
ℎ𝑣𝑜 = 𝜙0 … (2) For a particle moving with a velocity 𝑣, if 𝑐 = 𝑣
ℎ ℎ
Substituting the value of 𝑊 in equation (1) we get, 𝜆= =
𝑚𝑣 𝑝
1
2
ℎ𝑣 − ℎ𝑣0 = 𝑚𝑣max − −(3) where 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣, the momentum of the particle. These
2
Or K max = hv − 𝜙0 or eVo = hv − 𝜙0 − −(4) hypothetical matter waves will have appreciable wavelength
only for very light particles.
This is another form of Einstein's photoelectric equation.
Davisson And Germer Experiment
This experiment gave the first experimental evidence for the wave nature of slow electrons. Later on, it was shown that all material
particles in motion behave as waves.

Q. An electron is at a distance of 10 m from a charge of 10C. Its total energy is 15.6 × 10−10 J. Find its de Broglie
wavelength at this point me = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
Sol. Potential energy of an electron
𝑞𝑒 9×109 ×10×1.6×10−19
𝑈=𝑘 𝑈=−
𝑟 10
𝑈 = −14.4 × 10−10 J Total energy = Kinetic energy (K) + Potential energy
K =E−U K = 15.6 × 10−10 + 14.4 × 10−10 = 30 × 10−10
𝑝2
But, 𝐾=
2𝑚𝑒
ℎ ℎ
𝑝 = √2𝐾𝑚𝑒 𝜆= =
𝑝 √2𝐾𝑚𝑒
6.625×10−34
= 𝜆 = 8.97 × 10−15 m.
√2×30×10−10 ×9.1×10−31
• Electric Discharge: electromagnetic radiations of suitable frequency, is called
The passage of an electric current through a gas is called photoelectric effect and the emitted electrons are called
electric discharge. photoelectrons.
• Discharge Tube: • Maximum K. E of the Photoelectrons Emitted from the
A hard glass tube along with the necessary arrangement, Metal Surface:
which is used to study the passage of electric discharge Kmax = eV0 hv −Ф (Einstein’s Photoelectric equation)
through gases at low pressure, is called a discharge tube.
• Cut Off or Stopping Potential:
• Cathode Rays:
The value of the retarding potential at which the
Cathode rays are the stream of negatively charged particles,
photoelectric current becomes zero is called cut off or
electrons which are shot out at a high speed from the
stopping potential for the given frequency of the incident
cathode of a discharge tube at pressure below 0.01 mm of
radiation.
Hg.
• Work Function: • Threshold Frequency:
The minimum amount of energy required by an electron to The minimum value of the frequency of incident radiation
just escape from the metal surface is known as work function below which the photoelectric emission stops altogether is
of the metal. called threshold frequency.
W0 = Ф0 = hv0 • Laws of Photoelectric Effect:
(a) For a given metal and a radiation of fixed frequency, the
• Electron Emission:
number of photoelectrons emitted is proportional to the
The minimum amount of energy required by an electron to
intensity of incident radiation.
just escape from the metal surface is known as work function
of the metal. (b) For every metal, there is a certain minimum frequency
• Thermionic Emission: below which no photoelectrons are emitted, howsoever
Here electrons are emitted from the metal surface with the high is the intensity of incident radiation. This frequency
help of thermal energy. is called threshold frequency.
• Field or Cold Cathode Emission: (c) For the radiation of frequency higher than the threshold
Electrons are emitted from a metal surface by subjecting it to frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the
a very high electric field. photoelectrons is directly proportional to the frequency
• Photoelectric Emission: of incident radiation and is independent of the intensity
Electrons emitted from a metal surface with the help of of incident radiation.
suitable electromagnetic (d) The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.
radiations. • Einstein’s Theory of Photoelectric Effect:
• Secondary Emission:
(a) Einstein explained photoelectric effect with the help of
Electrons are ejected from a metal surface by striking over its
Planck’s quantum theory.
fast-moving electrons.
(b) When a radiation of frequency ν is incident on a metal
• Forces Experienced by an Electron in Electric and Magnetic
surface, it is absorbed in the form of discrete packets of
Fields:
energy called quanta or photons.
(a) Electric field: The force FE experienced by an electron e
(c) A part of energy hν of the photon is used in removing the
in an electric field of strength (intensity) E is given by, FE
= eE electrons from the metal surface and remaining energy
(b) Magnetic field: The force experienced by an electron e is used in giving kinetic energy to the photoelectron.
in a magnetic field of strength B weber/m2 is given by (d) Einstein’s photoelectric equation is,
1
FB=Bev 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = ℎ𝑣 − 𝑤0
2
where v is the velocity with which the electron moves in the Where wo is the work function of the metal.
electric field and the magnetic field, perpendicular to the (e) If ν0 is the threshold frequency, then w0 = hν0
direction of motion. 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 = ℎ(𝑣 − 𝑣0 )
2
(c) If the magnetic field is parallel to the direction of motion
of electron, then, FB = 0.
(f) All the experimental observations can be explained on
• Photoelectric Effect:
The phenomenon of emission of electrons from the surface the basis Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
of substances (mainly metals), when exposed to • Compton Shift:
 It is the phenomenon of increase in the wavelength of X-ray Where v1 is the terminal velocity of the drop under the influence
photons which occurs when these radiations are scattered on of electric field and gravity and E is the applied electric field.
striking an electron. The difference in the wavelength of • Photocell:
scattered and incident photons is called Compton shift, (a) It is an arrangement which converts light energy into
which is given by electric energy.
h (b) It works on the principle of photoelectric effect.
 = (1 − cos  ) (c) It is used in cinematography for the reproduction of
m0C sound.
Where Ф is the angle of scattering of the X-ray photon and • Dual Nature of Radiation:
m0 is the rest mass of the electron. Light has dual nature. It manifests itself as a wave in
• Charge and Mass of an Electron by Thompson’s Method: diffraction, interference, polarization, etc., while it shows
(a) J. J. Thomson devised an experiment to determine the particle nature in photoelectric effect, Compton scattering,
velocity (v) and the ratio of the charge (e) to the mass etc.
• Dual Nature of Matter:
e
(m) i.e., of cathode rays. (a) As there is complete equivalence between matter (mass)
m and radiation (energy) and the principle of symmetry is
(b) In this method, electric field E and magnetic field B always obeyed, de Broglie suggested that moving
are applied on the cathode rays. particles like protons, neutrons, electrons, etc., should
(c) In the region where they are applied perpendicular to be associated with waves known as de Broglie waves and
each other and to the direction of motion of cathode their wavelength is called de Broglie wavelength.
rays, Force due to electric field, FE = Force due to (b) The de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m
magnetic field FB, moving with velocity v is given by,
E h h
eE = Bev  V = = =
B p mv
Also, Where h is Planck’s constant.
e E V /d Vx • Davison and Germer Experiment:
= 2 = 2 = 2 This experiment help to confirm the existence of de Broglie
m B R B R B lLd
waves associated with electrons.
Where V = Potential difference between the two electrodes
• De Broglie Wavelength of an Electron:
(i.e., P and Q), d = distance between the two electrodes, R =
The wavelength associated with an electron bean
radius of circular arc in the presence of magnetic field B, x =
accelerated through a potential.
shift of the electron beam on the screen, l = length of the field
h 12.3 0
and L = distance between the centre of the field and the = =
screen. 2meV V 𝐴
• Milliken’s Oil Drop Method: • de Broglie wavelength associated with the particle of
(a) This method helps to determine the charge on the momentum p is,
ℎ ℎ
electron. 𝜆= =
𝑝 𝑚𝑣
(b) Let ρ be the density of oil, σ is the density of the medium 1.22
𝜆= 𝑛𝑚
in which oil drop moves and η the coefficient of viscosity √𝑉

of the medium, then the radius r of the drop is Where V is the magnitude of accelerating potential.
9 𝜂𝑉0
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle:
𝑟=√ ∆x.∆p ≈ h / 2π
2 (𝜌−𝜎)𝑔

Where v0 is the terminal velocity of the drop under the effect Where ∆x is uncertainty in position & ∆p is uncertainty in
of gravity alone. momentum
(c) At the terminal velocity v0, the force due to viscosity • Electron Microscope:
becomes equal to the electric weight of the body. (a) It is a device which makes use of accelerated electron
(d) The charge on oil drop is beams to study very minute objects like viruses,
18𝜋𝜂(𝑉1 +𝑉0 𝜂𝑉0 microbes and the crystal structure of solids.
𝑞= √2(𝜌−𝜎)𝑔 (b) It has a magnification of ~105
𝐸
 PRACTICE EXERCISE
converting electrical energy to light, the number of
MCQ photons of yellow light it emits per second is
(a) 1.5  1020 (b) 6  1018
Q1. A beam of cathode rays is subjected to crossed electric (c) 62  10 20
(d) 3  1019
(𝐸) and magnetic fields (𝐵). The fields are adjusted such
that the beam is not deflected. The specific charge of the Q10. Which metal will be suitable for photoelectric cell using
cathode rays is given by light of wavelength 4000Å. The work functions of sodium
𝐵2 2𝑉𝐵2 and copper are respectively 2.0 eV and 4.0 eV.
(a) (b) (a) Sodium (b) Copper
2𝑉𝐸 2 𝐸2
2𝑉𝐸 2 𝐸2 (c) Both (d) None of these
(c) (d)
𝐵2 2𝑉𝐵2
Q11. The maximum velocity of an electron emitted by light of
Q2. A particle of mass 1 mg has the same wavelength as an
electron moving with a velocity of 3  106 ms-1. The wavelength ʎ incident on the surface of a metal of work-
velocity of the particle is: function Ф is
(a) 2.7  10-18 ms-1 (b) 9  10-2 ms-1 2(ℎ𝑐+𝜆𝜙) 2(ℎ𝑐+𝜆𝜙
(a) √
(c) 3  10 ms (d) 2.7  10-21 ms-1
-31 -1 (b)
𝑚𝜆 𝑚𝜆
2(ℎ𝑐+𝜆𝜙) 2(2𝜆−𝜙)
Q3. J.J. Thomson’s cathode-ray tube experiment (c) √ (d) √
𝑚𝜆 𝑚
demonstrated that
(a)cathode rays are streams of negatively charged ions Q12. Monochromatic radiation emitted when electron on
(b)all the mass of an atom is essentially in the nucleus hydrogen atom jumps from first exited to the ground
(c)the 𝑒/𝑚 of electrons is much greater than the 𝑒/𝑚 state irradiates a photosensitive material. The stopping
of protons potential is measured to be 3.57 V. The threshold
(d)the 𝑒/𝑚 ratio of the cathode-ray particles changes frequency of the materials is:
when a different gas is placed in the discharge tube (a) 4  1015 Hz
Q4. An electron of mass m and a photon have same energy E. (b) 5  1015 Hz
The ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with them (c) 1.6  1015 Hz
is: (d) 2.5  1015 Hz
1 1
1 𝐸 2 𝐸 2 Q13. A source of light is placed at a distance of 50 cm from a
(a) ( ) (b) ( ) photo cell and the stopping potential is found to be 𝑉0 . If
𝑐 2𝑚 2𝑚
1 1
𝐸 2 1 2𝑚 2 the distance between the light source and photo cell is
(c) ( ) (d) ( ) made 25 cm, the new stopping potential will be :
2𝑚 𝑐 𝐸
Q5. The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons hitting a (a) 𝑉0 /2 (b) 𝑉0
target so as to produce X-ray of wavelength 1 Å is (c) 4𝑉0 (d) 2𝑉0
(a) 1.24 keV (b) 12.4 keV Q14. A photoelectric cell is illuminated by a point source of
(c) 124 keV (d) None of these light 1 m away. When the source is shifted to 2 m then
Q6. A and B are two metals with threshold frequencies 1.8  (a) each emitted electron carries one quarter of the
10-14 Hz and 2.2  1014 Hz. Two identical photons of initial energy
energy 0.825 eV each are incident on them. Then (b) number of electrons emitted is half the initial number
photoelectrons are emitted in (Take h = 6.6  10-34 Js) (c) each emitted electron carries half the initial energy
(a) B alone (b) A alone (d) number of electrons emitted is a quarter of the initial
(c) neither A or B (d) both A and B. number.
Q7. Which of the following when falls on a metal will emit Q15. If the kinetic energy of the particle is increased to 16
photoelectrons? times its previous value, the percentage change in the de
(a) UV radiations (b) Infrared radiation Broglie wavelength of the particle is
(c) Radio waves (d) Microwaves (a) 25 (b) 75
(c) 60 (d) 50
Q8. A material particle with a rest mass m0 is moving with
speed of light c. The de-Broglie wavelength associated is Q16. If particles are moving with same velocity, then which has
given by maximum de Broglie wavelength?
ℎ 𝑚 𝑐 (a) proton
(a) (b) 0
𝑚0 𝑐 ℎ (b) α-particle
(c) zero (d)  (c) neutron
Q9. A 200 W sodium street lamp emits yellow light of (d) β-particle
wavelength 0.6 μm. Assuming it to be 25% efficient in
Q17. In the Davisson and Germer experiment, the velocity of Reason: Work function = ℎ𝑓0 where 𝑓0 is the threshold
electrons emitted from the electron gun can be increased frequency.
by Q3. Assertion : In process of photoelectric emission, all
(a) increasing the potential difference between the emitted electrons do not have same kinetic energy.
anode and filament Reason : If radiation falling on photosensitive surface of a
(b) increasing the filament current metal consists of different wavelength then energy
(c) decreasing the filament current acquired by electrons absorbing photons of different
(d) decreasing the potential difference between the wavelengths shall be different
anode and filament
Q4. Assertion: The de-Broglie wavelength of a molecule
Q18. An electron of mass 𝑚, when accelerated through a varies inversely as the square root of temperature.
potential difference 𝑉, has de Broglie wavelength 𝜆. The Reason: The root mean square velocity of the molecule is
de Broglie wavelength associated with a proton of mass
proportional to square root of absolute temperature
𝑀 accelerated through the same potential difference, will
be Q5. Assertion: Though light of a single frequency
𝑀 𝑚 (monochromatic) is incident on a metal, the energies of
(a) 𝜆 (b) 𝜆
𝑚 𝑀 emitted photoelectrons are different.
𝑀 𝑚
(c) 𝜆√ (d) 𝜆√ Reason : The energy of electrons emitted from inside the
𝑚 𝑀
metal surface, is lost in collision with the other atoms in
Q19. Light of wavelength 500 nm is incident on a metal with the metal.
work function 2.28 eV. The de Broglie wavelength of the
emitted electron is SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
(a) ≥ 2.8 × 10−9 m (b) ≤ 2.8 × 10−12 m
−10
(c) < 2.8 × 10 m (d) < 2.8 × 10−9 m Q1. Do all the electrons that absorb a photon come out as
Q20. If a photon has velocity 𝑐 and frequency 𝜐, then which of photoelectrons?
the following represents its wavelength? Q2. There are materials which absorb photons of shorter
ℎ𝜐
(a) 2 (b) ℎ𝜐 wavelength and emit photons of longer wavelength. Can
𝑐
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝜐 there be stable substances which absorb photons of
(c) (d)
𝐸 𝑐 larger wavelength and emit light of shorter wavelength?
Q21. When a metallic surface is illuminated with radiation of Q3. In photoelectric effect, why should the photoelectric
wavelength 𝜆, the stopping potential is 𝑉. If the same current increase as the intensity of monochromatic
surface is illuminated with radiation of wavelength 2𝜆,
𝑉 radiation incident on a photosensitive surface is
the stopping potential is . The threshold wavelength for increased? Explain.
4
the metallic surface is
5 Q4. Define the term ‘threshold frequency’ in relations to
(a) 𝜆 (b) 3𝜆 photoelectric effects.
2
(c) 4𝜆 (d) 5𝜆
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
ASSERTION AND REASONING
Q1. The momentum of a photon of an electromagnetic
Directions : Each of these questions contain two statements, radiation is 3.3 × 10−29 kg m s −1 . What is the frequency
Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four of the associated waves? [ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 J s ; 𝑐 = 3 × 108
alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You m s −1 ]
have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given Q2. When light of wavelength 300 nm (nanometer) falls on a
below. photoelectric emitter, photoelectrons are liberated. For
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct another emitter, however, light of 600 nm wavelength is
explanation for assertion. sufficient for creating photoemission. What is the ratio of
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct the work functions of the two emitters?
explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect Q3. The wavelength of a 1 keV photon is 1.24 × 10−9 m.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct What is the frequency of 1 MeV photon?
Q1. Assertion : Mass of moving photon varies directly as the Q4. The photoelectric threshold wavelength of silver is 3250
wavelength. × 10−10 m. Then find the velocity of the electron ejected
Reason: Energy of the particle = Mass × (Speed of light)2 from a silver surface by ultraviolet light of wavelength
2536 × 10−10 m . [Given ℎ = 4.14 × 10−15 eV s and 𝑐 = 3
Q2. Assertion: Photosensitivity of a metal is large if its work × 108 m s −1 ]
function is small.
Q5. A particle of mass 1 mg has the same wavelength as an of work function 0.5 eV. Then what will be the ratio of the
electron moving with a velocity of 3 × 106 m s −1 . Then maximum speeds of the emitted electrons.
determine the velocity of the particle. Q8. The specific charge of a proton is 9.6 × 107 C kg −1 . Then
Q6. An electron beam has a kinetic energy equal to 100 eV. determine the specific charge of an 𝛼-particle.
Find its wavelength associated with a beam, if mass of Q9. The work function of platinum is 6.35 eV. Then find
electron = 9.1 × 10−31 kg and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J. threshold frequency of platinum.
(Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10−34 Js)
Q10. The work function of a photosensitive material is 4.0 eV.
Q7. Two radiations of photons energies 1 eV and 2.5 eV, Find this longest wavelength of light which can cause
successively illuminate a photosensitive metallic surface photon emission from the substance.
 HOMEWORK EXERCISE
(a) 1:2:3 (b) 1:4:9
MCQ 1
(c) 1: :
1 1 1
(d) 1: :
√2 √3 2 3

Q1. Which of the following is not the property of cathode rays Q8. In an experiment on photoelectric effect, a student plots
? stopping potential V0 against reciprocal of the wavelength
(a) It produces heating effect. ʎ of the incident light for two different metals A and B.
(b) It does not deflect in electric field. These are shown in the figure.
(c) It casts shadow.
(d) It produces fluorescence.
Q2. When the energy of the incident radiation is increased by
20%, the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons emitted
from a metal surface increased from 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV. The
work function of the metal is:
Looking at the graphs, you can most appropriately says
(a) 0.65 eV (b) 1.0 eV
that:
(c) 1.3 eV (d) 1.5 eV
(a) Work function of metal B is greater than that of metal
Q3. In photoelectric effect, stopping potential for a light of A
frequency n1 is V1. If light is replaced by another having a (b) For light of certain wavelength falling on both metal,
frequency n2 then its stopping potential will be maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted from A
h h
( n2 − n1 ) ( n2 + n1 )
will be greater than those emitted from B.
(a) V1 − (b) V1 +
e e (c) Work function of metal A is greater than that of metal
B
h h
(c) V1 + ( n2 − n1 ) (d) V1 + ( n2 − 2n1 ) (d) Student data is not correct
e e Q9. White X-rays are called white due to the fact that
Q4. Which one of the following graphs represents the (a) they are electromagnetic radiations having nature
variation of maximum kinetic energy (EK) of the emitted same as that of white light.
electrons with frequency υ in photoelectric effect (b) they are produced most abundantly in X ray rubes.
correctly? (c) they have a continuous wavelength range.
(d) they can be converted to visible light using coated
screens and photographic plates are affected by
them just like light.
Q10. The wavelength associated with an electron, accelerated
through a potential difference of 100 V, is of the order of
(a) 1000 Å (b) 100 Å
(c) 10.5 Å (d) 1.2 Å
Q11. Monochromatic light of frequency 6.0  1014 Hz is
produced by a laser. The power emitted is 2  10-3 w.
The number of photons emitted, on the average, by the
sources per second is
Q5. Electrons used in an electron microscope accelerated by (a) 5  1016 (b) 5  1017
a voltage of 25 kV. If the voltage is increased to 100kV (c) 5  1014
(d) 5  1015
then the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the
electrons would ASSERTION AND REASONING
(a) increase by 2 times (b) decrease by 2 times
(c) decrease by 4 times (d) increase by 4 times Directions : Each of these questions contain two statements,
Q6. Which of the following is/are false regarding cathode Assertion and Reason. Each of these questions also has four
rays? alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You
(a) They produce heating effect have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given
(b) They don’t deflect in electric field below.
(c) They cast shadow (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct
(d) They produce fluorescence explanation for assertion.
Q7. The ratio of the respective de Broglie wavelength (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct
associated with electrons accelerated from rest with the explanation for assertion
voltages 100 V, 200 V and 300 V is (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct Q2. The work function for the surface of aluminum is 4.2 eV.
Q1. Assertion : Two photons of equal wavelength must have What will be the wavelength of that incident light for
equal linear momentum. which the stopping potential will be zero.
Reason : Two photons of equal linear momentum will (ℎ ≈ 6.6 × 10−34 J − s 𝑒 ≈ 1.6 × 10−19 C)
have equal wavelength Q3. The separation between Bragg’s planes in a crystal is 10
Q2. Assertion : Two sources of equal intensity always emit Å. Then find the wavelength of those X-rays which can be
equal number of photons in any time interval. diffracted by this crystal.
Reason : Two sources of equal intensity may emit equal Q4. An electromagnetic radiation of frequency 3 × 1015
number of photons in any time interval. cycles per second falls on a photo electric surface whose
Q3. Assertion : Photosensitivity of a metal is high if its work work function is 4.0 eV. Find out the maximum velocity of
function is small. the photo electrons emitted by the surface.
Reason : Work function = hf0 where f0 is the threshold Q5. Light of wavelength 3320 Å is incident on metal surface
frequency. (work function = 1.07 eV). To stop emission of photo
Q4. Assertion : Photoelectric saturation current increases electron, find required retarding potential.
with the increase in frequency of incident light. (Take ℎ𝑐 ≈ 12420 eV − Å)
Reason : Energy of incident photons increases with Q6. When the light of frequency 2𝜐0 (where 𝜐0 is threshold
increase in frequency and as a result photoelectric frequency), is incident on a metal plate, the maximum
current increases. velocity of electrons emitted is 𝑣1 . When the frequency of
Q5. Assertion : The photoelectrons produced by a the incident radiation is increased to 5𝜐0 , the maximum
monochromatic light beam incident on a metal surface velocity of electrons emitted from the same plate is 𝑣2 .
have a spread in their kinetic energies. Then find the ratio of 𝑣1 to 𝑣2 .
Reason : The work function of the metal is its Q7. Find the
characteristics property. (a) maximum frequency and
(b) minimum wavelength of X-rays produced by 30 kV
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS electrons.
Q8. There are two sources of light, each emitting with a
Q1. What is meant by work function of a metal? How does
power 100W. One emits X-rays of wavelength 1 nm and
the value of work function influence the kinetic energy of
the other visible light at 500 nm. Find the ratio of number
electrons liberated during photoelectron emission?
of photons of X-rays the photons of visible light of the
Q2. Write three characteristic features in photoelectric effect given wavelength.
which cannot be explained on the basis of wave theory of
Q9. A 200 W sodium street lamp emits yellow light of
light, but can be explained only using Einstein’s equation.
wavelength 0.6 µm. Assuming it to be 25% efficient in
Q3. Work function of aluminum is 4.2 eV. If two photons, converting electrical energy to light, then find the number
each of energy 2.5 eV, are incident on its surface, will the of photons of yellow light it emits per second.
emission of electrons take place? Justify your answer.
Q10. Monochromatic radiation emitted when electron on
hydrogen atom jumps from first excited to the ground
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS state irradiates a photosensitive material. The stopping
potential is measured to be 3.57 V. Then determine the
Q1. If velocity of a proton is c/20 then find the associated de-
threshold frequency of the materials
Broglie wavelength. (Take ℎ = 6.626 × 10−34 J-s)
 PRACTICE EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
(6.6×10−34 )×(1.8×1014 )
∴ 𝐸𝐴 = = 0.74𝑒𝑉
MCQ 1.6×10−19
(6.6×10−34 )×(2.2×1014 )
𝐸𝐵 = = 0.91𝑒𝑉
1.6×10−19
S1. (d) When a beam of cathode rays (or electrons) is Incident energy 0.825 eV is greater than EA (0.74 eV)
subjected to crossed electric (𝐸) and magnetic (𝐵) but less than EB (0.91 eV).
fields, the beam is not deflected, if S7. (a) Emission of electron from a substance under the
Force on electron due to magnetic field = Force on action of light is photoelectric effect. Light must be at
electron due to electric field a sufficiently high frequency. It may be visible light,
𝐸
𝐵𝑒𝑣 = 𝑒𝑉 or 𝑣 = ...(i) U.V., X-rays. So U.V. cause electron emission.
𝐵
If 𝑉 is the potential difference between the anode h m0
and the cathode, then S8. (c) = ,v = v → c, m → 
1 𝑒 𝑣2
mv v
2

2
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒𝑉 or =
𝑚 2𝑉
...(ii) 1−  
Substituting the value of 𝑣 from equation (i) in c
equation (ii), we get Hence,  → 0
𝑒 𝐸2 S9. (a) Given that, only 25% of 200W converter electrical
=
𝑚 2𝑉𝐵2 energy into light of yellow color
𝑒 𝐸2
Specific charge of the cathode rays =
𝑚 2𝑉𝐵2  hc  25
   N = 200 
ℎ ℎ
S2. (d) Wavelength of particle (𝜆1 ) = = (1×10−3)×𝑣
𝑚𝑣
  100
where v is the velocity of the particle. Wavelength
Where N is the No. photons emitted per second, h is
of electron
ℎ Planck’s constant and c is speed of light.
(𝜆1 ) =
(9.1×10−31 )×(3×106 ) 200  25 
But 1 = 2 N= 
100 hc
ℎ 4
∴ = 200  25  0.6 10−6
(1 × 10 ) × 𝑣 (9.1 × 10 ) × (3 × 106 )
−3 −31
= −34
= 1.5 1020
⇒𝑣=
9.1×10−31 ×3×106 100  6.2 10  3 10 8
10−13
= 2.73  10-21 ms-1 S10. (a)
hc
S3. (c) J.J. Thomson performed cathode ray experiment and 0 =
concluded that some particles move from cathode 
plate to anode plate. Since the cathode is negatively
p 2 10−3
charged, so cathode-ray must contain a negatively n= = −34
= 5 1015
charged particle called electron. hv 6.6 10  6 10 14

S4. (a) For electron De-Broglie wavelength,

ℎ
1 (  ) sodium = ( ) copper
0    0
𝜆𝑒 =
√2𝑚𝐸 ( 0 ) copper ( ) sodium
For photon E = pc
2
hc  ( 0 )copper =  6188 = 3094 Å
 De-Broglie wavelength, Ph = 4
E The eject photo-electrons from sodium the longest
 e =
1/2
h E  E  1 wavelength is 6188 Å and that for copper is 3094 Å,
 = 
Ph 2mE hc  2m  c sodium is suitable.
S5. (b) 1 2 hc 2 ( hc −  )
min = 1 Å (given) S11.(c) mv = −  v =
2  m
1240
∵𝜆 (𝑒𝑉)(𝑛𝑚)𝑚𝑖𝑛 S12.(c) n → 2 −1
𝐸
Thus, E
1240(𝑒𝑉)(𝑛𝑚)
= 12400𝑒𝑉 𝐸 = 10.2𝑒𝑉
0.01(𝑛𝑚)
𝑘𝐸 = 𝐸 − 𝜙
E = 12.4 KeV
𝑄 = 10.20 − 3.57
S6. (b) Photoelectrons are emitted in A alone. Energy of
ℎ𝜐 ℎ𝜐0 = 6.63𝑒𝑉
electron needed if emitted from 𝐴 = 𝑒𝑉 6.63×1.6×10−19
𝑒 𝜐0 = = 1.6 × 1015 𝐻𝑧
6.67×10−34
S13. (b) By changing the position of source of light from photo where ℎ is the Planck’s constant and 𝑚 is the mass of
cell, there will be a change in the intensity of light the electron.
falling on photo cell. As ℎ = 6.6 × 10−34 J s, 𝑚 = 9 × 10−31 kg
As stopping potential is independent of the intensity and 𝐾max = 0.2 eV = 0.2 × 1.6 × 10−19 J
of the incident light, hence stopping potential 6.6×10−34 J s
∴ 𝜆min =
remains same i.e., 𝑉0 . √2(9×10−31 kg)(0.2×1.6×10−19 J)
6.6 −9 −9
= × 10 m ≈ 2.8 × 10 m
S14. (d) Photoelectric current 𝐼 ∝ intensity of light and 2.4
−9
1 So, 𝜆 ≥ 2.8 × 10 m
intensity ∝ (distance)2 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
1 S20. (c) Energy of the photon 𝐸 = or = , where 𝜆 is the
𝜆 𝐸
∴ 𝐼 ∝ (distance)2
wavelength.
S15. (b) de Broglie wavelength, S21. (b) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation,
ℎ ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
𝜆= ...(i) 𝑒𝑉𝑠 = −
√2𝑚𝐾 𝜆 𝜆0
where 𝑚 is the mass and 𝐾 is the kinetic energy of ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
∴ As per question, 𝑒𝑉 = − ...(i)
the particle. 𝜆 𝜆0
𝑒𝑉 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
When kinetic energy of the particle is increased to 16 = − ...(ii)
4 2𝜆 𝜆0
times, then its de Broglie wavelength becomes, From equations (i) and (ii), we get
ℎ 1 ℎ 𝜆
𝜆′ = = = (Using (i)) ℎ𝑐
−
ℎ𝑐
=
ℎ𝑐
−
ℎ𝑐
√2𝑚(16𝐾) 4 √2𝑚𝐾 4 2𝜆 4𝜆 𝜆0 4𝜆0
% change in the de Broglie wavelength ℎ𝑐 3ℎ𝑐
⇒ = or 𝜆0 = 3𝜆
𝜆−𝜆′ 𝜆′ 1 4𝜆 4𝜆0
= × 100 = (1 − ) × 100 = (1 − ) × 100 =
𝜆 𝜆 4
75% ASSERTION AND REASONING
S16. (d) de Broglie wavelength for a particle is given by 𝜆 =
ℎ ℎ ℎ𝑣 ℎ
= , where 𝑚, 𝑣 and 𝑝 are the mass, velocity and S1. (c) Mass of moving photon 𝑚 = = and 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑐 2
𝑝 𝑚𝑣 𝑐2 𝑐λ
momentum respectively. ℎ is Planck’s constant. Now, S2. (c) Less work function means less energy is required for
since all the particles are moving with same velocity, ejecting out the electrons.
the particle with least mass will have maximum de- S3. (b) Both statement I and II are true; but even it radiation
Broglie wavelength. Out of the given four particles of single wavelength is incident on photosensitive
(proton, neutron, α-particles, i.e., He nucleus and β- surface, electrons of different KE will be emitted.
particles, i.e., electrons) β-particle has the lowest S4. (a) de-Broglie wavelength associated with gas molecules
1
mass and therefore it has maximum wavelength. varies as λ ∝
√𝑇
S17. (a) The velocity of electrons emitted from the electron S5. (a) When a light of single frequency falls on the electrons
gun can be increased by increasing the potential of inner layer of metal, then this electron comes out
difference between the anode and filament. of the metal surface after a large number of collisions
with atom of it's upper layer
S18. (d) Momentum of electrons,
(𝑝𝑒 ) = √2𝑚𝑒𝑉
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
Momentum for proton (𝑝𝑝 ) = √2𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝜆𝑝 ℎ/𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑒 √2𝑚𝑒𝑉 𝑚
Therefore, = = = = √( ) S1. No, most electrons get scattered into the metal. Only
𝜆𝑒 ℎ/𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑝 √2𝑀𝑒𝑉 𝑀
a few come out of the surface of the metal
𝑚
Therefore, 𝜆𝑝 = 𝜆√( ) S2. In the first case, energy given out is less than the
𝑀
energy supplied. In the second case, the material has
S19. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the
to supply the energy as the emitted photon has more
maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron is
ℎ𝑐 energy. This cannot happen for stable substances.
𝐾max = − ϕ0 S3. The photoelectric current increases proportionally
𝜆
where 𝜆 is the wavelength of incident light and ϕ0 is with the increase in intensity of incident radiation.
the work function. Larger the intensity of incident radiation, larger is the
Here, 𝜆 = 500 nm, ℎ𝑐 = 1240 eV nm and ϕ0 = 2.28 eV number of incident photons and hence larger is the
1240 eV nm
∴ 𝐾max = − 2.28 eV number of electrons ejected from the photosensitive
500 nm
= 2.48 eV − 2.28 eV = 0.2 eV surface.
The de Broglie wavelength of the emitted electron is S4. Threshold frequency is defined as the minimum
ℎ frequency of incident radiation which can cause
𝜆min =
√2 𝑚𝐾max photoelectric emission. It is different for different
metal.
 S7. According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation
1
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS 2
𝑚𝑣max = ℎ𝜐 − ϕ0
2
2 1
where 𝑚𝑣max is the maximum kinetic energy of the
ℎ𝜐 2
S1. Momentum of the photon = emitted electrons, ℎ𝜐 is the incident energy and ϕ0 is
𝑐
𝑐 ℎ the work function of the metal.
⇒ = =𝜆
𝜐 𝑝 1 2
𝑐 𝑐𝑝 3.3×10−29 ∴ 𝑚𝑣max = 1 eV − 0.5 eV = 0.5 eV ...(i)
𝜐= = = 3 × 108 × = 1.5 × 1013 Hz 2
1
1
𝜆 ℎ 6.6×10−34 2
ℎ𝑐 1 and 𝑚𝑣max 2
= 2.5 eV − 0.5 eV = 2 eV ...(ii)
S2. 𝑊0 = or 𝑊0 ∝ 2
𝜆0 𝜆0 Divide (i) and (ii), we get
𝑊1 𝜆2 600 2
⇒ = = = 2
𝑣max 0.5 𝑣max1 0.5 1
𝑊2 𝜆1 300 1
2
1
= or =√ =
ℎ𝑐 3 6 𝑣max 2 𝑣max2 2 2
S3. Here, = 10 eV and ℎ𝜐 = 10 eV 2
𝜆
103 𝑐 103 ×3×108 S8. Given, for proton,
Hence, 𝜐 = = = 2.4 × 1020 Hz Specific charge
𝜆 1.24×10−9
𝑒
S4. The maximum kinetic energy is given as = = 9.6 × 107 C kg −1 … (𝑖)
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 𝑚
𝐾max = ℎ𝜐 − ϕ0 = ℎ𝜐 − ℎ𝜐0 = − 4
𝜆 𝜆0 As, 𝛼 −particle ( He) have 2 electrons and its mass
where 𝜆0 = threshold wavelength 2
1 ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 number is 4.
or 𝑚𝑣 2 = − 2𝑒 1 𝑒
2 𝜆 𝜆0 ∴ Specific charge of 𝛼-particle = =
4𝑚 2𝑚
Here, ℎ = 4.14 × 10−15 eV s, 𝑐 = 3 × 108 m s −1 1
= × 9.6 × 107 [using Eq. (i)]
𝜆0 = 3250 × 10−10 m = 3250 Å 2
7 −1
= 4.8 × 10 C kg
𝜆 = 2536 × 10−10 m = 2536 Å,
S9. Given, work-function of platinum,
𝑚 = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
𝜙0 = ℎ𝑣0 = 6.35 𝑒𝑉 = 6.35 × 1.6 × 10−19 J
ℎ𝑐 = 4.14 × 10−15 eV s × 3 × 108 m s −1 =
where, 𝑣0 is threshold frequency of platinum and h is
12420 eV Å
1 1 1 Planck’s constant.
∴ 𝑚𝑣 2 = 12420 [ − ] eV = 1.076 eV 𝜙 6.35 × 1.6 × 10−19
2 2536 3250 ⇒ 𝑣0 = 0 =
2.152 eV 2.152×1.6×10−19 ℎ 6.63 × 10−34
𝑣2 = = = 15.32 × 1014 Hz
𝑚 9.1×10−31
∴ 𝑣 ≈ 6 × 105 m s −1 = 0.6 × 106 m s −1 S10. The work function of material is given by
ℎ ℎ
S5. = 𝜙 = ℎ𝑣
10−6 kg×𝑣 −31 6
9.1×10 kg×3×10 m/s ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐 𝑐
∴ 𝑣 = 2.7 × 10−18 m/s 𝜙 = or 𝜆 = … (𝑖) [∵ 𝑣 = ]
𝜆 𝜙 𝜆
S6. Kinetic energy (𝐸) = 100 eV; where, h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10−34 J − s,
Mass of electron (𝑚) = 9.1 × 10−31 kg; 𝑐 = speed of light = 3 × 108 ms −1
1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J and and 𝜆 = threshold wavelength of light.
Planck’s constant (ℎ) = 6.6 × 10−34 J s Given, 𝜙 = 4 eV = 4 × 1.6 × 10−19 J.
Energy of an electron (𝐸) = 100 × (1.6 × 10−19 ) J Substituting the given values in Eq. (i), we get
ℎ 6.6×10−34 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
Or 𝜆 = = 𝜆=
√2𝑚𝐸 √2×9.1×10−31 ×100×1.6×10−19 4 × 1.6 × 10−19
= 1.2 × 10 −10
m = 1.2 Å = 3.108 × 10−7 𝑚 ≃ 310 𝑛𝑚
 HOMEWORK EXERCISE SOLUTIONS
1 2𝑒(100)
MCQ 2
𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑒(100) ⇒ 𝑣 = √
𝑚
According to de Broglie’s concept
S1. (b) Cathode rays are basically negatively charged ℎ
particles (electrons). If the cathode rays are allowed 𝜆=
𝑚𝑣
ℎ
to pass between two plates kept at a difference of ⇒𝜆=
2𝑒(100)
potential, the rays are found to be deflected from 𝑚√
𝑚
ℎ
the rectilinear path. The direction of deflection = = 1.2 × 10−10 = 1.2Å
√2𝑚𝑒(100)
shows that the rays carry negative charges.
S11. (d) Since p = nhv
S2. (b) According to Einstein’s photoelectric
𝑝 2 × 10−3
equation, hv = Ф0 + Kmax ⇒𝑛= = = 5 × 1015
ℎ𝑣 6.6 × 10−34 × 6 × 1014
We have
hv = Ф0 +0.5 ASSERTION AND REASONING
and 1.2hv = Ф0 + 0.8
Therefore, from above two equations Ф0 = 1.0 eV. S1. (d) To photons of equal wavelength will have equal
S3. (d) W0 = hv1 – eV1 momentum (magnitude), but direction of
=h v2 – eV2 momentum may be different.
eV2 = h(v2 - v1)+eV1 S2. (d) Total number of emitted photons depends on
h ( h2 − n1 ) energy of each photon. The energy of photons of
V2 = + V1 two sources may be different.
e
S3. (b) Less work function means less energy is required for
S4. (d) h  -h  0=EK, according to photoelectric equations,
ejecting out the electrons
when  =  0, EK = 0.
Graph (d) represents EK –  relationship. S4. (d) Photoelectric saturation current is independent of
frequency. It only depends on intensity of light
1
S5. (b)  S5. (b) The kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons varies
V from zero to a maximum value. Work function
𝜆1 𝑉2 100𝑘𝑒𝑉 depends on metal used.
⇒ =√ =√ =2
𝜆2 𝑉1 25𝑘𝑒𝑉

⇒ 𝜆2 =
𝜆1 SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
2

S6. (b) Cathode rays get deflected in the electric field. S1. Work Function: The minimum energy required to
S7. (c) As we know free an electron from metallic surface is called the
1 work function. Smaller the work function, larger the
𝜆∝
√𝑉 kinetic energy of emitted electron.
1 1 1 1 1
∴ : : = 1: :
√100 √200 √300 √2 √3 S2. The three characteristic features which cannot be
hc explained by wave theory are:
S8. (d) −  = eV0 (i) Kinetic energy of emitted electrons is found to
 be independent of the intensity of incident
hc 
v0 = − light.
e e (ii) There is no emission of electrons if frequency of
For metal A For metal B incident light is below a certain frequency
A 1 B 1 (threshold frequency).
= = (iii) Photoelectric effect is an instantaneous
hc  hc  process.
1
As the value of (increasing and decreasing) is not
ʎ S3. In photoelectric effect, a single photon interacts
specified hence we cannot say that which metal has with a single electron. As individual photon has
comparatively greater or lesser work function (Ф). energy (2.5 eV) which is less than work function,
S9. (c) hence emission of electron will not take place.
S10. (d) Potential difference = 100 V
K.E. acquired by electron = e (100)
 1 1
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS ℎ(2𝜐0 ) = ℎ𝜐0 + 𝑚𝑣12 ⇒ ℎ𝜐0 = 𝑚𝑣12 ...(i)
2 2
When frequency of incident light is 5𝜐0
h 1 1
S1. λ= ℎ(5𝜐0 ) = ℎ𝜐0 + 𝑚𝑣22 ⇒ 4ℎ𝜐0 = 𝑚𝑣22 ...(ii)
mv 2 2
c 3×108 1 𝑣12 𝑣1 1
∵v= = = 1.5 × 10 m/sec 7 Dividing (i) by (ii), = or =
20 20 4 𝑣22 𝑣2 2
−34
h = 6.626 × 10 J − s, m = 1.67 × 10−27 kg S7. Given 𝑉 = 30kV = 30 × 10 volt 3
6.626×10−34
∴λ=
1.67×10−27 ×1.5×107
Energy, 𝐸 = 𝑒𝑉 = 1.6 × 10−19 × 30 × 103 =
−15
⇒ λ = 2.64 × 10−14 m 4.8 × 10 joule
(a) Maximum frequency vmax is given by, 𝐸 = ℎvmax
S2. If the inciden light be of threshold wavelength (𝜆0 )
𝐸 4.8 × 10−15
then the stopping potential shall be zero. thus vmax = = = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟒 × 1018 𝐇𝐳
hc 6.6×10−34 ×3×108 ℎ 6.63 × 10−34
λ0 = , λ0 = 𝑐 3×108
ϕ 4.2×1.6×10−19 (b) Minimum wavelength, 𝜆min = = 18 =
−7 𝑣max 7.24×10
λ0 = 2.946 × 10 m = 2946 Å
4.1 × 10−11 m = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟏 𝐧𝐦
S3. ∵ 2𝑑 sin 𝜙 = 𝑛𝜆
(2𝑑 sin 𝜙)𝑚𝑎𝑥 2𝑑 sin 90°
S8. Total 𝐸 is constant.
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 2 × 10 Å Let 𝑛1 and 𝑛2 be the number of photons of X-rays
𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑛 1
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 20Å and visible region.
ℎ𝑐 ℎ𝑐
∴ Possible wavelengths are 5Å, 10Å and 20Å. 𝑛1 𝐸1 = 𝑛2 𝐸2 ⇒ 𝑛1 = 𝑛2
𝜆1 𝜆2
S4. hv = hv0 + Ek 𝑛1
=
𝜆1
⇒
𝑛1
=
1
𝑛2 𝜆2 𝑛2 𝟓𝟎𝟎
6.6 × 10−34 × 3 × 1015 = 4 × 1.6 × 10−19 + Ek
19.8 × 10−19 − 6.4 × 10−19 = Ek S9. Give that, only 25% of 200 W converter electrical
Ek = 13.4 × 10−19 J en into light of yellow colour
1 2 ℎ𝑐 25
⇒ mvmax = 13.4 × 10−19 ( ) × 𝑁 = 200 ×
2 𝜆 100
2×13.4×10−19 Where 𝑁 is the No. of photons emitted per sec ℎ =
vmax = √
m plank's constant, 𝑐, speed of light.
2×13.4×10−19 200 × 25 𝜆
=√ = 1.73 × 106 m/s N= ×
9×10−31 100 ℎ𝑐
S5. Energy of incident light 200 × 25 × 0.6 × 10−6
=
12375 100 × 6.2 × 10−34 × 3 × 108
E(eV) = = 3.72eV =1.5 × 1020
3320
We know that, E = W0 + eV0
(E−W ) 3.72eV−1.07eV
S10. 𝑛 → 2−1
0
V0 = = 𝐸 = 10.2eV
e e
V0 = 2.65 Volt 𝑘𝐸 = 𝐸 − 𝜙
S6. According to the Einstein’s photoelectric equation, 𝑄 = 10.20 − 3.57
1 ℎv0 = 6.63eV
𝐸 = 𝑊0 + 𝑚𝑣 2 6.63×1.6×10−19
2
𝑣0 = = 1.6 × 1015 Hz
When frequency of incident light is 2𝜐0 . 6.67×10−34