Part I: Limiting Reactants

1.
a. Given: 0.10mol BF3, 0.25mol B

2 BF3 + 3 H2→2 B + 6 HF
From the balanced equation: 2mol BF3 = 6mol HF and 3mol H2 = 6mol HF

moles of BF3 → moles of HF

6 mol HF
0.10 mol BF3 x =¿ 0.30mol HF
2 molBF3
moles of H2 → moles of HF

6 mol HF
0.25 mol H 2 x =¿ 0.50mol HF
3 molH 2
Since BF3 produces less HF, therefore BF3 is the limiting reactant.

b. molar mass of HF = 1.008 + 18.998 = 20.01g/mol

20.01 g HF
0.30 mol HF x =¿ 6.0gHF
1 molHF

6.0 g of HF will be produced since it is the limiting reagent that determine the amount of the
product produce in a chemical reaction .

2.
Given: CuCl2 = 20.0g, NaNO3 =15.0g
CuCl2 + 2 NaNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NaCl
From the equation; 1mol CuCl2 = 2mol NaCl, 2mol NaNO3 = 2mol NaCl

gCuCl2 → mol CuCl2 →molNaCl

molar mass of CuCl2 = 63.55 + 2(35.45) = 134.45g/mol

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 1 molCuCl2 2 molNaCl
20.0 g CuCl2 x x =¿ 0.298mol NaCl
134.45 gCuCl2 1 mol CuCl2

g NaNO3 → mol NaNO3 → mol NaCl

molar mass of NaNO3 = 22.99 + 14.01 +3(16.00)= 85.00g/mol

1 mol NaNO3 2 molNaCl

15.0 g NaNO 3 x x =¿ 0.176mol NaCl
85.00 g NaNO3 2 mol NaNO 3
NaNO3 is the limiting reactant since it produces fewer moles of NaCl and it determines the amount
of product.
Therefore 0.176 moles of NaCl will be the maximum amount produced in this reaction

3.
Given :1.45g C2H6, 4.50g O2
2 C2H6 + 7 O2 → 6 H2O + 4 CO2
From the balanced chemical equation; 2mol C2H6 = 4mol CO2, 7mol O2=4mol CO2

g C2H6 → mol C 2H6→ mol CO2

molar mass of C2H6 = 2(12.01) + 6(1.008) =30.07g/mol

1 mol C2 H 6 4 mol CO2

1.45 g C2 H 6 x x =¿ 0.100mol CO 2
30.07 g C 2 H 6 2 mol C 2 H 6

gO2 → mol O2 → mol CO2

Molar mass of O2= 32.00g/mol

1 mol O2 4 mol CO 2
4.50 g O2 x x =¿ 0.0800mol CO 2
32.00 g O2 7 mol O2
O2 is the limiting reactant since it produces fewer moles of CO 2

4.
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 Given : 5.0g Al2(SO3)3, 4.2g NaOH
Al2(SO3)3+ 6 NaOH → 3 Na2SO3+ 2 Al(OH)3

From the balanced chemical equation; 1mol Al2(SO3)3 = 2molAl(OH)3 ,6mol NaOH=2mol Al(OH)3

gAl2(SO3)3 → mol Al2(SO3)3→ molAl(OH)3

molar mass of Al2(SO3)3 =2(26.98) + 3(32.06) +9(16.00) = 294.14g/mol

Al 2 (SO¿¿ 3)3
5.0 g Al 2 (SO¿ ¿3)3 x 1 mol ¿¿
2 mol Al(OH )3 0.034mol Al (OH )3
294.14 g Al 2 (SO¿ ¿3)3 x ¿
1 mol Al 2 (SO¿ ¿ 3)3=¿ ¿

gNaOH→molNaOH→molAl(OH)3

molar mass of NaOH=22.99+ 16+1.008 = 40.00g/mol

1 molNaOH 2 mol Al (OH )3

4. 2 g NaOH x x =¿ 0.035 mol Al (OH )3
40.00 g NaOH 6 mol NaOH

Al2(SO3)3 is limiting reactant since it yields fewer moles of Al(OH )3 .

Therefore, 0.034 moles of Al(OH)3 will be produced since it is a limiting reactant that determine
the amount of product produced.

5.
Given: 5.0g Zn, 2.4g MoO3
3 Zn +2 MoO3 → Mo2O3 + 3 ZnO
From the balanced chemical equation; 3mol Zn = 3mol ZnO, 2mol MoO3 = 3mol ZnO

gZn→molZn→mol ZnO
molar mass of Zn=65.38g/mol

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 1 molZn 3 ZnO
5.0 g Zn x x =¿ 0.076 mol ZnO
65.38 g Zn 3 mol Zn

gMoO3 → mol MoO3 → mol ZnO

Molar mass of MoO3= 95.95 + 3(16) = 143.95g/mol

1 mol MoO3 3 ZnO

2.4 g MoO3 x x =¿ 0.025mol ZnO
143.95 g MoO 3 2 mol MoO3
MoO3 is the limiting reactant since it produces fewer moles of ZnO

6.
Given: 2.34g I2O5, 3.40g CO
I2O5 +5 CO →5 CO2 + I2
From the balanced chemical equation; 1mol I2O5,=5mol CO2, 5mol CO=5mol CO2

Molar mass of CO2 = 12.01+2(16.00) = 44.01g/mol

g I2O5 → mol I 2O5→ mol CO2→ g CO2

molar mass of I2O5 = 2(126.90) + 5(16.00) =333.80g/mol

Molar mass of CO2 = 12.01+2(16.00) = 44.01g/mol

1 mol I 2 O5 5 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO 2

2.34 g I 2 O5 x x x =¿ 1.54 g CO 2
333.80 g I 2 O5 1 mol I 2 O5 1 mol CO 2

g CO→molCO→molCO2→gCO2
molar mass of CO=12.01+16.00 = 28.01g/mol

Molar mass of CO2 = 12.01+2(16.00) = 44.01g/mol

1 molCO 5 mol CO 2 44.01 g CO2

3.40 gCO x x x =¿ 5.34 g CO 2
28.01 g CO 5 mol CO 1 mol CO 2

I2O5 is the limiting reacting since it produces less amount of CO 2, there for 1 .5 4 g of CO2 is
produced. This is because limiting reactant limit the amount of product produced in a chemical
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reaction.

7.
Given: 3.4gC3H8, 3.4g O2
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
From the balanced chemical equation ;1mol C3H8 = 4mol H2O, 5mol O2 = 4mol H2O

gC3H8→ molC3H8 →mol H2O→g H2O

Molar mass of C3H8 = 3(12.01) + 8(1.008)=44.09g/mol

Molar mass of H2O = 2(1.008)+16.00= 18.02g/mol

1 mol C 3 H 8 4 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O

3.4 g C 3 H 8 x x x =¿ 5.6g H 2 O
44.09 g C3 H 8 1 mol C 3 H 8 1 mol H 2 O
gO2 → mol O2 →mol H 2 O

Molar mass of O2 = 2(16.00) = 32.00g/mol

1 mol O2 4 mol H 2 O 18.02 g H 2 O

3.4 g O2 x x x =¿ 1.5 g H 2 O
32.00 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol H 2 O

O2 is a limiting reagent since it produces less amount H 2 O and it is the one that will determine
amount of H 2 O produced .

Therefore, 1.5 g of H 2 O is produced in this combustion reaction

8.

Given: 6.71g CO , 8.00g H2

8 CO+ 17 H2 → C8H18 + 8 H2O

From the balanced chemical equation; 8mol CO = 8mol H2O, 17mol H2 = 8mol H2O

gCO→molCO→moles of H2O
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 Molar mass of CO = 12.01+16=28.01g

1 molCO 8 H2 O
6.71 gCO x x =¿ 0.240mol H 2 O
28.01 g CO 8 mol CO

gH2 → molH2 → molH2O

Molar mass of H2 = 2(1.008 )= 2.016g/mol

1mol H 2 8 H 2O
8.00 g H 2 x x =¿ 1.87mol H 2 O
2.016 g H 2 17 mol H 2

CO is the limiting reactant because it produces fewer moles of H 2 O

9.

Given ;2.67g Al, 3.5g HCl

2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3H2

From the balanced chemical equation; 2mol Al = 2mol AlCl3 , 6mol HCl =2mol AlCl3

gAl→ molAl → mol AlCl3

1 mol Al 2 mol AlCl 3

2.67 g Al x x =¿ 0.0990mol AlCl 3
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al

gHCl → molHCl → mol AlCl3

molar mass of HCl = 1.008 +35.45 = 36.46g/mol

1 mol HCl 2 mol AlCl 3

3.5 g HCl x x =¿ 0.032mol AlCl 3
36.46 g HCl 6 mol HCl

The limiting reactant is HCl since it produces fewer moles of AlCl3 and it is the one tha will limit
amount of AlCl3 produced .

Therefore, 0.032moles of AlCl 3 is produced

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 10.

Given: 9.43g As, 2.6g NaOH

2As + 6NaOH → 2Na3AsO3 + 3H2

From the balanced chemical equation; 2mol As = 3mol H2, 6mol NaOH = 3mol H2

G As→mol As→mol H2→ g H 2

1mol As 3 mol H 2 2.016 g H 2

9.43 g As x x x =¿ 0.381 g H 2
74.92 g As 2 mol As 1 mol H 2

gNaOH→mol NaOH→mol H 2 → g H 2

molar mass of NaOH = 22.99 + 16.00 +1.008 = 40.00g/mol

1molNaOH 3 mol H 2 2.016 g H 2

2.6 g NaOH x x x =¿ 0.066g H 2
40.00 g NaOH 6 mol NaOH 1 mol H 2

NaOH is the limiting reactant because it produced less small amount of moles of H 2 . Therefore
0.066 g of H 2 is produced in this reaction , since it is a limiting reactant that determine the amount
of product produced in a chemical reaction

PART II: Precipitation Reactions

Question one
 Reaction 1 forms a precipitate
−¿¿
 Ions present in lead(II) nitrate solution are: Pb2+¿ ¿ and NO 3
+¿¿ −¿¿
 Ions present in sodium chloride solution are: Na and Cl
 When the two solutions are mixed, Pb2+¿ ¿ combines with Cl−¿¿ to form lead (II) chloride
precipitate, PbCl2
 A precipitate forms because PbCl2 is insoluble in water, according to the solubility
rules.

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  On the other hand, Reaction 2 does not form a precipitate.

¿
 Ions present in iron(II) sulphate solution are: Fe2 +¿¿ and SO 2−¿
4
−¿¿
 Ions present in magnesium nitrate solution are: Mg
2+¿¿
and NO 3
 When the two solutions are mixed, iron (II) nitrate, Fe(NO ¿¿ 3)2 ¿ and magnesium sulphate,
Mg SO 4 are formed.
 According to the solubility rules, both Fe(NO ¿¿ 3)2 ¿ and MgSO 4 are soluble in water, so
no precipitate forms.

Question two

(a)

Solutions that are mixed Name of the precipitate, or no precipitate

i Silver nitrate + calcium chloride Silver chloride precipitate , AgCl
ii Potassium sulfate + iron(II) nitrate No precipitate
iii Calcium nitrate + sodium sulfate Calcium sulphate precipitate, CaSO 4

−¿ ( aq ) → AgCl(s )¿
(b) Ag+¿ ( aq)+Cl ¿

Question three
Lead nitrate + potassium chloride → Lead chloride + potassium nitrate

Question four
(a) A white precipitate forms, and the pale green colour of the iron (II) sulphate fades. The white
precipitate is barium sulphate.
(b) This is a precipitation reaction.
¿
(c) Barium ions ( Ba2+¿¿ ) react with sulphate ions ( SO 2−¿
4 ) to form barium sulphate ( Ba SO4 ), a
white precipitate.
Net ionic equation: Ba2+¿¿ (aq) + SO2−¿¿
4 (aq) → Ba SO 4 (s)
Question five
(a)
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 Solutions that are mixed Name of the precipitate, or no precipitate
i Sodium chloride and copper nitrate No precipitate
ii Lead nitrate and potassium chloride Lead(II) chloride precipitate, PbCl2
iii potassium hydroxide and magnesium Magnesium hydroxide precipitate, Mg(OH)2
sulfate

(b) Pb2+¿(aq)¿ + 2Cl−¿(aq)¿ → PbCl2 ( s)

Question six
Barium chloride + magnesium sulphate → barium sulphate + magnesium chloride

Question seven

Question eight

Question nine
(a)
Solutions that are mixed Name of the precipitate, or no precipitate
i Calcium nitrate and sodium sulfate Calcium sulphate precipitate, Ca SO 4
ii Copper chloride and potassium Copper hydroxide precipitate, Cu(OH)2
hydroxide
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 iii Magnesium sulfate and sodium No precipitate
chloride

(b) Ca2+¿ ¿(aq) + SO2−¿¿

4 (aq) → Ca SO 4 (s)
Question ten
Magnesium chloride + sodium hydroxide → magnesium hydroxide + sodium chloride
Question eleven
i. A green precipitate forms. The precipitate is iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH )2(s)
ii. The green precipitate forms because iron (II) ions ( Fe2 +¿¿) from iron (II) nitrate react
with hydroxide ions (OH −¿¿) from sodium hydroxide to produce insoluble iron (II)
hydroxide, Fe(OH )2(s), which is a green precipitate.
iii. Fe
2 +¿(aq )¿
+ 2OH −¿(aq)¿ → Fe(OH )2(s)

Question twelve

Question thirteen

Solutions that are mixed Name of the precipitate, or no precipitate

i Magnesium sulfate and calcium nitrate Calcium sulphate precipitate , Ca SO 4
ii Lead nitrate and sodium chloride Lead(II) chloride precipitate, PbCl2
iii potassium carbonate and zinc sulfate Zinc carbonate precipitate, ZnCO3

Question fourteen
Sodium hydroxide + magnesium sulphate → sodium sulphate + magnesium hydroxide

Question fifteen
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(a) CaCl 2 (aq)+ Na2 SO4 (aq) → CaSO 4 (s) + NaCl (aq)
(b) Cu(NO ¿¿ 3)2 (aq)+ ¿ ¿ NaOH (aq)→ NaNO3 ( aq )+ ¿ Cu(OH )2 (s)

Question sixteen
(a)A reddish-brown precipitate will be observed. The precipitate is iron(III) hydroxide, Fe(OH )3
(b) The balanced chemical equation is: Fe Cl3 (aq )+¿ 3 NaOH (aq)→ Fe ( OH )3 (s)+ NaCl(aq)

Question seventeen
 When a solution of potassium hydroxide is added to a solution of calcium nitrate, a white
precipitate is observed.
 This precipitate is calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH )2, which forms due to a double displacement
(precipitation) reaction.
 In this reaction, the calcium ions (Ca2+¿ ¿) from calcium nitrate react with hydroxide ions (OH −¿¿)
from potassium hydroxide to form the slightly soluble calcium hydroxide, which is a white
principate.
−¿¿
 The potassium (K⁺) and nitrate ( NO 3 ) ions remain dissolved in solution and do not participate
directly in the reaction; they are spectator ions.
The balanced net ionic equation for this reaction is:
Ca
2+¿(aq)¿
+ 2OH −¿(aq)¿ → Ca(OH )2 (s)

Question eighteen
 When a fresh solution of iron (II) sulphate is added to a solution of potassium carbonate, a
green precipitate is observed.
 This precipitate is iron (II) carbonate, Fe CO3 (s), which forms as a result of a precipitation
reaction.
 In this reaction, the Fe2 +¿¿ ions from the iron (II) sulphate react with the ¿ ) ions from the
potassium carbonate to form the insoluble iron (II) carbonate, Fe CO3 (s), which is a green
precipitate
+¿ ¿ ¿
 The potassium ( K ) and sulphate ( SO 2−¿
4 ) ions remain in solution as spectator ions and do
not participate in the formation of the precipitate.
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  The balanced net ionic equation for the reaction is:
Fe
2 +¿¿
(aq) +CO 2−¿¿
3 (aq) → Fe CO3 (s)
Question nineteen
 When a solution of calcium nitrate is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide, a white
precipitate forms.
 This precipitate is calcium hydroxide,Ca(OH )2 produced through a precipitation reaction.
−¿¿
 The calcium ions (Ca2+¿ ¿) from calcium nitrate react with hydroxide ions (OH ) from
sodium hydroxide to form the slightly soluble calcium hydroxide, which is a white
precipitate.
−¿¿
 The sodium ( Na+¿¿) and nitrate ( NO 3 ) ions remain in solution as spectator ions and do not
take part in the actual formation of the precipitate.
 The balanced net ionic equation for the reaction is:
Ca
2+¿(aq)¿
+ 2OH −¿(aq)¿ → Ca(OH )2 ( s)
Question twenty
 When a solution of lead(II) nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride in Beaker A, a
white precipitate forms.
 This precipitate is lead(II) chloride, PbCl2 ¿), produced through a precipitation reaction.
 The lead ions ( Pb2+¿ ¿) from lead(II) nitrate react with chloride ions (Cl−¿¿) from sodium
chloride to form insoluble lead(II) chloride, which is a white precipitate.
+¿¿ −¿¿
 The sodium ( Na ) and nitrate ( NO 3 ) ions remain in solution as spectator ions and do not
take part in the actual formation of the precipitate.
 The balanced symbol equation for the reaction is: Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) → PbCl2 (s) +
2NaNO3 (aq)
 In contrast, when iron (II) sulphate is mixed with magnesium nitrate in Beaker B, no
precipitate forms.
 This is because all the possible products, iron (II) nitrate Fe(NO ¿¿ 3)2 ¿ and magnesium
sulphate ( MgSO 4) are soluble in water, thus according to solubility rules.
 Therefore, no insoluble compound is formed, and no visible change is observed.

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