CE 438- WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

(M-W-F 3:00-4:00 PM)

COMBINED SEWER SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:
MICHAEL C. CALONGCONG
VEEGAY T. KIBETE

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. / En. P. IRISMAY T. JUMAWAN, MSCE, Ph. D

January 13, 2024

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page........................................................................................................................................................ 1
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................... 2
I. Design Problem……………………………………………….……………………,............................................1
II. Site Development Plan..............................................................................................................................2
Figure 1: Site Development Plan of Josepha Country Homes.........................................................2
III. Topographic Map..................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 2: Topographic Map of Josepha Country Homes..................................................................3
IV. Design Criteria......................................................................................................................................... 4
Table 1: Technical Items and Limitations to Consider in Storm Sewer Design.................................4
Table 2: Inlet Time............................................................................................................................. 6
Table 3: Runoff Coefficient for Use in the Rational Method..............................................................7
Table 4: Commercial Pipe Sizes.......................................................................................................8
Table 5: Values of n to be used with Manning’s Formula..................................................................9
Table 6: Annual Average Precipitation in the Past Years................................................................10
Table 7: Values for Yn and Sn........................................................................................................ 11
Table 8: Reduced Variate (YT) Frequency Factor (KT) for Various Return Period.........................12
Table 9: Rainfall Depth and Rainfall Intensity for the 25-Year Return Period................................12
Graph 1: Intensity - Duration - Frequency Curve.............................................................................13
Table 10: Data and Assumption...................................................................................................... 14
V. Sewer Design Layout..............................................................................................................................15
Figure 4: Sewer Design Layout on Josepha Country Homes.........................................................15
VI. Sewer Design Layout with Direction of Flow.........................................................................................16
Figure 5: Sewer Design Layout with Direction of Flow on Josepha Country Homes.......................16
VII. Tabulation Summary............................................................................................................................17
Table 11: Location and Basic Data................................................................................................. 17
Table 11.1: Basic Data with Intensity and Flow Rate......................................................................17
Table 11.2: Basic Data with Sewer Design.....................................................................................18
Table 11.3: Sewer Design...............................................................................................................18
VIII. Detailed Computation in Excel............................................................................................................19
IX. References.................................................................................................................................42

2
 I. DESIGN PROBLEM

In the Philippines, where tropical cyclones and heavy rainfall are common, managing stormwater and
wastewater effectively is crucial to prevent flooding and protect public health. The country's
geographical location exposes it to severe weather events, leading to frequent flooding that can have
devastating impacts on communities and infrastructure. Effective management of both stormwater and
wastewater involves addressing several key challenges. Factors such as urbanization, blockage of
floodplains, and inadequately planned sewer systems in urban areas all contribute to this issue. In
addition to these factors, the management of wastewater also plays a crucial role in exacerbating
flooding. Inadequate wastewater disposal can lead to clogged waterways, further complicating drainage
during heavy rainfall events. Since weather patterns and urbanization are largely beyond control,
focusing on improving both stormwater and wastewater management systems becomes a critical strategy
for mitigating flooding. This includes designing more effective sewer systems that can handle both
sanitary wastewater and stormwater runoff efficiently to reduce environmental impacts. By addressing
these challenges, it is possible to reduce the impact of flooding and create more resilient urban
environments.

Combined sewer systems, which collect both domestic wastewater and stormwater in a single
pipe, require careful planning to ensure they do not cause environmental harm during heavy rainfall
events. The design of such a system for Circa del Mar must consider local rainfall patterns, land use, and
environmental regulations to provide a reliable and sustainable solution for managing wastewater and
stormwater. This design aims to create a comprehensive combined sewer system that not only reduces
flooding risks but also minimizes the impact of combined sewer overflows on local water bodies. By
integrating hydraulic design principles, overflow control measures, and environmental considerations,
the system will contribute to a healthier and more resilient community in Circa del Mar.

This project aims to properly design a sewer system for the Circa Del Mar in accordance
with the stated design standards. The designer's chosen standard values serve as the foundation for
the design criteria. The outcomes must match the criteria's requirements. This project also intends
to assist by creating a successful sewer system design for the issues with floods.

The following are the variables that are needed to be determined in designing the combined sewer
system.

a. Catchment Areas j. Discharge in the Pipe.

b. Runoff Coefficients k. Diameter of Pipe
c. Inlet Time l. Depth of Flow
d. Manhole Elevations m. Sewer Flow Time
e. Slope of the Pipe n. Manhole Invert Elevations
f. Rainfall Intensity o. Depth of Soil Cover
g. Average per-capita
flow
h. Infiltration/inflow
i.

1
 II. SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Figure 1: Site Development Plan of Circa Del Mar

2
 III. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

38.6
38.6
38.6 38.2
38
37.837.637.4
38.4
38.2
38 37.2
37.8
37.6 37

37.4 36.8

37.2
36.6
36.4
36.2
37
36
36.8

35.8
36.6
35.6
35.55
36.4 35.5
36.2 635.8
3 35.6 5 35.3
35.5 35.35.3
5

Figure 2: Topographic Map of Circa Del Mar

LEGEND

CONTOUR INTERVALS
EVERY 0.2 METERS

CONTOUR LINE

36.2 CONTOUR ELEVATION

3
 IV. DESIGN CRITERIA OF THE SEWER

 In identifying the minimum velocity, maximum manhole spacing, minimum size of

pipe and minimum depth of soil cover, refer on the table below.

Table 1: Technical Items and Limitations to Consider in Storm Sewer Design

Therefore, we will use:

o Minimum Velocity = 0.6 m/s

o Maximum Velocity = 3 m/s
o Maximum Manhole Spacing = 183 m
o Minimum Size of Pipe = 0.3 m
o Minimum Depth of Soil Cover = 0.6 m

 The velocity must be greater than Vmin and less than Vmax. Otherwise, change pipe slope
to pass design criteria.

 The total area of consideration is 13,673 m2.

 The design period for the estimated flow shall be twenty-five (25) year

4
 Runoff Discharge Formula:

Q = CiA

where: Q in in m3/s;
i is in mm/hr ; and
A is in m2

 To solve for flow rate and velocity, we use Manning’s Equation:

2 1
1 A
Q= AR 3 S 2 where: R =
n P

2 1
1
V = R 3 S2
n

 To solve for the diameter of the pipe, assume that the pipe is flowing full with the use
of Manning’s Equation:
2 1
m
Q= AR 3 S 2 where m is 1.486 for U.S. customary units (1 for SI units)
n

P= πD ; R=
2
πD A
A=
4 P

Therefor the formula for diameter is:

D = (mD Qn )3/8
√S 0

where: mD is 2.16 for U.S. customary units (3.21 for SI units)

Q is determined using the rational formula.; and
D is rounded up to the next commercial size pipe.

5
 Use Manning’s Equation to derive formula in getting beta, β.

Figure 3: Circular Channel Pipe

A5/3
Qn P2/3
= 1/2
S
2
β
A= πr + 1
(r2sin360-β)
360 2

πrβ
P = 180

Note: When beta is greater than 180°, the depth of flow is more than half
full, and when it’s less than 180°, the depth of flow is less than half full.

 For the Depth of Flow:

y = r – (r cos Ɵ /2) is for beta less than 180 degrees

y = r + (r cos Ɵ/2) is for beta greater than 180 degrees

 Assumed inlet time is based on the table below.

Table 2: Inlet Time

Characteristics ti
(minutes)
Densely Developed Areas 5-10
Flat Well-Developed Districts 10-15
Flat Residential Districts with widely spaced street 20-30
inlets

o Inlet time for the sewer is 5-10 minutes.

6
 For Runoff Coefficient:

Table 3: Runoff Coefficient for Use in the Rational Method

Therefore: Coefficient for residential is 0.42, and for street is 0.88.

7
 For commercial concrete pipe sizes, refer to the table

below: Table 4: Commercial Pipe Sizes

Pipe
Diameter
12 inches 300 mm

15 inches 375 mm

16 inches 400 mm

18 inches 450 mm

21 inches 525 mm

24 inches 600 mm

27 inches 675 mm

30 inches 750 mm

36 inches 900 mm

40 inches 1000 mm

8
 For values of n:

Table 5: Values of n to be used with Manning’s Formula

Min n Max
Material

Corrugated Metal Pipe 0.011 0.013

Neat Cement Surface 0.010 0.013
Steel Pipe 0.009 0.011
Wood-Stave Pipe 0.010 0.013
Plank Flumes, planed 0.010 0.014
Monolithic Concrete 0.012 0.017
Vitrified Sewer Pipe 0.010 0.017
Brick 0.014 0.017
Metal Flumes, smooth 0.010 0.015
Concrete, Precast 0.010 0.013
Cement Mortar Surfaces 0.011 0.015
Laminated Treated Wood 0.015 0.017
Plank Flumes, Unplanned 0.011 0.015
Common-Clay Drainage 0.011 0.017
Tile

Use n = 0.013 for concrete precast.

9
 Rainfall Precipitation Data:

n Year Average Precipitation (mm)

1 1985 73.188
2 1986 104.2
3 1987 52.32
4 1988 105.818
5 1989 100.623
6 1990 99.438
7 1991 73.56
8 1992 58.969
9 1993 100.678
10 1994 95.268
11 1995 115.378
12 1996 137.406
13 1997 88.643
14 1998 91.878
15 1999 185.547
16 2000 178.964
17 2001 132.053
18 2002 108.853
19 2003 134.665
20 2004 122.538
21 2005 124.49
22 2006 139.783
23 2007 139.292
24 2008 185.788
25 2009 139.03
26 2010 143.325
27 2011 196.553
28 2012 154.865
29 2013 153.713
30 2014 174.138
31 2015 94.978
32 2016 114.225
33 2017 188.339
34 2018 131.424
35 2019 123.492
36 2020 182.568
Table 6: Annual Average Precipitation in the Past Years

10
 Identifying Standard Deviation (Yn) and Mean

(Sn): Table 7: Values for Yn and Sn

Source: Putehena (2007)

From the table above:

Yn = 0.541

Sn = 1.1313

11
 Table 8: Reduced Variate (YT) Frequency Factor (KT) for Various Return Period

Return Period (T) Reduced Variate (Yt) Frequency Factor (Kt)

2 0.36651 -0.15424
5 1.49994 0.84764
10 2.25037 1.51098
15 2.67375 1.88522
20 2.97020 2.14726
25 3.19853 2.34910
50 3.90194 2.97086
75 4.31078 3.33226

100 4.60015 3.58804

Table 9: Rainfall Depth and Rainfall Intensity for the 25-Year Return Period

RETURN PERIOD
25 years
Time in
Standard Time in Rainfall Depth Rainfall Intensity
Mean Hours
Deviation (hr) Minutes (min) (mm) (mm/hr)
19.122 5.745 0.083 5.000 32.618 391.411
24.092 7.238 0.167 10.000 41.096 246.573
27.578 8.286 0.250 15.000 47.043 188.171
34.747 10.440 0.500 30.000 59.270 118.540
43.778 13.153 1.000 60.000 74.676 74.676
55.157 16.572 2.000 120.000 94.085 47.043
100.22
7 30.113 12.000 720.000 170.964 14.247
126.27
8 37.940 24.000 1440.000 215.402 8.975

12
 Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curve:

13
  Rainfall Intensity Formula from the 25-Yr IDF Curve:
i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr where: t is in hour

 For Frequency Factor (KT) and Reduced Variate (YT) Formula:

YT − ̅Y̅̅n
KT =
Sn

where: YT is the reduced

variate Sn is the reduced

Yn is the reduced standard deviation

mean,

T
YT =− ln ( T
−1
YT = −ln (ln)

where: T is the return period

 Data and Assumptions

Table 10: Data and Assumptions for each Catchment

Data and Assumption
Ground
Surface Weighted
Type of Assumed
Elevation 2 Runoff Runoff
Catchment Drainage Area (m ) Inlet time
at Coefficient Coefficient
Area (min)
Manhole Cw=(∑CA)/(∑A)
(m)
Residential 1746 0.42
1 36.4 0.59 7
Street 1058.000 0.88
Residential 1049 0.42
2 37.2 0.60 5
Street 659.000 0.88
Residential 1782 0.42
3 36.8 0.54 6
Street 638.590 0.88
Residential 1265 0.42
4 36.2 0.57 8
Street 621.030 0.88
Residential 1187 0.42
5 35.6 0.58 5
street 624.800 0.88
35.5 Residential 2289 0.42
OUTFALL 0.43 9
Street 46.91 0.88

14
 V. SEWER DESIGN LAYOUT

Figure 4: Sewer Design Layout on Josepha Country Homes

38

MH
2
L2

MH
3
L
3

MH
4
L4
M MH
H 5
L1
L5
M 6
H

OUTFAL
L

MANHOLE

SEWER LINE

MH L5
6

15
MANHOLE
NUMBER

LINE
NUMBER

16
 VI. SEWER DESIGN LAYOUT WITH DIRECTION OF FLOW

Figure 5: Sewer Design Layout with Direction of Flow on Josepha Country Homes

17
 VII. TABULATED SUMMARY

Table 11: Location and Basic Data

Location Basic Data

Manhole Length, L Area, A

Line No. Street Ci (mm/hr)
No. (m) (m2)

1 Amazon St. 1 5 45.25 2804.000 185.779

2 Beverly Hills St. 2 3 25.79 1708.000 207.256
3 Melody Drive Avenue 3 4 33.81 2420.59 152.142
4 Melody Drive Avenue 4 5 39.14 1886.410 157.583
5 Melody Drive Avenue 5 OF 8.14 1811.800 155.228
OUTFALL Melody Drive Avenue 2335.91 113.612

Table 11.1: Basic Data with Intensity and Flow Rate

Location Basic Data

Time of Intensity, i Flow Rate, Q

Inlet time, ti (mm/hr) (m3/s)
Line No. Concentration, tc
(min)
(min)

1 7 7 312.988 0.145
2 8 6 346.881 0.243
3 6 8.226260874 281.040 0.201
4 8 8.463260693 275.766 0.083
5 5 8.820342258 268.268 0.361

OUTFALL 9 9 264.684 0.580

18
Table 11.2: Basic Data with Sewer Design

Ground Surface Elevation

Pipe Depth of
Velocity
Line No. Diameter Flow, y
Manhole Elevation (m) (m/s)
Slope (mm) (m)
Upper Lower
1 36.4 35.6 0.017679558 375 2.2236 0.214
2 37.2 36.8 0.015509888 300 1.900 0.206
3 36.8 36.2 0.017746229 375 2.378 0.268
4 36.2 35.6 0.015329586 300 1.827 0.188
5 35.6 35.5 0.012285012 600 2.637 0.385
OUTFALL 35.5

Table 11.3: Sewer Design

Sewer
Design

Invert Elevation of Manhole

Line No. (m) Sewer Flow Depth of Soil
Remarks
Time, t (min) Cover (m)
Upper Lower
1 35.425 34.625 0.339 0.6 OKAY!
2 36.300 35.9 0.226 0.6 OKAY!
3 35.825 35.225 0.237 0.6 OKAY!
4 35.3 34.7 0.357 0.6 OKAY!
5 34.4 34.3 0.051 0.6 OKAY!
OUTFALL 34.3

19
 VIII. DETAILED COMPUTATIONS IN EXCEL

Line
1
Data A1 = 2804.000 m2
tc = t1 = 7
mins T = 25
yrs
S0 = 0.018
n = 0.013
c = 0.59
L=45.25m

Solving for the rainfall intensity, i:

i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr
t is in hour

i = 74.676(7/60)-0.667
i = 312.988 mm/hr

Solving for the discharge, Q:

Q = CiA
Q is in m3
/s
i is in
mm/hr A is
in m2

Q = [(0.59)(312.988)(2804)]/(3600000)
Q1 = 0.145 m3/s

Compute the diameter of pipe. Assume pipe is flowing full under gravity. Using Manning's
Equation:
m
Q = n AR2/3 S01/2
R=

20
D/4 P =
πD
m=1

21
Find diameter, D, where m = 3.21.

D = (mD )
Qn 3/8
√S0

D=( )
3.21 x 0.145 x 0.013 3/8
√0.018
D = 0.314 m
D = 313.649
mm D = 370
mm
r = 187.5 mm

Solving for actual depth of flow, y:

Solving for Beta, β:

A5/3
Qn P2/3
= 1/2
S
0.145 x
0.013 = 0.0141m3/s
√0.018

Qn
S1/ = 0.0141 m3/s
2

πr2
β 1

36 2
A= + (r2sin360-β)

π(0.188) 1
2
β
360 2
A= + ((0.188)2sin360-β)

22
A = 0.000307 β + 0.0176 sin (360 - β)

πrβ
P = 180 π(0.188)β
180
=

P = 0.00327β

23
Use excel solver.

= 0.0538
β = 196.151 degrees > 180 degrees
θ = 163.849 degrees
Therefore, depth of flow
is more than half full.

Checking.
A5/3 Qn
=
P2/3 S1/2
[0.000267(213.389)+0.0153sin (360−213.389)]5/3
[0.00305(213.389)]2/3
A5/3
P2/ = 0.0141
3

0.0141 = 0.0141

Check the Velocity,

V.
V = 1 R S0
2/3 1/2

n
A = 0.065
m2 P =
0.642 m R =
= 1 0.101 m
V
(0.1)2/3 (0.018)1/2
0.013
V = 2.2236 m/s

V is > Vmin and < Vmax, the SLOPE is OKEY. Now calculate depth of flow.

Depth of Flow, y.

h = rcos(θ/2)
h = (0.175)cos(146.611 /2)
h = 0.050 m

y=r+h
y=
0.175+0.050 y
= 0.225 m

24
Calculate Sewer Flow Time.

t = L/V
t = 45.25/2.2236
t = 20.350
sec t = 0.339
min

Invert Elevation.

Cover = 0.6 m
Pipe Diameter = 0.375 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 1 = Ground Elevation - Cover - Pipe Diameter

MH1 Invert Elevation = 36.4 m – 0.6 m – 0.35 m

MH1 Invert Elevation = 35.425 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 5 = Invert Elevation at Manhole 1 - (Pipe Slope x Length)

MH5 Invert Elevation = 35.45 m – (0.018 x 45.25 m)

MH5 Invert Elevation = 34.625 m

Check the Depth of Soil Cover.

Depth of Soil Cover = MH5 Elevation -MH5 Invert Elevation -Pipe

Diameter Depth of Soil Cover = 35.6 m - 34.65 m - 0.35 m

Depth of Soil Cover = 0.6 m OKEY!

PASSED ALL THE DESIGN CRITERIA!

25
Line 2
Data
A2 = 1708 m2
ti2 = 6 min
T = 25 yrs
S0 =
0.01551
n = 0.013
c = 0.60
L=25.7m

Determine
tc.
tc2 = 6 min
Use tc2 = 6
min

Solving for the rainfall intensity, i:

i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr
t is in hour

i = 74.676(6/60)-0.667
i = 346.881 mm/hr

Solving for the discharge, Q:

Q = CiA
Q is in m3/s
i is in
mm/hr A is
in m2
Q = [(0.60)(346.881)(1708)]/(3600000)
Q = 0.098 m3/s
Q2 = Q
Q2 = 0.098 m3/s

26
Compute the diameter of pipe. Assume pipe is flowing full under gravity. Using Manning's

Q=m
Equation:

n AR
2/3
S01/2
R=
D/4 P =
πD
m=1

Find diameter, D, where m = 3.21.

D=( )
mD Qn 3/8
√S0

D=( )
3.21 x 0.098 x 0.013 3/8
√0.01551
D = 0.278 m
D = 278.092
mm D = 300
mm
r = 150 mm

Solving for actual depth of flow, y:

A5/3 Qn
Solving for Beta, β:
=
P 2/3
S1/2
= 0.0103 m3/s
0.098 x
0.013
√0.01551

Qn
S1/ = 0.0103 m3/s
2

πr2β 1
360
2
A= + (r2sin360-β)

27
 π(0.15)2 1
β
2
+ ((0.15)2sin(360 - β)
360
A=

28
 A = 0.000196 β + 0.01125 sin (360 - β)

πrβ
P = 180 π(0.15)β
= 180

P = 0.00262β

Use excel solver.

β = 223.893 degrees > 180 degrees

θ = 136.107 degrees

Therefore, depth of flow is more than half full.

Checking.

A5/3 Qn
=
P2/3

S1/2

[0.000196(223.893)+0.011255sin(360−223.8 = 0.0103
93)] 5/3
[0.00262(223.893)]2/3
A5/3
P2/ = 0.010
3

0.010 = 0.010

Check the Velocity, V.

V=1
n R2/3
A = 0.052
m2 P = 0.586
m R = 0.088
1
V= m
(0.088)2/3 (0.01551)1/2
0.013

V = 1.9 m/s

V is > Vmin and < Vmax, the SLOPE is OKEY. Now calculate depth of flow.

29
Depth of Flow, y.

h = rcos(θ/2)
h = (0.15)cos(136.107 /2)
h = 0.0561 m

y=r+h
y=
0.15+0.0561 y
= 0.206 m

Calculate Sewer Flow Time.

t = L/V
t = 25.79/1.9
t = 13.576
sec t = 0.226
min

Invert Elevation.

Cover = 0.6 m
Pipe Diameter = 0.3 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 2 = Ground Elevation - Cover - Pipe Diameter

MH2 Invert Elevation = 37.2 m – 0.6 m – 0.3 m

MH2 Invert Elevation = 36.3 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 3 = Invert Elevation at Manhole 2 - (Pipe Slope x Length)

MH3 Invert Elevation = 36.3 m – (0.01551 x 25.79 m)

MH3 Invert Elevation = 35.9 m

Check the Depth of Soil Cover.

Depth of Soil Cover = MH3 Elevation – MH3 Invert Elevation - Pipe Diameter
Depth of Soil Cover = 36.8 m - 35.9 m - 0.3 m

Depth of Soil Cover = 0.6 m OKEY!

30
PASSED ALL THE DESIGN CRITERIA!

31
Line 3
Data
A3 = 2420.59 m2
ti3 = 6 min
T = 25 yrs
S0 =
0.01775
n = 0.013
c = 0.54
L=33.81m

Determine
tc.
tc2 = ti2 + tc (2-3)
tc2 = 8 + [25.79/(60 x 1.9)]
tc2 = 8.226 min
tc3 = ti3 = 6 min

Use tc3 = 8.226 min

Solving for the rainfall intensity, i:

i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr
t is in hour
i = 74.676(8.226/60)-0.667
i = 281.040 mm/hr

Solving for the discharge, Q:

Q = CiA
Q is in m3
/s
i is in
mm/hr A is
in m2
Q = [(0.54)(281.040)(2420.590)]/(3600000)
Q = 0.102 m3/s
Q3 = Q2 + Q
Q3 = 0.098 + 0.102
Q3 = 0.201 m3/s

32
Compute the diameter of pipe. Assume pipe is flowing full under gravity. Using Manning's

m
Equation:
Q = n AR2/3 S01/2
R=
D/4 P =
πD
m=1

Find diameter, D, where m = 3.21.

D = (mD )
Qn 3/8
√S0

D=( )
3.21 x 0.201 x 0.013 3/8
√0.01775
D = 0.354 m
D = 354.290
mm D = 375
mm
r = 187.5 mm

Solving for actual depth of flow, y:

A5/3 Qn
Solving for Beta, β:
=
P2/3 S1/2
= 0.0196 m3/s
0.201 x
0.013
√0.01775

Qn
S1/ = 0.0196 m3/s
2

πr2β 1
360 r2sin(360-β)
2
A= +

33
 π(0.188) 1
2
β
2
+ (0.188)2sin(360 - β)
360
A=

A = 0.000307 β + 0.0176sin (360 - β)

πrβ
P = 180 π(0.188)β
180
=

P = 0.00327 β
Use excel solver.

β = 230.683 degrees > 180 degrees

θ = 129.317 degrees

Therefore, depth of flow is more than half full.

Checking.

A5/3
Qn P2/3
= 1/2
S
= 0.0196
[0.000307(230.683)+0.0176sin
(360−230.683)]5/3
[0.00327(230.683)]2/3
A5/3
P2/ = 0.0196
3

0.0196 = 0.0196

Check the Velocity,

V.
V = 1 R S0 2
2/3 1/2
n
A = 0.084 m
P = 0.7549m
R = 0.112 m
1
V= (0.112)2/3 (0.01775)1/2
0.013

V = 2.378 m/s

34
V is > Vmin and < Vmax, the SLOPE is OKEY. Now calculate depth of flow.

35
Depth of Flow, y.

h = rcos(θ/2)
h = (0.188)cos(129.317/2)
h = 0.080 m

y=r+h
y = 0.188 +
0.080 y = 0.268
m

Calculate Sewer Flow Time.

t = L/V
t = 33.81/2.378
t = 14.21999
sec t = 0.237
min

Invert Elevation.

Cover = 0.6 m
Pipe Diameter = 0.375 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 3 = Ground Elevation - Cover - Pipe Diameter

MH3 Invert Elevation = 36.8 m – 0.6 m – 0.375 m

MH3 Invert Elevation = 35.825 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 4 = Invert Elevation at Manhole 3 - (Pipe Slope x Length)

MH4 Invert Elevation = 35.825 m – (0.01775 x 33.81 m)

MH4 Invert Elevation = 35.2250 m

Check the Depth of Soil Cover.

Depth of Soil Cover = MH4 Elevation - MH4 Invert Elevation - Pipe Diameter
Depth of Soil Cover = 36.2 m – 35.2250 m - 0.375 m

Depth of Soil Cover = 0.6 m OKEY!

36
PASSED ALL THE DESIGN CRITERIA!

37
 Line 4
Data
A4 =1886.410 m2
ti4 = 8 min
T = 25 yrs
S0 =
0.01533
n = 0.013
c = 0.57
L=39.14 m

Determine tc.

tc2 = ti2 + tc (2-3) + tc (3-4)

tc2 = 8 + [25.79/(60 x 1.9)] +[33.81/(60 x 2.378)]
tc2 = 8.463 min
tc3 = ti3 + tc (3-4)
tc3 = 6 + [33.81/(60 x 2.378)]
tc3 = 6.237 min
tc4 = ti4 = 8 min

Use tc4 = 8.463 min

Solving for the rainfall intensity, i:

i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr
t is in hour

i = 74.676(8.463/60)-0.667

i = 275.766 mm/hr

Solving for the discharge, Q:

Q = CiA
Q is in m3
/s
i is in

38
 mm/hr A is
in m2
Q = [(0.57)(275.766)(1886.410)]/(3600000)
Q = 0.083 m3/s

39
 Q4 =Q3 +Q
Q4 =0.201 + 0.082
Q4 = 0.283 m3/s

Compute the diameter of pipe. Assume pipe is flowing full under gravity. Using Manning's

m
Equation:

Q = n AR2/3 S01/2
R=
D/4 P =
πD
m=1

Find diameter, D, where m = 3.21.

D=( )
mD Qn 3/8
√S0

D=( )
3.21 x 0 . 2 8 3 x 0.013 3/8
√0.01533
D = 0.261 m
D = 261.034
mm D = 300
mm
r =150 mm

40
Solving for actual depth of flow, y:

Solving for Beta, β:

A5/3
Qn P2/3
= 1/2
S
0.283x
0.013 = 0.0087 m3/s
√0.01533

Qn
S1/ = 0.0087 m3/s
2

πr2β 1
360 r2sin(360-β)
2
A= +

π(0.15)2 1
β
2
(0.15)2sin(360 - β)
360
A= +

A = 0.000196 β + 0.0113 sin (360 - β)

πrβ
P = 180 π(0.263)β
180
=

P = 0.00262 β

41
Use excel solver.

β = 205.520 degrees > 180 degrees

θ = 154. 48 degrees

Therefore, depth of flow is more than half full.

Checking.

A5/3
Qn P2/3
= 1/2
S
= 0.0087
[0.000196(205.520)+0.0113sin
(360−205.520)]5/3
[0.00262(205.520)]2/3
A5/3
P2/ = 0.0087
3

0.0087 = 0.0087

Check the Velocity, V.

1
n
V= R2/3 S0 1/2
A = 0.045
m2 P =
0.538 m R =
1
V = 0.084 m
(0.084)2/3 (0.01533)1/2
0.013

V = 1.827 m/s

V is > Vmin and < Vmax, the SLOPE is OKEY. Now calculate depth of flow.

Depth of Flow, y.

h = rcos(θ/2)
h = (0.15)cos(154.48/2)
h = 0.0331 m

42
y=r+h
y=
0.15+0.0331 y
= 0.183 m

43
Calculate Sewer Flow Time.

t = L/V
t = 39.14/1.827
t = 21.425
sec t = 0.357
min

Invert Elevation.

Cover = 0.6 m
Pipe Diameter = 0.3 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 4 = Ground Elevation - Cover - Pipe Diameter

MH4 Invert Elevation = 36.2 m – 0.6 m – 0.3 m

MH4 Invert Elevation = 35.3 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 5 = Invert Elevation at Manhole4 - (Pipe Slope x Length)

MH5 Invert Elevation = 35.3 m – (0.01533 x 39.14 m)

MH5 Invert Elevation = 34.7 m

Check the Depth of Soil Cover.

Depth of Soil Cover = MH5 Elevation -MH5 Invert Elevation -Pipe

Diameter Depth of Soil Cover = 35.6 m – 34.7 m - 0.3 m

Depth of Soil Cover = 0.6 m OKEY!

PASSED ALL THE DESIGN CRITERIA!

44
Line 5
Data
A5 = 1811.800 m2
ti5 = 5 min
T = 25 yrs
S0=0.0123
n = 0.013
c = 0.58
L=8.14m

Determine
tc.
tc1 = ti1 + tc (1-5)
tc1 = 7 + [45.25/(60 x 2.2099)]
tc1 = 7.341 min
tc2 = ti2 + tc (2-3) + tc (3-4) + tc (4-5)
tc2 = 8 + [25.79/(60 x 1.9)] + [33.81/(60 x 2.378)] + [39.14/(60 x 1.841)]
tc2 = 8.820 min
tc3 = ti3 + tc (3-4)
+ tc (4-5)
tc3 = 6 + [33.81/(60 x 2.378)] + [39.14/(60 x 1.841)]
tc3 = 1.135 min
tc4 = ti4 + tc (4-5)
tc4 = 8 + [39.14/(60 x 1.841)]
tc4 = 8.357 min
tc5 = ti5 =5 min

Use tc = 8.820 min

Solving for the rainfall intensity, i:

i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr
t is in hour

i = 74.676(8.820/60)-0.667
i = 268.268 mm/hr

45
Solving for the discharge, Q:

Q = CiA
Q is in m3
/s
i is in
mm/hr A is
in m2
Q = [(0.58)(268.268)(1811.81)]/(3600000)
Q = 0.078 m3/s
Q5 = Q1+ Q4 + Q
Q5 = 0.145 + 0.286 + 0.078
Q5 = 0.506 m3/s

Compute the diameter of pipe. Assume pipe is flowing full under gravity. Using Manning's
Equation:
m
Q = n AR2/3 S01/2
R=
D/4 P =
πD
m=1

Find diameter, D, where m = 3.21.

D = (mD )
Qn 3/8
√S0

D=( )
3.21 x 0.506 x 0.013 3/8
√0.01229
D = 0.537 m
D = 537.002
mm D = 600
mm
r =300 mm

Solving for actual depth of flow, y:

46
Solving for Beta, β:

A5/3
Qn P2/3
= 1/2
S
0.506 x
0.013
= 0.059 m3/s
√0.01229

Qn
S1/ = 0.059 m3/s
2

πr2β 1
360 r2sin(360-β)
2
A= +

π(0.3)2 1
β
2
(0.3)2sin(360 - β)
360
A= +

A = 0.00079 β + 0.0450 sin (360 - β)

πrβ
P = 180 π(0.3)β
180
=

P = 0.00524 β

Use excel solver.

β = 213.067 degrees > 180 degrees

θ = 146.933 degrees

Therefore, depth of flow is more than half full.

Checking.

A5/3
[0.00079(213.067)+0.045sin
(360−213.067)]5/3
Qn P2/3 [0.00524(213.067
= 1/2
S )]2/3
A5/3
P2/ = 0.059
3

47
 = 0.059

0.059 = 0.059

48
Check the Velocity, V.

1
n
V= R2/3 S0 1/2
A = 0.193
m2 P =
1.119 m R =
1
V = 0.172 m
(0.172)2/3 (0.01229)1/2
0.013

V = 2.637 m/s

V is > Vmin and < Vmax, the SLOPE is OKEY. Now calculate depth of flow.

Depth of Flow, y.

h = rcos(θ/2)
h = (0.3)cos(146.266/2)
h = 0.085 m

y=r+h
y = 0.3 +0.087
y = 0.385 m

Calculate Sewer Flow Time.

t = L/V
t = 8.14/2.640
t = 3.083 sec
t = 0.051
min

Invert Elevation.

Cover = 0.6 m
Pipe Diameter = 0.6 m

Invert Elevation at Manhole 5 = Ground Elevation - Cover - Pipe Diameter

MH5 Invert Elevation = 35.6 m – 0.6 m – 0.6 m

49
MH5 Invert Elevation = 34.4 m

50
 Invert Elevation at Outfall = Invert Elevation at Manhole 5 - (Pipe Slope x Length)
OUTFALL Invert Elevation = 34.4 m – (0.01229 x 8.14 m)

OUTFALL Invert Elevation = 34.3 m

Check the Depth of Soil Cover.

Depth of Soil Cover = OUTFALL Elevation – OUTFALL Invert Elevation -Pipe

Diameter
Depth of Soil Cover = 35.5 m – 34.3 m - 0.6 m

Depth of Soil Cover = 0.6 m OKEY!

PASSED ALL THE DESIGN CRITERIA!

Total Discharge at OUTFALL

Data
AOF = 2335.91 m2
tiOF = 9
min T = 25
yrs c =
0.43

Determine
tc.
tc1 = ti1 + tc (1-5) + tc (5-OF)
tc1 = 7 + [45.25/(60 x 2.2099)] + [8.14/(60 x 2.640)]
tc1 = 7.393 min
tc2 = ti2 + tc (2-3) + tc (3-4) + tc (4-5) + tc (5-OF)
tc2 = 8 + [25.79/(60 x 1.9)] + [33.81/(60 x 2.378)] + [39.14/(60 x 1.841)] + [8.14/(60
x 2.640)]
tc2 = 8.872 min
tc3 = ti3 + tc (3-4) + tc (4-5) + tc (5-OF)
tc3 = 6 + [33.81/(60 x 2.378)] + [39.14/(60 x 1.841)] + [8.14/(60 x 2.640)]
tc3 = 6.645 min
tc4 = ti4 + tc (4-5) + tc (5-OF)
tc4 = 8 + [39.14/(60 x 1.841)] + [8.14/(60 x 2.640)]
tc4 = 8.408 min

51
tc5 = ti5 + tc (5-OF)
tc5 = 5+ [8.14/(60 x
2.640)]

52
 tc5 = 5.501
min tcOF = 9
min

Use tc = 9 min

Solving for the rainfall intensity, i:

i = 74.676(t)-0.667 mm/hr
t is in hour

i = 74.676(9/60)-0.667
i = 264.684 mm/hr

Solving for the discharge, Q:

Q = CiA
Q is in m3
/s
i is in
mm/hr A is
in m2
Q = [(0.43)(264.684)(2335.91)]/(3600000)
Q = 0.0737 m3/s
QOF = Q + Q5
QOF = 0.0737 + 0.506
QOF = 0.5796 m3/s

Invert Elevation.

Cover = 0.6 m
Pipe Diameter = 0.6 m

Invert Elevation at OUTFALL = Ground Elevation - Cover - Pipe Diameter

OUTFALL Invert Elevation = 35.5 m – 0.6 m – 0.6 m

OUTFALL Invert Elevation = 34.3 m OKEY!

53
 X. REFERENCES

Construction of IDF Curve. (2022, November 28).

[Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOhiibM9FQI

Anonymous, (n.d.). Elevation and Relief. Retrieved December 25, 2022,

\from https://550cord.com/land-navigation-training-fm-3-25-26/map-reading-land-
navigation- ch10/

Mays, L. W. (2011). Water resources engineering. River Street, Hoboron, New

Jersey.
Hamilton Printing Company.

Putuhena, F. J. (2007). Flood frequency analysis for Sarawak using Weibull, Gringorten
and L momentsformula. Retrieved January 4, 2023
from htttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/264889453_Flood_frequency_analysis_for
qarawak_using_Weibull_Gringorten_and_L-moments_formula

Science and Research (IJSR), Retrieved January 6,

2023, from https://www.ijsr.net/get_abstract.php?paper_id=ART2020136.

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/table-1523-runoff-
coefficients-use-rational-method-return-period-years-2-5-character-surfa-
q49435438

The Clean Water Team Guidance Compendium for Watershed Monitoring and
Assessment State Water Resources Control Board 5.1.3 FS-(RC) 2011, Retrieved
January 14, 2023, from
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e/513.pdf

42