Foreign Language — Prelim Example:

Castilian S panish Pronouns vs Latin S panish Pronouns Ella (hablar) con el profesor Lerona. (English Translation: She (to
speak) with Professor Lerona.)
English Castilian Latin
I Yo Yo Ella hablar el profesor Lerona. (Remove the infinitive conjugation and
You (Informal) Tú Tú change it to the corresponding conjugation based on the third-person
He,She,You(Formal) Él, Ella, Usted Él, Ella, Usted singular pronoun.)
We Nosotros Nosotros
You all (Informal) Vosotros (Not applicable) Ella hablé con el profesor Lerona (English Translation: S he spoke
They, You all Ellos, Ellas, Ellos, Ellas, with Professor Lerona)
(Formal) Ustedes Ustedes
Future Tense

-AR, -ER, -IR Ending Verbs Rule of Syntax: Add Infinitive Verbs (to be — In Spanish: end in AR,
ER, IR) to corresponding conjugation based on pronouns to change to
Present Tense future tense (will be)

Rule of Syntax: Change Infinitive Verbs (to be — In Spanish: end in English Pronouns S panish -AR, -ER,
AR, ER, IR) to corresponding conjugation based on pronouns Pronouns -IR
I Yo +é
English Pronouns S panish -AR -ER -IR You (Informal) Tú +ás
Pronouns He,She,You(Formal) Él, Ella, Usted +á
I Yo -o -o -o
You (Informal) Tú -as -es -es We Nosotros +emos
He,She,You(Formal) Él, Ella, -a -e -e
Usted You all (Informal) Vosotros +éis
We Nosotros -amos -emos -imos They, You all (Formal) Ellos, Ellas, +án
You all (Informal) Vosotros -áis -éis -ís Ustedes
They, You all Ellos, Ellas, -an -en -en Example:
(Formal) Ustedes
M añana (hablar) de ciencia. (English Translation: Tomorrow, I (to
speak) about science.)
Example:
M añana hablar de ciencia. (Remove the infinitive conjugation and
Ellos (hablar) español. (English Translation: They (to speak) Spanish.) change it to the corresponding conjugation based on third-person
singular pronoun.)
Ellos hablar español. (Remove the infinitive conjugation and change
it to corresponding conjugation based on third-person plural pronoun.) Mañana hablaré de ciencia (English Translation: Tomorrow, I will
talk about science.)
Ellos hablen español (English Translation: They speak S panish.)

Thus, changing from an Infinitive Verb to the Present Tense of the

Verb is as follows: Irregular Verbs — YO

Example: 3 Rules in applying conjugations of Irregular Verbs according to the

Rule of Grammar:
• -AR: Hablar (to speak)
• -ER: Comer (to eat) 1. For verbs that end in -cer and -cir, change the c to zc for the yo
• -IR: Vivir (to live) form:
▪ conocer (to know)
English S panish -AR -ER -IR
conocer + zc + o = conozco (I know)
Pronouns Pronouns
I Yo hablo como vivo ▪ conducir (to drive)
You Tú hablas comes vives conducir + zc + o = conduzco (I drive)
(Informal) ▪ crecer (to grow)
He,She,Yo Él, Ella, habla come vive crecer + zc + o = crezco (I grow)
u(Formal) Usted
We Nosotros hablamos comemos vivimos
2. For verbs that end in -ger and -gir, change the g to j for the yo
You all Vosotros habláis coméis vivís
(Informal) form:
They, You Ellos, hablan comen viven ▪ escoger (to choose) = escojo
all Ellas, ▪ dirigir (to direct) = dirijo
(Formal) Ustedes ▪ emerger (to emerge) = emerjo
▪ fingir (to pretend) = finjo
Past Tense
3. For verbs that end in -guir, change the gu to g for the yo form:
Rule of Syntax: Change Infinitive Verbs (to be — In Spanish: end in ▪ seguir (to follow) = sigo
AR) to the corresponding conjugation based on pronouns. ▪ conseguir (to get) = consigo
English Pronouns S panish -AR -ER -IR ▪ distinguir (to distinguish) = distingo
Pronouns
I Yo -é -í -í If none of the 3 Rules applied, just memorize the verbs…
You (Informal) Tú -aste -iste -iste
He,She,You(Formal) Él, Ella, -ó -ió -ió ▪ caber (to fit) yo quepo
Usted ▪ caer (to fall) yo caigo
We Nosotros -amos -imos -imos ▪ conducir (to drive) yo conduzco
You all (Informal) Vosotros -asteis -isteis -isteis ▪ conocer (to know) yo conozco
They, You all (Formal) Ellos, -aron -ieron -ieron
▪ escoger (to choose) yo escojo
Ellas,
Ustedes ▪ dirigir (to direct) yo dirijo
▪ hacer (to do, to make) yo hago
 S er Estar
Yo Soy Yo Estoy
▪ poner (to put, to place) yo pongo Tú Eres Tú Estás
Él, Ella, Usted Es Él, Ella, Usted Está
▪ saber (to know something - a fact) yo sé
Nosotros Somos Nosotros Estamos
▪ salir (to leave) yo salgo Vosotros Sois Vosotros Estáis
Ellos, Ellas, son Ellos, Ellas, Están
▪ seguir (to follow) yo sigo Ustedes Ustedes
Example: Example:
▪ traer (to bring) yo traigo Ella es alta. (She is tall) El libro está en la mesa. (The
S oy profesor (I am a professor) book is on the table)
▪ valer (to be worth) yo valgo Hoy es 27 de Febrero de 2025. El leche está frio. (The milk is
(Today is February 27, 2025) cold)
▪ ver (to see) yo veo Estoy feliz. (I am happy.)

Irregular Verbs in “Yo-go” form 2. Irregular Verbs in S panish Dar — “to give”

The irregular present tense of the verbs hacer, poner, salir, traer, S panish Pronouns Dar
tener, and vinir in “yo” form. Yo Doy
Tú Das
The verbs hacer, poner, salir and traer are regular in all forms except Él, Ella, Usted Da
for the “yo” form, usually ending with -go conjugations. M emorize Nosotros Damos
the conjugation of the following verbs: Vosotros Dais
Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes Dan
• Hacer — to do, to make
o Yo hago
o Tú haces 3. Irregular Verbs in S panish Ir — “to go”
o Él, Ella, Ud/Usted hace
S panish Pronouns Ir
o Nosotros hacemos
o Vosotros hacéis Yo Voy
o Ellos, Ellas, Uds./Ustedes hacen Tú Vas
• Poner — to put, to place Él, Ella, Usted Va
o Yo pongo
o Tú pones Nosotros Vamos
o Él, Ella, Ud/Usted pone
o Nosotros ponemos Vosotros Vais
o Vosotros ponéis Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes Van
o Ellos, Ellas, Uds./Ustedes ponen
• S alir — to go out, to leave
o Yo salgo
Note:
o Tú sales
o Él, Ella, Ud/Usted sale 1. When it answers the question “Where?”, it is usually
o Nosotros salemos followed by prepositions a / al (contraction — applicable to
o Vosotros salis masculine nouns rule) + noun (masculine “el” to change with
o Ellos, Ellas, Uds./Ustedes salen “al” / feminine to add “a” before the noun
• Traer — to bring
o Yo traigo Ir + a/al + noun
o Tú traes
o Él, Ella, Ud/Usted trae Example:
o Nosotros traemos
“I go to the park.” — “Yo voy al parque.”
o Vosotros traeis
o Ellos, Ellas, Uds./Ustedes traen “We will go to the party tomorrow” — “Vamos a la fiesta mañana.”
• Tener — to have
o Yo tengo 2. When the statement will happen, it is usually followed by
o Tú tienes prepositions a + infinitive
o Él, Ella, Ud/Usted tiene
o Nosotros tenemos Ir + a + infinitive (-ar,-er,-ir)
o Vosotros teneis
Example:
o Ellos, Ellas, Uds./Ustedes tienen
• Venir — to come “I am going to eat” — “Voy a comer.”
o Yo vengo
o Tú vienes “They are going to study in the library” — “Ellos van a estudiar en la
o Él, Ella, Ud/Usted viene biblioteca”
o Nosotros venimos
o Vosotros venis
o Ellos, Ellas, Uds./Ustedes vienen

S er, Estar, Dar, Ir

1. Irregular Verbs in S panish S er vs Estar — “to be”

S er Estar
Used for permanent, essential Used for temporary
description, identity, state/happenings, positions,
characteristics, time/date, location, ongoing action,
origin, and relationships. conditions, and emotion.
Foreign Language — M idterms Adjectives — M asculine and Feminine Rule
1. M ost of the adjectives end in -o (M asculine). To change to
Possessive Adjectives – indicate ownership. feminine, change -o to -a. To make it plural, add -s.
S panish Pronouns Possessive Adjectives
Example:
Yo M i / M is
Singular Plural
Tú Tu / Tus
M asculine Blanco Blancos
Él, Ella, Usted Su / Sus
Nosotros Nuestro(a) / Nuestro(a)s Feminine Blanca Blancas
Vosotros Vuestro(a) / Vuestro(a)s
Ellos, Ellas, Ustedes 2. If the adjectives end in -a or -e, it is considered neither masculine
nor feminine. To make it plural, add -s.
Example: M i amigo — M y friend Singular Plural
M asculine Realista Realista
Demonstrative Adjectives - demonstrate a quality about the noun Feminine Realista Realistas
they modify.
3. When the adjective ends in any consonant except n, r, or z, there
Uses of Demonstrative Adjectives: is no difference between the masculine and feminine forms, and
the plural is created by adding -es.
The use of the Demonstrative Adjective is applicable depending on the
Singular Plural
noun or pronoun if it is considered masculine or feminine.
M asculine Facil Faciles
1. This – is used to describe a noun that is at a close distance Feminine Facil Faciles
from the speaker’s point of view.
Singular (This) Plural (These) 4. When the adjective ends in z, there is no difference between the
M asculine Este Estos
masculine and feminine forms, and the plural is created by
Feminine Esta Estas
changing the z to a c and adding -es.
Singular Plural
Example:
M asculine Feliz Felices
• Esta bolsa es pesada. (This bag is heavy.) Feminine Feliz Felices
• Este cuchillo esta desafilado. (This knife is dull.)
• Este billete de avión a Cebú fue un regalo de mi amigo. 5. For adjectives that end in n or r, the feminine is created by adding
(This flight ticket to Cebu was a gift from my friend.) an a, the masculine plural by adding -es and the feminine plural by
adding -as. Peor and mejor are exceptions; they follow rule III.
2. That – is used when the noun is neither close nor far from Singular Plural
the speaker. M asculine Hablador Habladores
Singular (That) Plural (Those) Feminine Habladora Habladoras
M asculine Ese Esos
Feminine Esa Esas ¡Qué!
In an exclamation, ¡qué! is equivalent to what...! what...! or how...! It
Example: can be used with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.¡Qué! can be followed
• ¿Podrías por favor poner ese papel sobre la mesa? directly by an adjective.
(Could you please get that paper on the table?)
• Quiero ese polo Amarillo. (I want that yellow polo.) Examples: ¡Qué bonita!, ¡Qué hermoso!, ¡Qué interesante!
• Esas camisetas de bebé son lindas. (Those baby t-
shirts are cute.) Indefinite Adjectives
algún/alguna some, a few
3. That ____ over there – used when the noun is far away from
the speaker.
cada each
Singular (That) Plural (Those)
M asculine Aquel Aquellos
Feminine Aquella Aquellas cierto certain

Example: diverso various

• Aquella iglesia es donde queria casarme. (That church
over there is where I wanted to get married.) many, much, a
• Aquellos niños me recuerdan nuestros dias de escuela mucho lot
secundaria. (Those kids over there remind me of our
high school days.) other
otro
Grammar Rules in Using Adjectives:
few, a little
poco
English Grammar Word Order: Article + Adjective + Noun
some, any
Spanish Grammar Word Order: Article + Noun + Adjective Tal/Tales

• The tall boy — El niño alto all

todo
• The pretty girls — Las niñas bonitas
Varios/Varias several, some