CONTENTS

CHAPTER PARTICULARS Page No.

Acknowledgement
List of Tables i
List of Figures ii-vi
Abbreviations vii-x
Chapter-1 Introduction: A Conceptual Framework 1-57
A. Conceptual Approach based on Literature 1
Review
1. Definition of Slums 1
1.1 Definitions of the Slums According to National 3
and International Organizations
1.2 Definitions of Slums Adopted by Indian State 5
Governments
2. Classification of Slums 9
3. Slums in Space and Time 13
3.1 Relationship of Slums with Spatial Character 13
3.2 Growth of Slum along Time 15
3.3 Slumization of the Space 19
4. Status of Slums 21
4.1 Social Status of Slums 21
4.2 Cultural Status of Slums 22
4.3 Economic Status of Slums 23
4.4 Socio-Economic Status of Slums 24
4.5 Political Status of Slums 28
4.6 Health Status of Slums 29
4.7 Environmental Status of Slums 31
5. Infrastructure or Social Amenities in Slums 32
5.1 Concept of Social Amenities 32
5.2 Condition of Social Amenities in Slums 33
5.3 Housing Conditions of the Slums 34
5.4 Water Supply in Slums 36
5.5 Availability of Latrine Facility in Slums 37
 5.6 Sources of Lighting in Slums 38
5.7 Availability of Kitchen and Fuel for Cooking 38
Purpose
6. Factors of Growth of Slums 39
7. Problems and Prospects of Slums 41
7.1 Problems of Basic Amenities and Health 41
7.2 Low Income Levels of Slum People 42
7.3 Low Literacy and Low Social Status of Slum 42
7.4 Prospects of the Slums 42
B: Methodological Approach 44
8. Selection and Significance of the Study 44
9. Location of the Study Area: Varanasi City 44
10. Research Design 48
11. The Objectives of the Study 48
12. Hypothesis 49
13. Database and Methodology 49
14. Selection of Sample Household in Different 56
Sanitary Zones
15. Limitations of the Study 56
16. Organization of the Work 57
Chapter-2 Physical Personality of the Study Area 58-68
2.1 Relief 58
2.2 Drainage 58
2.3 Climatic Conditions 61
2.3.1 Summer Season 62
2.3.2 Winter Season 62
2.3.3 Rainy Season 62
2.3.4 Temperature 63
2.3.5 Relative Humidity 63
2.4 Hydrological Characteristics 65
2.5 Soils 65
2.6 Natural Vegetation 67
2.7 Fauna 68
Chapter-3 Demographic Characteristics of the Slum 69-91
Population
3.1 Population Growth of Varanasi City 70
3.2 Population Growth in Slums 76
3.3 Population Density 77
3.4 Sex Ratio of Varanasi City 78
3.5 Distribution of Slums in the Study Area 78
3.6 Family Background Characteristics of Surveyed 82
Respondents of Slum Population
3.7 Family Type and Size of the Slum Respondents 84
3.8 Family Background of Surveyed Household Slum 85
Population
3.9 Age Sex Structure 87
3.10 Conclusion 90
Chapter-4 Pattern of Migration of Slum Dwellers 92-140
4.1 Introduction 92
4.2 Type of Migration 94
4.3 In-Migration of Slum Dwellers 96
4.4 Causes of in-Migration based on the Secondary 106
Data
4.5 Spatio-Temporal Pattern of In-migration of Slum 108
Dwellers
4.6 Out-Migration of Slum Dwellers 114
4.7 Causes of Out-Migration 118
4.8 Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Out-Migration of Slum 121
Dwellers
4.9 Impact of In and Out-Migration on Socio-Cultural 127
Aspect of Slum Dwellers
4.10 Labour Force 129
4.11 Socio-Economic Development 129
4.12 Socio-Cultural Development 129
4.13 Quality of Life of Slums Dwellers 129
4.14 Pattern of In-and Out-Migration in the Study Area 133
4.15 Pattern of In-Migration in the Study Area 133
 4.16 Pattern of Out-Migration in the Study Area 137
4.17 Conclusion 140
Chapter-5 Social and Cultural Aspect of Slum Dwellers 141-204
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Social Amenities 142
5.3 Cultural Aspects of Slums 144
5.4 Status of Social Amenities in Slums of Varanasi 144
City
5.4.1 Availability of Toilet Facilities 150
5.4.2 Availability of Bathroom Facilities 153
5.4.3 Source of Lighting 154
5.4.4 Availability of Separate Kitchen 156
5.5 Language of Slum Dwellers 158
5.6 Educational Status of Respondents 159
5.7 Educational Status of Household Family Members 162
5.8 Health Condition of Slum Dweller 168
5.9 Literacy Rate of Non-Slum and Slum Population 177
of Varanasi City
5.10 Level of Social Amenities 183
5.11 Status of Health 188
5.12 Socio-Cultural Development 192
5.13 Programmes and Policies Related to 196
Infrastructure and Housing Development
5.14 Programs for Skill Development 199
5.15 Programmes Related to Education and Health 199
5.16 Programmes and Policies for Slum Upgradation 201
5.17 Conclusion 203
Chapter-6 Economic Conditions 205-264
6.1 Introduction 205
6.2 Economic Profile of the Surveyed Sampled 206
Respondents
6.3 Composition of Workforce and Occupation 206
6.4 Pattern of Economic Status of Respondent’s 220
Households
6.5 Monthly Household Income 221
6.6 Socio-Economic Status 223
6.7 Expenditure Pattern 228
6.8 Household Assets 230
6.9 Level of Economic Development 240
6.10 Level of Housing Assets 243
6.11 Level of Development of Slums 246
6.12 Awareness of Slum Development Programs 249
6.13 Programmes and Policies for Economic 250
Development of Slum Population
6.13.1 Schemes and Programs Concerning 250
Employment and Financial Inclusion
6.13.2 Insurance- or Pension-Related Programmes 252
6.14 Conclusion 252
Conclusion and Suggestions 254-264
References 265-277
Appendices
List of Publications
Personal Profile