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Lec 4 Log and Exp

The document covers exponential and logarithmic functions, defining their respective forms and properties. It includes laws of exponents and logarithms, as well as examples demonstrating how to solve equations involving these functions. The document emphasizes the domains of these functions and provides definitions for common and natural logarithms.

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zanarmziri7
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4 views

Lec 4 Log and Exp

The document covers exponential and logarithmic functions, defining their respective forms and properties. It includes laws of exponents and logarithms, as well as examples demonstrating how to solve equations involving these functions. The document emphasizes the domains of these functions and provides definitions for common and natural logarithms.

Uploaded by

zanarmziri7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

◆ Exponential Functions

◆ Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Functions

y
4
f(x) = 2x

f(x) = (1/2)x

x
–2 2
Exponential Function

◆ The function defined by


f ( x) = b x (b  0, b  1)
is called an exponential function with base b
and exponent x.
◆ The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.
Laws of Exponents

◆ Let a and b be positive numbers and let x


and y be real numbers. Then,
1. b x  b y = b x + y
x
b
2. y = b x − y
b
(b )
y
3. x
= b xy

( ab) = a xb x
x
4.
x
 a ax
5.   = x
b b
Examples
◆ Let 16 = 22x – 1. Find the value of x for .
Solution
◆ We want to solve the equation
22x – 1 = 16 = 24
◆ But this equation holds if and only if
2x – 1 = 4
5
giving x = .
2
3.2
Logarithmic Functions

y y = ex y=x

y = ln x

1
x
1
Logarithmic Function

◆ The function defined by

f ( x ) = logb x (b  0, b  1)

is called the logarithmic function with base b.


◆ The domain of f is the set of all positive numbers.
Logarithms

◆ We’ve discussed exponential equations of the form


y = bx (b > 0, b ≠ 1)
◆ But what about solving the same equation for y?
◆ You may recall that y is called the logarithm of x to the
base b, and is denoted logbx.

✦ Logarithm of x to the base b


y = logbx if and only if x = by (x > 0)
Examples
◆ Solve log3x = 4 for x:
Solution
◆ By definition, log3x = 4 implies x = 34 = 81.
Logarithmic Notation

log x = log10 x Common logarithm


ln x = loge x Natural logarithm
Laws of Logarithms

◆ If m and n are positive numbers, then


1. logb mn = logb m + logb n
m
2. log b = log b m − log b n
n
3. log b m n = n log b m

4. logb 1 = 0

5. logb b = 1
Examples
◆ Use the properties of logarithms to solve the equation for x:

log3 ( x + 1) − log3 ( x − 1) = 1
x +1
log 3 =1 Law 2
x −1
x +1 1
=3 =3 Definition of
x −1 logarithms

x + 1 = 3( x − 1)

x + 1 = 3x − 3

4 = 2x
x=2
Examples
◆ Use the properties of logarithms to solve the equation for x:

log x + log(2 x − 1) = log 6


log x + log(2 x − 1) − log 6 = 0
x (2 x − 1)
log =0 Laws 1 and 2
6
x (2 x − 1)
= 100 = 1 Definition of
logarithms
6
x (2 x − 1) = 6
2 x2 − x − 6 = 0
(2 x + 3)( x − 2) = 0 3
x=− is out of
x=2 2
the domain of log x ,
so it is discarded.

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