TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SUGARCANE BRIEF HISTORY

1.2 STATUS OF SUGARCANE IN UP

1.3 VARIETY OF SUGARCANE

1.4 SUGARCANE INDUSTRY

CHAPTER- 2 DISEASE AND SYMPTOMS

2.1 RED ROT

2.2 WILT

2.3 GRASSY SHOOT

2.4 SMUT

2.5 LEAF SCALD DISEASE

2.6 RED STRIPED DISEASE

2.7 MOSAIC DISEASE

2.8 POKKAHBOENG

2.9 RUST

2.10 SUGARCANE YELLOW LEAF DISEASE

CHAPTER – 3 NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES/DISORDERS OF SUGARCANE

CHAPTER- 4 OBSERVATION

4.1 PATHOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECT

CHAPTER- 5 RESULT

CHAPTER- 6 CONCLUSION

CHAPTER- 7 REFERENCE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following individuals and organization for their invaluable
support and assistance in completing this research project.

First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, DR. Arun Kumar
Maurya.

For his guidance, support, and encouragement throughout the entire research process

His insights and feedback have been instrumental in shaping the direction and scope of this study.

I would like to thank the members of my research group for their valuable feedback and constructive
criticism, which helped me to refine and improve the quality of this research.

In addition, I would like to acknowledge the support and encouragement of my family and friends, who have
provided me with emotional and moral support throughout of this challenging journey.

Thank you for all your invaluable contributions to this project.

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 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

Scientific name

Saccharum officinarum

Family Poaceae

Sugarcane is a most important cash crop of India. It involves less risk and farmers are assured up to some
extent about return even in adverse condition. Sugarcane provides raw materials for the second largest agro-
based industry after textile. The sugar industry is instrumental in generating sizable employment for farmers,
and their dependents are engaged in sugar factories and allied industries. The rural areas by mobilizing rural
resources, generating employment and enhancing farm income.

There are 716 installed sugar factories (Co-operative -326, Private -347 and Public -43) in the country as on
31.01.2016, with sufficient crushing capacity to produce around 330 lakh MT of sugar.

Brief History of Sugarcane

Sugarcane was an ancient crop of the Austronesian and Papuan people. It was introduced to Polynesia, Island
Melanesia, and Madagascar in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. It was also introduced

to southern China and India by Austronesian traders around 1200 to 1000 BC. The Persians and Greeks
encountered the famous “reeds that produce honey without bees” in India between the sixth and fourth
centuries BC. They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture Merchants began to trade in sugar , which
was considered a luxurious and expensive spice , from India . In the 18 thcentury , sugarcane plantations
began in the Caribbean,South American , Indian Ocean, and Pacific island nations . The need for sugar crop
laborers became a major driver of large migrations ,some people voluntarily accepting indentured servitude
an others forcibly imported as slaves.

STATUS OF SUGARCANE IN UTTAR PRADESH

Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world ‘s largest crop by Production quantity,
totalling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total . Sugarcane accounts
for 79% of sugar produced globally ( most of the rest ismade from sugar beets). About 70% of the sugar

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produced comes from Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the
commercial cultivars are complex hybrids.

White sugar is produced from sugarcane in specialized mill factories .Sugarcane reedsare used to make pens,
mats, screens , and thatch .The young, unexpanded flower headof Saccharum edule( duruka) is eaten raw ,
steamed , or toasted , and prepared in variousways in Southeast Asia , such as certain island communities of
Indonesia as well as in Oceanic countries like Fiji . The direct use of sugar cane to produce ethanol for
biofuel is projected to potentially surpass the production of white sugar as an end product.

Sugar industries are shifting to the South and the West because there is a cooler climate In these areas, the
success of the cooperative movement in these areas , and higher Sucrose content in the sugarcanes cultivated
in these areas .

Sugarcane is mainly Growth in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra .This has numerous reasons , like the
proximity

of sugar mills and better transportation . However, it is observed that sugarcane cultivation is becoming
popular in the southern and western parts of India .The primary reason for this is the quality of sugar
obtained . The sugar obtained in these areas has high sucrose content and , therefore , a high demand . Also ,
the peninsular region have a cooler climate owing to the influence of surrounding water bodies . This cool
climate prevents the sugar cane from drying out ,thereby retaining their sweetness .

VARIETY OF SUGARCANE IN UP

In Uttar Pradesh, from 1918 till now, a total of 216 species of sugarcane have been approved for cultivation,
out of which 89 species are of kosha, 12 species of UP, and 20 species of kos.

AT present, a total of 54 species are approved for General cultivation in Uttar Pradesh.

CoS 96260, a high-yielding and rich sugar, early maturing sugarcane variety with moderate resistance to red
rot and smut was developed at Sugarcane Research Institute, Shahjahanpur, from a cross CoS 767 X

Co 453 and released for general cultivation in central and Western Uttar Pradesh.

INDUSTRY OF SUGARCANE

The first sugar mil in India was eastablished in the year 1903 in pratapur area of deoria district .

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Sugar has been produced in India since ancient times and then it spread to other parts of the world ,
Sugarcane is a native of tropical Indian Subcontinent abd Southeast Asia .

Most of the sugar production in India takes place at local COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS .

After gaining Independence India has made serious plans for overall industrial developmental of SUGAR
INDUSTRY.

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 CHAPTER - 2

SUGARCANE: DISEASES AND SYMPTOMS

1. Red rot

2. Wilt

3. Grassy Shoot

4. Swut

5. Leaf scald disease

6. Red striped disease

7. Mosaic disease

8. Pokkahboenf

9. Rust

10. Sugarcane yellow leaf disease

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Red rot

Disease symptoms

 The spindle leaves (3rd & 14th)) display drying. At a later stage, stalks become discoloured and
holow.
 Acervuli (black fruiting bodies) develop on rind and nodes. After splitting open the diseased stalk, a
sour smel emanates.
 The internal tissues are reddened with intermingled transverse white spots.
 Survival and spread
 In rainy season, the disease spreads so fast that whole crop dries and not a single mileable cane is
obtained
Favourable conditions

 Wilt Primary transmission through soil and diseased setts, while the secondary transmission through
air, rain splash and soil.

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Wilt

Disease symptoms

 Externaly gradual yelowing and drying of foliage, shrinkage/withering of canes.

 Internaly light to dark purplish or brown discolouration of ground tissue, pithiness and boat shaped
cavities in the middle of the internodes
 Survival and spread
 The wilt pathogens are transmitted through soil, seed pieces, wind, rain and irrigation water.
Favourable conditions

 The disease symptoms appear during the monsoon and post monsoon periods, affected plants are
present either singly or in small groups.

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Grassy shoot

Disease symptoms

 The disease is characterized by proliferation of vegetative buds from the base of the cane giving rise
to crowded bunch of tilers bearing narrow leaves.
 The tilers bear pale ye low to completely chlorotic leaves.
 Cane formation rarely takes place in affected clumps and if formed the canes are thin with short
internodes.
Survival and spread

 The grassy shoot disease is primarily transmitted through the diseased seed material (setts) and
perpetuated through ratooning.
 The MLO is readily transmitted by sap inoculation and in the field it is transmitted through infected
setts and perpetuated through crop ratooning.
 The aphids are the vectors for this disease
 This disease is also transmitted by a) mechanically by cutting knife, b) Insects (aphids, black hopper)
and c) Dodder (root parasite).

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Smut

Disease and symptoms

 Production of whip-like structure of 25 – 150 cm. from the growing point of the canes.
 Whip covered by translucent silvery membrane enclosing mass of black powdery spores.
 Initial thin canes with elongated internodes later become reduced in length.
 Profuse sprouting of lateral buds with narrow, erect leaves, especially in ratoon crop
Survival and spread

 Sugarcane smut is disseminated via teliospores that are produced in the smut whip. These teliospores
located either in the soil or on the plant, germinate in the presence of water.
 The primary transmission of the disease is through diseased seed pieces, while the secondary
transmission is through windblown spores.
 In addition, spores or sporidia, present in or on the soil surface, are also carried to different fields
through rain or irrigation water.
Favourable conditions

 Hot dry weather is suitable for the completion of disease cycle however; pathogen requires wet
conditions for development of teliospores.

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Leaf scald disease

Disease sympotms

 The disease can be latent, it can develop unseen for some time and when symptoms fi rst appear, the
plant is already seriously infected.
 The first sign of the disease is the development of “pencil lines” of white with ye low borders fo
lowing the veins on the leaf that lead to necrosis (death) of tissue.
 The term “scald” for the disease comes from areas of the leaf that loose their color and become a pale
green (chlorotic) as they fail to produce chloroplasts.
Survival and spread

 Pathogen survives in cane stubble and on agricultural implements and this is an important mechanism
of spreading the disease.
 It can also survive on grasses, including elephant grass and may be transmitted from them to
sugarcane.
Favourable conditions

 Periods of stress such as drought, waterlogging, and low temperature are reported to increase disease
severity.

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Red striped disease

Disease symptoms

 Red stripe is characterized by the appearance on the leaves of chlorotic lesions carrying dark red
stripes 0.5-1.0 mm in breadth and several mm in length, either distributed all over the blade, or
concentrated in the middle
 Several of them may coalesce to cover large areas of the leaf blade, and to cause wilting and drying
of the leaves.
 Whitish flakes occur on the lower surface of the leaf, corresponding to the red lesions on the upper
surface.
 These flakes are the dry bacterial ooze. When young shoots are affected, shoot or top rot may result.
The growing points of the shoot are yellow and later reddish with dark brown stripes on the shoots.
 If the affected plants are cut by splitting the shoot downwards, dark red discolouration of the tissues
may be seen.
 In the affected canes cavities may form in the pith region, and the vascular bundles are distinct
because of the dark red discolouration.
Survival and spread

 The disease spreads in the field by wind and rain, and by cutting, as the basal stem from which the
sets are taken is mostly free from the bacterial infection.
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Favourable conditions

 Moist humid conditions favour the development of disease.

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Mosaic disease

Disease symptoms

 Young leaves of the crown held against the light source display chlorotic and normal green area
imparting mosaic pattern.
 The chlorotic area may show reddening or necrosis.
 Leaf sheath may also display such symptoms.
Transmission

 Primarily transmitted through the diseased seed material and perpetuated through ratooning. This
disease is also transmitted mechanically by cutting knife

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Pokkahboeng

Disease symptoms

 The general symptoms of Pokkahboeng are mainly of three types;

 Chlorotic Phase: The earliest symptom of Pokkahboeng is a chlorotic condition towards the base of
the young leaves and occasionally on the other parts of the leaf blades.
 Frequently, a pronounced wrinkling, twisting and shortening of the leaves accompanied the
malformation or distortion of the young leaves. The base of the affected leaves is seen often narrower
than that of the normal leaves .
 Acute Phase or Top-Rot Phase: The most advanced and serious stage of Pokkahboeng is a top rot
phase. The young spindles are kiled and the entire top dies.
 Leaf infection sometimes continued to downward and penetrates in the stalk by way of a growing
point. In advanced stage of infection, the entire base of the spindle and even growing point showed a
malformation of leaves, pronounced wrinkling, twisting and rotting of spindle leaves. Red specks and
stripes also developed.
 Knife-cut Phase (associate with top rot phase): The symptoms of knife-cut stage are observed in
association with the acute phase of the disease characterized by one or two or even more transverse
cuts in the rind of the stalk /stem in such a uniform manner as if, the tissues are removed with a sharp
knife, This is an exaggerated stage of a typical ladder lesion of a Pokkahboeng disease.
Survival and spread

 This is an air-borne disease and primarily transmitted through the air-currents and secondary
transmission is through the infected setts, irrigation water, splashed rains and soil.
Favourable conditions

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  20-30°C temperature and the average relative humidity higher than 70 to 80% with a cloudy weather,
drizzling rains favors the growth of pathogen.

Rust

Disease symptoms

 The earliest symptoms of common rust on the leaves are smal, elongated ye lowish spots which are
visible on both the surfaces.

 These spots increase in size, mainly in length, and turn red-brown to brown in color. A narrow, pale
ye low-green halo develops around the lesions.

 When the common rust is severe, numerous lesions occur on individual leaves giving them an overal
brown or rusty appearance. These lesions coalesce form large, irregular necrotic areas and, usually
resulting in the premature death of the leaf. In such cases, the number of live leaves per plant can be
seriously reduced.

Survuval and spread

 The rust pathogen is transmitted by wind and water splash of the urediospores.

Favourable conditions

 High humidity and warm temperature favours the development of diseases.

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Sugarcane yellow leaf disease

Disease symptoms

 Symptoms of SCYLD are a yellowing of the leaf midrib on the underside of the leaf. The ye
lowing first appears on leaves 3 to 6 counting down from the top expanding spindle leaf.
 Initial symptoms of ye low leaf, with a ye lowing of the lower surface of the leaf midrib of leaves
3 to 6 counting from the top expanding spindle leaf.
 Yellowing is most prevalent and noticeable in mature cane from October until the end of harvest
in March.
 The yellowing expands out from the leaf midrib into the leaf blade as the season progresses until a
general yellowing of the leaves can be observed from a distance.

Transmission

 The virus is transmitted by aphids, Melanaphis sacchari and Rhopalosiphum maidis, in a semi-
persistent manner. The virus is also spread by planting infected seed cane.
Favourable conditions

 Dry weather conditions from October to the end of harvest in March.

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 CHAPTER – 3
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES/DISORDERS OF SUGARCANE
Nitrogen

 Die back of older leaves. Leaf blades turn light green to yellow. Short and slender stalks. Tips and
margins of older leaves become necrotic.

 Management: Soil application of N fertilizer or foliar spray of urea 1-2% twice at weekly interval.

Phosphorus

 Red and purple discolouration of tips and margins, Slender leaves. Short sand slender stalks. Poor or
no tillering

 Management: Foliar spray of DAP 2% twice at fortnight interval.

Potassium

 Yellow-orange chlorosis of leaf borders & tips. Stalks slender. Older leaves brown or “fi red”.
Spindles distorted producing “bunched top” or “fan’ appearance.

 Management: Foliar spray of KCL 1% twice at fortnight interval.

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Calcium

 Mottling and chlorosis of older leaves. Spindles often become necrotic at the leaf tip and long
margins. Rusty appearance and premature death of older leaves

 Management: Soil application of 25 Kg/acre of gypsum

Magnesium

 Mottled or chlorotic appearance at the tip and margins. Red necrotic lesions resulting in “rusty”
appearance. Internal browning of rind

 Management: Soil application of MgSO4 10 Kg/acre or foliar spray of MgSO4 2% twice at fortnight
interval.

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Sulphur

 Chlorotic young leaves. Narrower and shorter leaves with faint purplish tinge. Slender stalks

 Management: It is advisable to use sulphur containing fertilizers: Ammonium Sulphate - 24% S.

Single Super Phosphate - 12% S. Potassium Sulphate - 18% S. Gypsum - 13-18% S . Any one of the
above fertilizers at the rate of 4-8 Kg/acre.

Copper

 Green splotches with leaves eventually showing bleaching. Stalk and meristems lack turgidity.
Reduced inter-nodal length and tillering.

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Iron

 Varying degrees of chlorosis. Interveinal chlorosis from tip to base of leaves.

 Management: Soil application of 10 Kg/acre of FeSO4 or foliar spray of FeSO4 0.5% on 90, 105 and
120 days after planting.

Manganese

 Occurrence of interveinal chlorosis from leaf tip towards the middle of leaf. Bleaching of leaves
under severe deficiency.

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Boron

 Distorted leaves. Formation of translucent lesions or water sacks along leaf margins. Brittle and
bunched with many tillers. Death of apical meristem.

Molybdenum

 Short longitudinal chlorotic streaks on the top one-third of the leaf. Short and slender stalks. Slow
vegetative growth

 Management: Application of Ammonium Molybedate (54% Mo) and Sodium Molybdate (39% Mo)
are common sources of Mo to rectify its deficiency in soils and crops.

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Zinc

 Midrib and leaf margin remain green and yellowing of leaf blade. Red lesions on leaves. Reduced
tillering and shorter internodes. Thin stalks with loss of turgidity.

 Management: Soil application of 15 Kg Zinc sulphate/acre before the last ploughing.

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 CHAPTER - 4

OBSERVATION

Observation of sugarcane in traditional agriculture indicate that sugarcane may have played an essential role
in maintaining productivity and increasing resilience, particularly in the large , rainfed agricultural system
that existed on the younger islands .

We present observations and preliminary data that support Hypothesis, illustrating ways in which sugarcane
affects these cropping systems , and how its application was adopted to cropping systems within different
local Enviroment.

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 CHAPTER - 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Trends in area, production and productivity of sugarcane

In India the area as well as production of sugarcane has followed a cyclical trend from the past one decade,
however from the few years back it has shown a dampening nature fig:

The year of surplus sugar production causes glut leading to crash in the domestic prices. This creates crises
for both millers as well as farmers, leading to reduced cane and sugar production in the subsequent years.
Then the years of reduced production causes shortages leading to increased prices which again motivate the
farmers to expand the area under crop.

The causes include cyclical nature of sugar as well as sugarcanes production.

The production of sugarcane decreased from 296 million tones in 2000-01 to 234 million tonnes in 2003-04
then it is increased to 355.5 million tonnes in 2006-07, again decreased to 285 million tonnes 2008-09. Now
it has reached to 362 million tonnes in 2014-15. Similarly, area has also followed same cyclical trend and it
occupies 5 million ha area in 2014-15 .

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Over this period the sugarcane are and production has registered a significant growth rate of 1.45% and
2.15%, respectively. The yield of sugarcane has shown a quiet stagnant trend and it has witnessed a
significant growth.

The productivity pattern show that West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala come under high productivity range
because of longer duration crop and favorable climatic condition.

Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat are in medium productivity category.
While Uttar Pradesh comes under low productivity range along with the states of Rajasthan, Jharkhand,
Orissa, Uttrakhand, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh and some north eastern states.

Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra being the largest contributors in sugarcane area and production, this study
focuses on these two states only.

However, yield of sugarcane has not witnessed a significant growth rate in any of the two states. The major
factors behind the stagnant productivity of sugarcane are varietal deterioration, biotic and abiotic stresses,
declines in soil productivity, low technology adoption and climatic vagaries Thus this study highlights that
the increased production has been mainly contributed by the area expansion in major sugar producing states
of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra and in country as a whole. The low and stagnant productivity of
sugarcane over the year is a major challenge for the country`s sugar economy

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 CHAPTER - 6

CONCLUSION

This study has analysed the trend in area, production, costs, returns and profitability of sugarcane cultivation
and determined the factors contributing to sugarcane productivity.

It was revealed from the study that the yield of sugarcane has shown a stagnant trend because of varietal
deterioration, biotic and abiotic stresses, decline in soil productivity, low technology adoption and climate
vagaries. Thus, increased production of sugarcane is mainly led by the area expansion over the years.

The costs and returns analysis showed that the value of output has grown much more rapidly than that of cost
in both states, indicating the rising trend in the profitability of sugarcane cultivation over the years.

The study found relatively less mechanization and fertilizer use in Uttar Pradesh. Among all the major
components of operational cost, only fertilizers, machine labour, and irrigation cost witnessed significant
increments over the period in both the states.

The study revealed that sugarcane productivity can be increased by the more efficient use of human labour,
machines, fertilisers, and insecticides, as well as by increasing the plot size.

Thus, the present study suggests a way to increase the currently stagnant productivity of sugarcane.

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 REFERENCE

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2. Food Outlook-Sugar(2008,11).Retrived525,2009,from Food and Agriculture Organisation:
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Agriculture,New Delhi.2016
18. Solomon,S.2016.Sugarcane Production and Development of sugar Industry in India. Super Tech.,18
(6):588-602
19. Ahmed,M.and Rahman,F.2014. Changing Paradigms in Regulating and Deregulating the Sugar
Piricing Mechanism in India .Saaransh.RKG Journal of Management,5 (2):77-86.
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Tarun_Sawhney.pdf.Accessed 26 November 2016.

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