Picture of MasPsa 2nd Century BC to 1st Century AD

Plate *237, Frag 1 B-371063

The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
© 2024 Israel Antiquities Authority

CHARLIE’S
Bible Missives
(The Next War?)
from the Old Testament
A Study of Psalm 83

Oct 2024
Title: Psalm 83 [Psalm 82 LXX]
(Ninth Prayer for Judgement)

Author: Asaph (Asaph the Seer 2Ch 29:30)

Date: circa 900 B.C. during King David’s reign

Location: United Kingdom of Israel

Noteworthy Events:
Asaph (‫ ’אָ סָ ף‬Āsāp̄) is identified with the twelve Psalms and is said to be the son of Berechiah
who is said to be an ancestor of the Asaphites. The Asaphites were one of the guilds of
musicians in the First Temple. In Chronicles, it is said that Asaph was a descendant of Gershon
the son of Levi and he is identified as a member of the Levites. He is also known as one of the
three Levites commissioned by David to be in charge of singing in the house of Yahweh. In
1Ch 6:39 David appoints a man named Heman as the main musician or singer and Asaph as
Heman’s right hand assistant and the Merarites at his left hand. Asaph is also credited with
performing at the dedication of Solomon’s temple in 2Ch 5:12.
The dating of its composition is debated, but the reference in verse 9 to Assyria is seen by
many commentators as an indication that the Psalm was written during the time of Assyrian
ascendancy.
Theme:
The last Asaph psalm and the last Elohistic psalm highlights the lament of the people due to
their fear of the invasion and of Israel. However, then it reveals how God is in control of all
occurrences and prays that the current enemy will be destroyed as all the enemies of the past
were destroyed.
Some commentators connect this psalm with 2 Ch 20:1-37 and the victory won in
Jehoshaphat’s time. Others see the collection of 10 enemies set against Israel as not referring to
one specific occasion, but to the constant danger of extermination Israel lived under – relevant
in both the ancient and modern world.
End-time commentators are talking a lot about the Gog-Magog war of Ezekiel 38–39, a
prophecy that predicts a powerful confederacy, apparently led by Russia, that is destined to
someday invade Israel. Some think that its fulfillment is even knocking at our door.
But a lesser-known prophecy is gaining momentum and importance for our day: Psalm 83, in
which a different confederacy attempts to wipe out Israel. This psalm seems to be addressing
current issues in the Middle East—nations conspiring to destroy Israel.

Statistics: This is the last of the Psalms of Asaph, which include Psalms 50 and 73 to 83.

Cover Picture: MasPsa 2nd Century BC to 1st Century AD, Masada Scrolls found 1963.
 Psalm 83 STUDY
• A Bible Textual Note:
As in our previous studies we cast our net widely when we study the Word of God. This enables us to fully appreciate the breadth of God’s Word
as preserved and translated by mankind. See attached Psalm 83 Hebrew Scripture path slide for a graphic representation of a scripture
transmission history. Our main scripture sources for this will be;

The Lexham English Bible OT translation of the Masoretic Hebrew, Biblia Hebraica Westmonasteriensis (BHW) The earliest preserved
Masoretic text is from the 10th century AD which originates from the Hebrew text from the 2nd century AD.

The Apostolic Bible Polyglot of the Greek OT Greek from the 1709 Lambert LXX, 1519 Aldine Bible, Complutensian Polyglot, Vatopedi MSS
and Codex Alexandrinus. The Septuagint codices are from the 4th and 5th centuries containing the Greek Old Testament from the 2nd century BC
and some OT Greek scripture found in the Dead Sea Scrolls dating back to the 2nd century BC.

The Vetus Latina, the Old Itala OT Latin scripture traditions are from the Accordance Bible software based on Bibliorum Sacrorum Latina
Versiones Antiqua, seu Vetus Italica, Vol 1 & 2 by D. Petri Sabatier, 1743. The Old Italic manuscripts were created from the early 2nd century to
the middle of the 3rd century AD and captures the Old Greek of that period. They are significant as they are an early witness to the Greek Old &
New Testaments in circulation at that time and has no connection with Jerome’s Latin Vulgate as the Vulgate OT was made 2 centuries later
from the Hebrew and not the Greek.

• For Further Reading:

Pro:
Psalm 83, the Missing Prophecy Revealed, Bill Salus, 2013 Prophecy Depot Ministries
Isralestine: The Ancient Blueprints of the Future Middle East, Bill Salus, 2008 Prophecy Depot Ministries
Current Events and Psalm 83, David Sielaff, 2020 Associates for Scriptural Knowledge
The Magog Invasion: An Alternative View, Chuck Missler, 2010 Koinonia House Inc

Con:
Consistent Biblical Futurism, Dr. Thomas Ice, 2023 Pre-Trib Research Center
Word Biblical Commentary Vol. 20: Psalms 51-100, Marvin E. Tate, Dallas: Word Publishing, 2002
The End: A Complete Overview of Bible Prophecy and the End of Days, Mark Hitchcock, 2012 Tyndale House Publishers

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 Psalm 83 "Let us take as our possession of the Pasture Lands (or Sanctuary) of God."
LEB – BHW LXX – Septuagint VL – Vetus Latina
1 A song. A psalm of Asaph. O God, do not rest 1 O God, who is likened to you? You should not keep quiet, :1 Song Psalm of Asaph. God, who is like
silently. Do not keep silent or be still, O God. nor soothe, O God. you? Do not be silent, nor restrain God,
2 For look, your enemies roar, and those who 2 For behold, your enemies sounded, and the ones detesting :2 For, behold, your enemies have
hate you have lifted their head. you lift their head. sounded, and those who hate you have
lifted up their heads.
3 They devise cunning schemes against your 3 Against your people they deal treacherously in design, and :3 Against thy people, and against thee
people, and consult together against your consult against your holy ones. they thought counsel, and thought against
protected ones. thy saints.
4 They say, "Come, let us annihilate them from 4 They said, Come, for we should utterly destroy them from :4 They said, Come, let us scatter them
being a nation, so that the name of Israel will be out of the nations; for in no way should [be remembered the from the nation, and his name will no
remembered no more." name of Israel] any longer. longer be remembered.
5 For they have consulted together with a unified 5 For they consulted in concord together; against you [a :5 Because they thought together a plan,
purpose. They have made a covenant against you: covenant they ordained]; they arranged your testament against you,
6 the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites, Moab 6 even the tents of the Edomites, and the Ishmaelites, :6 the tents of the Idumeans and the
and the Hagrites, Moab, and the Hagarites; Ishmaelites, Moab, and the Aggarites,
7 Gebal and Ammon and Amalek, Philistia, with 7 Gebal, and Ammon, and Amalek; the Philistines with the :7 Geban, and Ammon, and Amalek, and
the inhabitants of Tyre. ones dwelling in Tyre. foreigners with the inhabitants of Tyre.
8 Assyria also has joined with them. They provide 8 For even also Assyria came together with them; they :8 For the Assyrian came together with
help to the children of Lot. Selah. became an assistance to the sons of Lot. PAUSE. them, and they became a reception for the
sons of Lot.
9 Do to them as you did with Midian, as with 9 Do to them as to Midian, and to Sisera; as to Jabin at the :9 Do to them like Midian and Sasira. And
Sisera, as with Jabin at the wadi of Kishon. rushing stream Kishon! like Jabin in the torrent of Cison.
10 They were destroyed at En-dor; they became 10 They were utterly destroyed in En-dor. They became as :10 They were scattered in Hermon, they
dung for the ground. dung for the earth. became like the dung of the earth.
11 Make their leaders like Oreb and Zeeb, and all 11 Make their rulers as Oreb and Zeeb, and Zebah and :11 You set their leaders like Oreb, and
their chiefs like Zebah and Zalmunna, Zalmunna -- all their rulers! Zebee, and Salmana, all their leaders,

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 12 who said, "Let us take as our possession the 12 Who said, We should inherit [the sanctuary of God for :12 who said, Let us inherit the sanctuary
pastures of God." ourselves]? of God.
13 O my God, make them like the tumbleweed, 13 O my God, make them as a whirlwind; as stubble against :13 My God, set them like a wheel, like
like the chaff before wind. the face of the wind! stubble before the face of the wind.
14 As fire burns a forest, and as a flame sets afire 14 as fire which shall burn up a forest; as a flame which :14 Like a fire that burns up a forest, like a
mountains, incinerates mountains. flame of fire that burns up mountains,
15 so pursue them with your tempest and terrify 15 So shall you pursue them with your gale; and in your :15 Thus you will pursue them in your
them with your storm. anger you shall disturb them. storm, and in your anger, you will disturb
them.
16 Fill their faces with shame, that they may seek 16 Fill their faces with dishonor! and they shall seek your :16 Fill their face with indignities, and let
your name, O Yahweh. name, O LORD. them seek your name, Lord.
17 Let them be ashamed and terrified forever, 17 Let them be shamed and disturbed into the eon of the :17 Let them be confounded, and be
and let them be humiliated and perish eon! And let them feel remorse and be destroyed! troubled for ever and ever, and be revered,
and perish forever.
18 that they may know that you, whose name is 18 And let them know that the name to you is, the LORD! :18 And let them know that the Lord is your
Yahweh, you alone, are the Most High over the You alone are highest over all the earth. name, you alone are the Most High in all
whole earth. the earth.

Introduction

There are two areas of discussion concerning this Psalm, first, considering if it portends to describe the future of Israel or it describes battles that
have already happened in the past. Secondly, who is Asaph and what is his connection to prophetic words?

Many theologians have speculated, alleging that it was written about the wars against the Syrians (2Sam 8:10, 1Chr 19) or to the wars with the
Ammonites and the Moabites (2Chron. 20). Some have even speculated this was fulfilled in the 6-Day war of 1967. The Psalmist lists ten
adversaries which are surrounding Israel but have they joined forces ever in a combined federation to attack Israel? Looking at these adversaries
may provide insights that can answer that question. If this is indeed prophetic when does this battle take place in the future?

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What do we discover from these Psalm readings?

1) A Psalm by Asaph; Who is Asaph? He is responsible for perhaps a dozen psalms (his name is found in the superscription of Psalms 50,
73–83). He was appointed chief over the other musicians (1Chron. 16:4–7). Asaph is often associated with David and the worship choir
(1Chron. 15:16–17 16:2–5 2Chron. 29:30 Neh. 12:46). I believe the following verse gives an insight about Asaph.
2Ch 29:30 Then King Hezekiah and the princes commanded the Levites to praise Yahweh with the words of David and Asaph the
seer. So, they offered praise with joy, and they bowed down and worshiped. LEB
2Ch 29:30 King Hezekiah and his officials ordered the descendants of Levi to sing praises to the Lord based on psalms that had
been written by David and Asaph the seer. So, they all joyfully sang praises, bowed low, and worshipped. ISV

The Hebrew for “seer” is ( ‫ )חזה‬chôzeh meaning “a beholder in a vision, a prophet” and the Greek προφητου prophetou meaning “a
forth teller of the divine, the interpreter of oracles, a prophet”.
2) God, do not remain quiet; Do not be silent and, do not be still; The prophet here is imploring God to awaken and act to come to
Israel’s aid because of the events which are about to be described. The prophet is repeating his request three times and the Hebrew
word used here for God is Elohim (‫)אלהים‬, the three-in-one God. Selah.

3) Behold, your enemies make an uproar; Some translations say tumult, rage and roar all of which are the meaning of the Hebrew hâmâh
(‫)הָ מָ ה‬. Basically, the loudness of Israel’s enemies is in direct contrast to the silence of God.

4) Those who hate you have lifted their head; The Hebrew word for hate is sânê’ (‫ )שָ נֵא‬meaning to detest, pursue with hatred or to abhor.
The phrase ‘lifted up their head’ in Hebrew nâsâʾ (‫ )נָשָ א‬means either being boastful as in pride lifts the head up, as opposed to fear. Used
together with the Hebrew word rô'sh (‫ )ראׁש‬for ‘head’ gives the connotation that the enemies are overlooking the land in boastful pride to
take it. The Greek word for ‘head’ κεφαλην kephalen means the head of the body and it is in the singular here which implies that the
whole group of enemies are acting in one accord.

5) They devise cunning schemes against your people; The word for devise yâʿats (‫ )יָעַ ץ‬which means to advise, to counsel. The Hebrew
for cunning is ‛âram (‫ )עָ ַרם‬which means to be shrewd, to be crafty or deal subtly. The word for schemes or plans is sôd (‫ )סוד‬meaning
‘secret counsel’. In modern parlance these enemies have entered into a conspiracy in secret against God’s people.
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6) Consult together against your protected ones; Consult together, wə·yiṯ·yā·‘ă·ṣū (‫ )וְ ְ֝יִ ְת ָיע ֲ֗צּו‬means ‘enter into a conspiracy’. Your
protected ones in Hebrew, ṣəp̄ūneḵā (‫)צפּונֶֽיָך‬
ְ means ‘to hide, treasure, treasure up’. It is only used here in the entire Bible. The Greek
for this is ἅγιον hag'eeon meaning ‘Holy Ones’. The Old Latin expresses these Holy Ones as “Saints”.

Some teachers today explain these hidden, protected Holy Ones as meaning the church being protected during this time during the
battle. Being that this word usage in the Hebrew is only used in this one passage here there isn’t any other verse reference that can be
correlated with other verses and there isn’t any other context here in this Psalm.
If this Psalm is future prophetic then saying the protected is the Church denies the doctrine of immanence that Jesus can return at any
time as He can’t come until this war takes place. I can only conclude this is God’s protection over His remnant in Israel.
Rom 9:27 “Isaiah cries concerning Israel, “If the number of the children of Israel are as the sand of the sea, it is the remnant who
will be saved,”

7) Come, let us annihilate them from being a nation; The word annihilate in Hebrew (‫ ) כחי‬kahad means to cut off, cut down, make
desolate, be effaced, ruined, destroyed. There is no doubt about the intentions of this confederacy. Most Bibles read this as wiped off,
erase them, destroy them and cut them off. More than one leader in modern time has said the same thing to push Israel into the sea.
8) The name of Israel will be remembered no more; This is now the first stated goal of this confederacy.
9) They consulted together in a unified purpose and have made a covenant against you; This means that they are thinking in unity
with one accord, with one heart, their thinking is the same. This shows the motivation behind them because when you get a variety of
groups together, they have as many different positions as there are groups.
Making a covenant is a serious matter not to be taken lightly. The meaning here is that they had entered into this agreement in the most
solemn manner, like under the sanctions of a religion. Since the nation of Israel is in covenant with God, then anyone who comes against
Israel is essentially also coming against God. They all act as if they are of the same mind and of the same thinking as though it came
from just one person. I think it does!!

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A Note on Location Names.
Here is a quick thought about names given to cities or regions. We have a tendency to rename things or name other places with the same
names as it suits us to the particular events surrounding locations that change hands or geo-political activities. One example is the town of
Nyen. Today it is not called by that name, but if I were to use that name for a location, I could be assured that you would have its correct location
as that was its name when it originated. We all know of St. Petersburg in Russia. If I write about this name some may get confused of the same
city in Florida, Colorado or Pennsylvania. If I use the original ancient name for the location, I can be fairly certain of directing the reader to the
correct spot.
St. Petersburg was named in 1991 after the fall of the Soviet Union, before that it was Leningrad from 1917 and before that it was Petrograd
from 1703 when Peter the Great captured it from Sweden. Sweden established a town there in 1611 called Nyen when they conquered the
area. This what the Bible does to anchor ancient names to locations to lead us to the correct spot or area and Psalm 83 is no different. It may
take some digging to find the locations. When we study the Gog-Magog war we will have to dig to discover the location of the Scythians.

10) Who are these 10 nations and where are they located?
a) The tents of Edom
b) The Ishmaelites
c) Moab
d) The Hagrites (Hagarenes)
e) Gebal
f) Ammon
g) Amalek
h) Philistia
i) The inhabitants of Tyre
j) Assyria they provide help to the children of Lot

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 Antagonists Original Tribe Historical Location Location & People Today
Regions south of Dead Sea to Palestinians and Southern
The tents of Edom (Gen 36:8) Edomites from Esau
Midian Jordanians
Havilah to Shur to Midian south
The Ishmaelites (Gen 25:18) Descendants of Ishmael Saudi Arabia
of the Edom
Regions east from the
Palestinians and Central
Moab (Num 21:11,13,15) From Lot’s older daughter southeastern shore of the Dead
Jordanians
Sea
In Gilead east from of Jordan
The Hagrites (Hagarenes) Northern Jordanians and
From Hagar/Ishmael river and opposite from the
(1 Ch 5:10) Egyptians
Ammonites, also Egypt
Ancient city of northern Hezbollah and Northern
Gebal (Eze 27:9) Inhabitants of Phoenicia
Phoenicia, also called Byblos Lebanese
Northeast from Dead Sea above Palestinians and Northern
Ammon (Deu 2:37) From Lot’s younger daughter
Nabatea & East from Gilead Jordanians
South of Canaan and into the Egyptian Arabs of the Sinai
Amalek (Num 13:29) Amalekites came from Esau
Sinai area
Philistia (Exo 23:31) Philistines descended from Ham Between Gaza and Elah Valley Gaza Strip Hamas

The inhabitants of Tyre Ancient city of southern Southern Lebanon Hezbollah

Inhabitants of Phoenicia
(Eze 27:3) Phoenicia and Southern Lebanese
Arameans of northern
Assyria they provide help to Syria and Northern Iraq Syrians
Mesopotamia from Assur of Major empire of Mesopotamia
the children of Lot (2Ki 19:36) and Northern Iraq
Shem

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11) Did all these nations ever come together in history to form a covenant with one mind to erase Israel?
Some commentaries use 2Sam 8:10 and 1Chr 19 to explain this Psalm but these only describe a war with Assyria and Ammon. Next
cited is 2 Chr 20 but the main enemies here are the Moabites, Ammonites and Meunites (from Edom).
1948 Arab-Israeli war even though had many of the Psalm 83 protagonists but they were not unified.
• They cared more for grabbing up the Palestinian areas that the British had just vacated.
• Five main Arab states were Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq sending expeditionary forces not their regular armies.
• The Palestinian force consisted of 44 men with 12 rifles, some handguns and a few kilograms of explosives.
• There was a rivalry between Egypt and Jordan of who was going to get the political credit for defeating the new state of Israel.
1967 Arab-Israeli war was probably the closest to fitting the Ps 83 description however;
• In 1965, Arab leaders, military and intelligence chiefs met secretly at the Casablanca Hotel in Morocco to discuss if they were ready
to go to war against Israel. The host was King Hassan II of Jordan and did not trust his Arab League guests. Hassan secretly
recorded the meeting and gave it to the Israelis.
• In May 30 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt, placing Jordanian forces under Egyptian command; shortly
thereafter, Iraq too joined the alliance.
• Four main Arab states bore the brunt of the battle were Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq.
• Lebanon sent two aircraft attacking once.
• Palestinians were not involved in the 6-day war.
• The Saudi army did not fight and only deployed into Jordan.
• The reason it can’t be was the Israel attacked first with pre-emptive airstrikes against the Egyptian airfields.
1973 Yom Kippur Arab-Israeli war was next major war that might fit the Ps 83 requirements but;
• Again, there was plenty of advanced warning but not heeded.
• Only two Arab states were the main fighters, Egypt and Syria.
• Jordan was left out of the planning and only sent a small force as well as the other Arab nations from the 1967 war.
• Documents reveal that Israel and Jordan had a tacit understanding that the Jordanian units would try to stay out of the fighting and
Israel would try to not attack them.
• Palestinians did some artillery attacks from Lebanon.
• The Saudi army did not fight and only deployed into Jordan.
These three wars contain some of the elements of Psalm 83 but no one war fulfills all the requirements.

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12) Do to them as you did to Midian, to Sisera & to Jabin at the wadi of Kishon; The psalmist pleas for God to destroy his enemies as
He did of the time past. The reference of the Midianites here is to their complete overthrow, as related in Num 31. Sisera was the
commander of the army of Jabin and they were conquered by the Hebrew armies under the direction of the prophetess Deborah. God
defeated the Canaanite coalition near the Kishon wadi which rises near Mount Tabor and was strewn with the dead.
13) They were destroyed at En-dor; they became dung for the ground; Endor lays in the midst of the battleground not far from Taanah
and Megiddo as mentioned in Jdg 5:19. Dung for the ground is a reference indicating that their dead bodies are also treated with the
utmost contempt and left unburied to be exposed and prey for animals.
14) Make their leaders like Oreb and Zeeb, and all their chiefs like Zebah and Zalmunna; Oreb and Zeeb are two princes of Midian who
were beheaded by Gideon’s army west of the Jordan. Zebah and Zalmunna are the kings of Midian that Gideon captured and killed them
east of the Jordan. Judges 7 & 8
15) Let us take as our possession the pastures of God; Here is the coalition’s second stated goal. There is more here which I believe also
points to when this war will take place. The Hebrew word for “pastures or pasturelands” is nâʾâh (‫ )נָאָ ה‬with the meanings “beauty,
abiding, dwelling, habitation, pasture or meadow”. The Greek word here is agiasterion (αγιαστηριον) reads as “sanctuary or altar” and
the Vetus Latin translation of the Greek means the same. This means the authors of the Greek OT and the Vetus OT translations
interpreted the meaning of that word for that time period. So, then this could alternatively read as “Let us possess ourselves of the
[house, altar or sanctuary] of God” as some bible translations do today.
[Wycliffe, UTV, KJV, Douay-Rheims, Thomson LXX, CAB, Eth Cepher, Brenton, ASV, ABP, Geneva, MLV]
This brings me to what I believe is an insight into when this war will happen. If we take the altar/sanctuary reading for this verse then this
coalition wants to take the altar of God, i.e., the temple. This would mean that the temple would have to be present in Jerusalem for this
war to happen. It has always been my opinion that the re-establishment of temple worship would be the catalyst for this war. This would
be in direct competition with the Kaaba in Mecca for the house of God on earth. Somehow this will really fire them up, perhaps replacing
the Dome of the Rock with the temple would put more fuel on the fire. Yeah that would do it. But I believe the real temple location is
supposed to be next to the ruins of King David’s palace in the City of David as described by Josephus and the so-called temple mount
was really the location of Fortress Antonia.

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 © 1976-2024 Associates for Scriptural Knowledge
16) Make them like the tumbleweed, like the chaff before wind; Normally the LEB is pretty good at being literal to the Hebrew but here it
is not so clear. Both the NASB and ESV translate galegal (‫ )ג ְַלגַל‬as whirling dust. The LXX, Vetus, Geneva and KJV read as a wheel. The
chaff before the wind gives a connotation of throwing the enemies to the winds to be scattered. Simply put, asking God to go through
them like a tornado or hurricane and scattering their remains.
17) As fire burns a forest, and as a flame sets afire mountains; The same idea is here presented in another form. No image is more
fearful than that of a fire raging in a forest. The LXX reads as a flame which incinerates mountains. This sounds like a volcano.
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18) Pursue them with your tempest and terrify them with your storm; This is a very strong storm of heavy winds and rain so powerful as
to cause terror.
19) Fill their faces with shame, that they may seek your name, O Yahweh; This is the textbook definition of being humbled. Their defeat
is so complete and overwhelming that they have nowhere to turn but to the one true God.
20) Let them be ashamed and terrified forever and let them be humiliated and perish; The Psalmist is showing the other side to those
who were not humbled to perish. It reminds me of Dan 12:2 “And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to
everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.” ESV
21) That they may know that you, whose name is Yahweh, you alone, are the Most High over the whole earth; After this battle there
can be no denying the one true God. Heb 10:31 “It is a dreadful thing to fall into the hands of the Living God!” WPNT

The next event on the prophetic horizon the Gog-Magag war of Ezekiel 38-39.

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 Psalm 83 Old Testament Transmission Paths

Masoretic Text Hebrew Path

Oldest extant manuscripts Zippora Text Voweled-Hebrew
we possess in each path Old-Hebrew 6th to 10th Cen Aleppo Codex
140-160 AD 930 AD

Jerome’s Latin
Vulgate 405AD
Latin Vulgate Path
Second Temple
Old-Hebrew 350 Codex Amiatinus
Ezra Text 716 AD
BC
Paleo-Hebrew
Syriac Peshitta
445 BC (Ezr 7:6) Syriac Peshitta Path
1st – 2nd Century AD Syriac Sinaiticus
Masada Scrolls 375 AD
Old-Hebrew
37 BC - 135 AD
Example script 409 BC Masada Scrolls Path
MasPsa
1st Century AD

LXX Septuagint Path

Ptolemy Greek P. Oxy. #1352 Vaticanus
OT 280 -120 BC 4th Century AD 325 AD

Vetus Latina
Old-Itala Vetus Latina Path
Ethiopian Pentateuch 140 – 240 AD Codex Bobiensis
10th Century BC 400 AD
Under King Menelik
Ethiopic Ge’ez Path
(maybe earlier) Ge’ez Translation Ge’ez Bible
4th to 6th Century
8th Century
B.C. A.D. 12th
6th 4th 2nd 2nd 4th 6th 8th 10th