GROWTH RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.

) VARIETIES
TREATED WITH TRICHODERMA SPP. IN A NON-CIRCULATING
HYDROPONIC SYSTEM

A Research Presented to the Research Review Committee

of the Faculty of Agriculture Program
Kapalong College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology
Maniki, Kapalong, Davao Del Norte

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Agricultural Technology

CARNECER, CHERESE CLAIRE M.

MAY 2025
GROWTH RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) VARIETIES
TREATED WITH TRICHODERMA SPP. IN A NON-CIRCULATING
HYDROPONIC SYSTEM
__________________

A Research Paper Presented to

The Faculty of Agricultural Technology
Kapalong College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology
Maniki, Kapalong, Davao Del Norte

___________________

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Degree,
Bachelor of Agricultural Technology

__________________

CHERESE CLAIRE M. CARNECER

__________________

MAY 2025
 APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “GROWTH RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT LETTUCE

(Lactuca sativa L.) VARIETIES TREATED WITH TRICHODERMA SPP. IN A NON-
CIRCULATING HYDROPONIC SYSTEM”, prepared and submitted by CHERESE
CLAIRE M. CARNECER, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Agricultural Technology, has been examined and is hereby endorsed.

RUEL B. TOREDEZ
Adviser
__________________________________________________________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

APPROVED by the Panel of Examiners in oral examination with a remark of

PASSED

ROWEL A. PEÑORA, L. Agr., MExEd.

Chairperson

JOSEPH S. TANDUYAN, L. Agr. KRISTY JANE R. MUEGNA, PhD

Member Member

___________________________________________________________________

ACCEPTED in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Agricultural Technology.

JEBUCHADNEZZAR L. SEPRADO, L. Agr, MSA, CHRA

Program Head, Agriculture Program

MARY ANN RONITH P. LIBAGO, LPT, MAEd

Director, Research and Development

RONEL G. DAGOHOY, DPA

Vice President for Research, Development and Extension
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Cherese Claire Moreno Carnecer was a Bachelor of Agricultural Technology

student at the Kapalong College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology. She was

completing her undergraduate thesis titled “The Growth Response of Different

Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma spp. in a Non-Circulating Hydroponic

System”. Born on October 08, 2002 at San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Writing a research paper is a laborious journey that demands time, patience,

effort, pressure, and unwavering dedication. The researcher has gone through

challenging and trying times while writing her thesis. She had experienced setbacks

and anticipated events. Nevertheless, she never let this thing stop her from pursuing

her dreams.

To those individuals who have extended their support and assistance to help

make this research successful, the researcher would like to express her sincerest

gratitude and wishes to express her warm and heartfelt appreciation for the success

of this research project.

First and foremost, she is deeply indebted to her research adviser, Ruel B.

Toredez, L.Agr., MSA, for his invaluable guidance, insightful feedback, and

unwavering support through the process. Moreover, his expertise, encouragement,

constructive feedback, and corrections were essential in ensuring the effectiveness

and triumph of this research undertaking.

The researcher also expressed gratitude to Rowel A. Penora, L.Agr.,

MExEd, the panel chairperson, for his inspiring leadership, steadfast support, and

constructive feedback, which greatly enhanced the researcher’s confidence and

determination to succeed.

Special thanks to the esteemed panel members, Joseph S. Tanduyan, L.

Agr., and Kristy Jean R. Muegna, LPT, MAEd., for their insightful comments and

guidance, which significantly improved the manuscript. The researcher sincerely

appreciates their expertise and insightful contributions. Additionally, appreciation is

extended to, the research statistician, for his expertise in data analysis.

The researcher extended her heartfelt appreciation to her family, including her

father Calvin A. Carnecer, her mother Leonida M. Carnecer, her siblings, her

sister-in-laws and brother-in-law for their steadfast love, both emotional and
financial support, as well as their encouragement and wise counsel, which have been

sources of strength and motivation throughout the research journey.

Additionally, the researcher extended heartfelt gratitude to her significant

other Helbrine and her friends Sheine, ate Nice, ate Nov, ate Ann for their

continuous support, encouragement, and willingness to lend a helping hand

throughout the research journey. Their invaluable contributions played a significant

role in the successful completion of this research study.

The researcher expressed deep gratitude to Kapalong College of Agriculture,

Sciences and Technology, led by Rodrigo C. Licayan Jr. DBA, for providing

invaluable support and opportunities for undertaking this educational endeavor. The

unwavering support and encouragement from the institution have been instrumental

in shaping the researcher's journey in conducting this experimental research. The

researcher is profoundly indebted to the college for their significant contribution to

academic growth and the successful completion of this project.

Finally, the researchers acknowledge and express profound gratitude to the

Almighty God the Father, to whom they owe immense gratitude for the abundant

blessings, unwavering guidance, protective hand, inner strength, profound wisdom,

and steadfast perseverance bestowed upon them throughout the entire process of

conducting this study.

-The Researcher
 DEDICATION

This study is dedicated wholeheartedly to the cherished parents, siblings, and

friends of the researcher, whose unwavering support, love, and encouragement

served as the cornerstone of strength and perseverance throughout the research

journey. Their unconditional love, both emotionally and financially, played a pivotal

role in the success of this endeavor.

Furthermore, this dedication extends to the Kapalong College of Agriculture,

Sciences and Technology (KCAST), where the researcher's educational journey

began. The institution's emphasis on excellence and community engagement has

equipped the researcher with the skills and values necessary to make a positive

impact in both local communities and the broader world.

This humble work is equally dedicated to the researcher's research adviser,

whose tremendous effort, encouragement, perseverance, guidance, and patience

have been invaluable throughout the research journey. Their mentor-ship provided

the essential foundations of experimental research necessary for presenting this

study.

Above all, the researcher dedicates this undertaking to the Almighty God, to

whom they attribute all glory, wisdom, undying love, continuous protection,

knowledge, and blessings that enabled them to embark on and complete this

research journey.

-Cherese Claire
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

FRONTPAGE I

APPROVAL SHEET II

ACKNOWLEDGMENT III

TABLE OF CONTENTS IV

LIST OF TABLES V

LIST OF FIGURES VI

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES VII

ABSTRACT VIII

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Rationale 2

Research Objectives 3

Review of Related Literature 4

Botanical Classification of Lettuce 4

Soil and Climatic Requirements of Lettuce 6

Varieties of Lettuce 7

Romaine 9

Curly Green 11

Kayla Red 12

Olga Red 14

Olmetie 15

Hydroponics 16

Nutrient Solution of Lettuce 18

 Trichoderma spp. 19

Effect of Trichoderma spp. 20

Plant Height Affected by Trichoderma spp. 22

Leaf Number Affected by Trichoderma spp. 24

Root Length Affected by Trichoderma spp. 25

Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY

Location and Duration of the Study 32

Materials 34

34
Cultural Practices and Management
34
Water Sampling and Analysis
34
Greenhouse preparation
34
Seed Preparation and sowing
Plant Spacing 35

Transplanting 36

Greenhouse Disinfection 36

Pest and Disease Management 37

Harvesting 37

Postharvest Management 37

Marketing 38

Data to be Gathered 38

Growth Parameters

Plant Height 38

Leaf Length (cm) 38

Leaf Width 38

Number of Leaves 38

Root Length 39

Yield Parameters
 Weight 39

Yield 39

Temperature and Relative Humidity 39

Economic Analysis 39

Statistical Analysis 40

Complete Randomized Design (CRD)

Honest Significance Difference (HSD)

Ethical Considerations 33

Chapter 3 RESULTS

Plant Height (cm) 34

Number of Leaves 34

Leaf Length (cm) 35

Leaf Width (cm) 36

Root Length 36

Fresh Weight 37

Fresh Yield 38

Temperature and Relative humidity 39

Economic Analysis 39

Chapter 4 DISCUSSION 41

Plant Height (cm) 41

Number of Leaves 41

Leaf Length (cm) 41

Leaf width (cm) 42

Root Length 42

Fresh Weight (g) 43

Fresh Yield (g) 43

Temperature and Relative Humidity 44

Economic Analysis 44
 Conclusion 45

Recommendation 46
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
S
A ANOVA of Plant Data

B Cost and Return Analysis

C Graphical Presentation of Means

D Field Layout

E Water Analysis

F Documentation

G Editor's Certificate

H Plagiarism Check Result from Turnitin

 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Plant Height (cm) of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated 34

with Trichpoderma spp. In a non-circulating
hydroponic system

2 Number of Leaves of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated 34

with Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating
Hydroponic System

3 Leaf Length of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated 35

With Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating
Hydroponic System

4 Leaf Width of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with 36

Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating Hydroponic
System

5 Root Length of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with 36

Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating Hydroponic
System

6 Fresh Weight of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated 37

with Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating
Hydroponic system

7 Fresh Yield of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated 38

with Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating
Hydroponic system

8 Temperature and Relative Humidity of Different Lettuce Varieties 39

Treated with Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating Hydroponic
system

9 Economic Analysis of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated 39

with Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating
Hydroponic system
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

1 Regional Map Highlighting the Research Locale 33

(Davao del Norte)

2 Experimental Layout 73

3 Water Analysis 74

4 Greenhouse Preparation 75

5 Greenhouse Disinfection and Adviser Visitation 76

6 Seedling Preparation 77

7 Adding Trichoderma spp. in the Growing box 78

with Nutrient Solution

8 Transplanting of Seedlings to the cups 79

9 Transferring of Seedlings Into the Growing Boxes 80

10 Data Collection 81

11 Harvesting 82
 ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and economic viability

of five lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties treated with Trichoderma spp. in a non-

circulating hydroponic system at Purok 3, San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte.

The experiment aimed to determine plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf

width, root length, fresh weight, and fresh yield, and to assess profitability among the

treatments. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five

treatments replicated three times: T1 (Romaine), T2 (Curly Green), T3 (Kayla Red),

T4 (Olga Red), and T5 (Olmetie).

Significant differences were observed across all parameters based on

ANOVA results. T1 (Romaine) exhibited the highest plant height (24.91 cm), root

length (42.23 cm), fresh weight (12.03 g), and fresh yield (1,708.00 g/m²), indicating

a superior growth response to Trichoderma spp. application. Although T5 (Olmetie)

had the highest number of leaves (18.40 at 21 DAT), it was T1 that achieved the best

overall performance. Environmental conditions inside the greenhouse showed an

average temperature range of 29.93°C to 41.36°C and relative humidity from 47% to

79% across the three-week growing period.

Economic analysis revealed that T1 (Romaine) had the highest gross income

(Php 366,000), net income (Php 348,393), and return on production cost (RPC) of

1978.72%, making it the most economically viable treatment. This was followed by

T5 (Olmetie) and T2 (Curly Green), while T4 (Olga Red) recorded the lowest

profitability. These findings suggest that Romaine lettuce, when inoculated with

Trichoderma spp. and grown hydroponically, can lead to enhanced growth

performance and increased profitability under controlled environmental conditions.

 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presented a comprehensive overview of the study, including its

rationale, research objectives, a review of related literature, significance of the study,

and the definition of terms which were all essential and significant in understanding

the scope and path of the study.

Rationale

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was an annual or biennial plant belonging to the

family Asteraceae that originated from the wild Lactuca serriola, widely recognized as

a popular leafy vegetable. It was typically consumed fresh and often served as the

base for green salads, providing a crisp texture and a mild, slightly sweet flavor

(Ranjana et al.,2020). However, despite its popularity as a salad crop, lettuce was

highly susceptible to various diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and

nematodes. These diseases could lead to significant crop losses, posing a major

challenge for lettuce production (Raid et al., 2023). Additionally, according to (Jahan,

2017) that chemical fertilizers had heavily contributed to a yield increase for crops;

however, applying too much or too little could cause a crop to fail and pose health

risks.

Globally, lettuce was cultivated with a production reaching about 22.2 million

metric tons in 2005, including 375,000 metric tons from Turkey (Ugur et al., 2008).

However, challenges such as disease resistance, growing conditions, and pesticide

management affected lettuce varieties worldwide. Some cultivars, like Carmesi RZ

Lolo, showed resistance to diseases like Bacterial Leaf Spot, while others, such as

Cospirina, were more susceptible (Kolleh & Basım, 2024). Hydroponic lettuce

cultivation faced additional issues, including vulnerability to diseases, pests, and

concerns over pesticide residues, though these were typically within safe limits at

harvest (Zubkova et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024). These challenges were influenced
 2

by genotype by environment interaction (GEI), where plant genetics and

environmental factors interacted (Periera et al., 2024). As the global population grew,

(Qadeer et al., 2020) traditional soil-based farming struggled to meet year-round

demand for lettuce, highlighting the need for innovative agricultural practices.

In the Philippines, the challenges surrounding lettuce production

encompassed issues like crop classification, microbial interactions, and the

introduction of new cultivars. These challenges were especially complex in regions

like Benguet, where they involved inefficiencies in the supply chain, disease risks,

and nutritional concerns. The lettuce supply chain was marked by intricate marketing

margins, where the high costs of value-added services reduced profitability for

farmers and other stakeholders, despite growing consumer demand for salad

vegetables (Fang-asan et al., 2011). Lettuce was also vulnerable to various viral and

fungal diseases, such as lettuce mosaic virus and downy mildew, which could cause

severe yield losses (Farooq et al., 2024; Raid, 2004). Moreover, the microbiome

associated with lettuce roots differed by variety, affecting plant health and stress

responses, particularly under salinity stress (Žiarovská et al., 2022). Additionally,

(Manalo et al., 2019) said that lettuce production in the Philippines remained limited,

as the crop was classified as exotic, leading to higher production costs and reduced

availability.

In order to determine the growth response of different lettuce varieties treated

with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system, a comprehensive study

of this concerning issue was urgently needed. This research was also essential for

optimizing crop yield and nutritional quality in the face of global challenges. The goal

of this research was to improve agricultural practices by investigating how the

different varieties of lettuce responded when treated trichoderma spp. in a non-

circulating hydroponic system to maximize crop yield and quality. It aided to provide

insights that could enhance sustainable agriculture practices and the search for
 3

substitute for a steady and wholesome food supply by addressing the requirement for

sustainable food systems.

Several studies, including the work by Patloková et al. (2024), entitled

“Optimization of Plant Nutrition in Aquaponics: The Impact of Trichoderma

harzianum and Bacillus mojavensis on Lettuce and Basil Yield and Mineral Status

have explored the effectiveness of biological controls, such as Trichoderma spp., in

promoting plant health and growth. Their research focused on the effect of a nutrient

solution with the addition of microbial inoculum on the growth of lettuce in

aquaponics systems using two specific lettuce cultivars and a basil. Also, the study

by Lima et al. (2022), “Response of Lettuce Cultivars to Inoculation with Trichoderma

sp” focused on cultivating different lettuce cultivars in a pot applied with different

Trichoderma spp. in a greenhouse. However, none of these studies focused on how

various varieties of lettuce responded to the combined effect of Trichoderma spp. in a

non-circulating hydroponic system, which enabled the research to fill in the gap.

The dissemination plan for this study growth response of different lettuce

varieties treated with Trichoderma spp. In a non-circulating hydroponic system

targeted academics, industry professionals, policymakers, and the public. Academic

dissemination involved peer-reviewed publications in journals like HortScience and

conference presentations. Industry and public engagement will utilized industry

reports workshops, social media, and a dedicated website to share practical

applications. Policy engagement involved policy briefs and networking with relevant

government agencies. A detailed timeline and budget will guided the process, with

success measured by publication citations, conference attendance, website traffic,

and feedback. The plan aimed for broad impact by adapting communication styles to

suit each audience.

Research Objectives

This study evaluated the growth response of different lettuce varieties treated
 4

with Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system.

Specifically, this sought to address the following objectives:

1. To assess the growth performance of various lettuce varieties,

focusing on parameters such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width,

leaf number, and root length when treated with Trichoderma spp.

2. To compare the yield of lettuce varieties, including fresh weight, total

biomass, and marketable quality under the application of Trichoderma

spp. in a hydroponic system.

3. To analyze the effects of Trichoderma spp. on nutrient uptake

efficiency and hydroponic solution stability across different lettuce

varieties.

4. To evaluate the economic viability of incorporating Trichoderma spp.

in a non-circulating hydroponic system, focusing input cost, yield

improvement, and Return on Production Cost (RPC).

5. To determine the potential of Trichoderma spp. in enhancing

resilience against environmental stressors, such as nutrient imbalance

or microbial competition in the hydroponic solution.

Review of Related Literature

The various readings and research from different books, internet websites,

and scholarly works of authors are presented in this section to provide further reading

and elaborated on the focus of the study. The literature focused on the growth

performance of different lettuce varieties applied with Trichoderma spp.

Botanical Classification of Lettuce

The taxonomic classification of lettuce, specifically Lactuca sativa L., is

organized as follows: it is categorized under the domain Eukarya, kingdom Plantae,

phylum Angiosperms, class Eudicots, order Asterales, family Asteraceae

(Compositae), tribe Cicoreae, and genus Lactuca. Within this genus, L. sativa is

closely related to wild species like L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa, all sharing a
 5

chromosome count of 2n = 2x = 18 (Alconero, 1988; Hassan et al., 2021). It is

believed that the domestication of L. sativa originated from L. serriola in the

Caucasus region, emphasizing its agricultural value and genetic variety (Wei et al.,

2021). Although the morphomaklogy and classification of lettuce have been widely

researched, little is known about the response of specific varieties to biostimulants

such as Trichoderma sp. in hydroponic conditions, especially when the cultivars are

varied. The study of the response of different cultivars of Lactuca sativa to

biofertilizers in non-circulating hydroponics may offer important insights into

maximizing nutrient management efficiency to ensure better growth efficiency. This

paper (Nguyen et al., 2022) tries to bridge this gap, providing an integrated view of

lettuce adaptability in hydroponic systems while looking into different applications

across various types of lettuce.

Lettuce is one of the largest and most diverse groupings of flowering plants,

with more than 1,500 genera and approximately 23,000 species, many of which are

prized for agricultural and medicinal purposes. In such a great family, Lactuca sativa,

cultivated lettuce, belongs to the genus Lactuca, and some of the varieties include

butterhead, crisphead, romaine, and leaf lettuce, each variety differing in the shape

of the leaves, texture, and growth habit (Trinklein, 2020). Such morphological

diversity enables the lettuce to grow in different cultivation systems, including

hydroponics. Furthermore, cultivated lettuce is believed to have its wild ancestor,

Lactuca serriola, or prickly lettuce, and domestication occurred thousands of years

ago in the Mediterranean region (Huo et al., 2019). Genetic evidence (García-Bueno

et al., 2022). supports a close evolutionary relationship between Lactuca sativa and

L. serriola, with selective breeding that amplified desirable traits such as tenderness

and flavor, making it an ideal crop for modern agricultural systems, especially

hydroponic systems that seek yield maximization.

Additionally, lettuce also produces flower heads, or capitula, characteristic of

Asteraceae, consisting of thousands of tiny florets with a high potential for copious
 6

seed production. While species of wild lettuce typically cross-pollinate, most

commercial cultivars are self-pollinating; seed is the main propagating material that is

used to breed plants and ensure genetic uniformity (Lee et al., 2016). Recent studies

(Iqbal et al., 2021 have established that the self-pollinating trait and dense

inflorescence of lettuce are factors for its commercial importance, particularly in

hydroponic indoor cultures, providing uniform growth and high yield.

Moreover, there are four basic types of lettuce varieties—romaine,

butterhead, leaf, and crisphead—with different morphological and adaptive

characteristics. For example, Romaine lettuce must grow upright and does so under

more intense light conditions, whereas Leaf prefers the variability of temperature and

light conditions (Santos et al., 2023). This variability allows different types of lettuce

to be grown under varying hydroponic conditions. Indeed, Butterhead prefers cooler

hydroponic conditions than Crisphead varieties, which prefer warmer conditions for

optimal growth.

Soil and Climatic Requirement of Lettuce

Fruits are cool-season crops. A single specific climate requirement. Also, with

direct growth and yield impact, it has specified soil requirements. Traditional lettuce

grows from soil, but hydroponic crops, including lettuce, can make adjustments to the

delivery of nutrients and environment; hence they improve growth conditions

(Bañados et al., 2019). To maximize performance across the varieties of lettuce in

hydroponics, it must know the climatic and nutritional parameters.

Furthermore, lettuce requires desirable climatic conditions; it thrives between

15 and 20°C, or 59 to 68°F. At temperatures above 24°C, or 75°F, there is a chance

of bolting, which sharply reduces the quality of the leaves and their marketability

(Klein et al., 2022). Besides the growth rate, temperature stress affects the flavor and

nutrient composition of lettuce because stressed plants tend to accumulate higher

levels of bitterness due to increased production of secondary metabolites (Yamane et

al., 2021). Thus, the need for an optimal temperature range is important in
 7

hydroponic systems, where the temperature might be more easily controlled than the

case in other systems, like soil-based agriculture.

In addition, lettuce also needs plenty of light to grow

well. A photoperiod between 12 and 16 hours per day maximizes photosynthesis and

helps in vigorous growth (Kong et al., 2020). Hydroponic systems may require

supplement lighting, especially during the months when days are short. Intensity and

quality of light have been known to impact growth characteristics like leaf size, color,

and nutrient content significantly (Jiang et al., 2019). Full-spectrum LED lights

improve the growth rates and enhance the quality of leaves when hydroponically

used in modern production systems.

Moreover, soils, in particular, require that lettuce is grown historically on well-

drained, fertile soils high in organic matter, but hydroponics has absolutely no such

requirement; instead, the primary requirement is to ensure a balanced solution of

nutrients that should provide the required macro- and micronutrients for the growth

process. Ideally, nutrient solutions used in hydroponics should have a pH between

5.5 and 6.5 to improve uptake and availability of all nutrients (Cabrera et al., 2022).

Moreover, electrical conductivity levels ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 mS/cm are

recommended to further verify the sufficiency of nutrient levels in healthy growth.

The hydroponic systems will also help eliminate any diseases and pests

carried by soil, making it easier to maintain plant health within the controlled

environment. However, proper nutrient management is crucial to preventing

deficiencies or toxicities associated with imbalanced nutrient solutions (Alcázar et al.,

2023). Monitoring the nutrient levels, pH, and EC should be monitored regularly for

optimal growth conditions in any plant. Hydroponic growth systems may improve

nutrient availability and enhance the health of root systems with beneficial

microorganisms, such as Trichoderma sp. Given the considerable and existing

knowledge about soil and climatic requirements, very little research has been done
 8

on the behavior of different lettuce varieties toward these parameters in a hydroponic

setup. Such majorities of studies were aimed at the traditional soil-based cultivation,

which does not exactly cover the specific demands of hydroponically produced

lettuce (Rojas et al., 2022). Thus, the aim of this research is to fill this gap by

estimating the growth response of the respective varieties under optimized

hydroponic conditions and thus bring valuable information to the hydroponic

horticulture discipline.

Varieties of Lettuce

Lettuce, Lactuca sativa, is grown in several types with quite different

morphological and physiological characteristics that meet various preferences for

preparation and environmental conditions. The primary types are butterhead,

crisphead, romaine, and leaf lettuce. Each type has presented differences and

variations in growth features, texture, and taste (Ryder, 2021). Understanding the

differences could help to improve the culture of these varieties, especially for

hydroponic systems because environmental variations would greatly affect growth

results.

Furthermore, butterhead lettuce is tender; the leaves are loosely arranged,

like a rosette. They require cool temperatures and will bolt, become bitter, and

possibly go to seed from heat stress. Butterhead varieties are in high demand due to

their tender texture and sweet flavor; they are quite popular among salad and wrap

fans (Lee et al., 2020). In fact, Butterhead lettuce does rather better under a

controlled growing condition, making it well suited for a hydroponic system in which

temperature and nutrient levels can be accurately controlled.

While Crisphead varieties, such as the famous Iceberg lettuce, have loosely

held together, tight-crunchy leaves form a dense head. But still, crisphead lettuce is

most favored for its crunchy texture and longer shelf life. It plays a significant role in

salads and sandwiches (Nguyen et al., 2023). However, these varieties are more

susceptible to diseases like downy mildew. Also, according to (Klein et al., 2022) that
 9

careful monitoring and management in both soil and hydroponic cultivation are

essential. Some studies have found that the Crisphead varieties perform better with

hydroponic nutrient solutions as they grow at a higher pace than cultivation in a soil-

based system.

Moreover, cos lettuce and Romaine lettuce are characterized by an elongated

leaf shape that forms tall heads. Romaine is one of the most favored lettuces,

offering robust flavor and crunch; great for Caesar salads or sandwiches (Huo et al.,

2019). This variety is more heat-tolerant than Butterhead and Crisphead types, which

allows long growing periods, particularly in warmer climates (García-Bueno et al.,

2022). Hydroponic systems can take advantage of this heat tolerance, making it

possible for growers to grow Romaine lettuce all year round, even in the case of

changing outdoor temperatures.

Leaf lettuce has several varieties, which include green leaf, red leaf, and oak

leaf types. Their big leaves are hanging and flopping with colors and textures.

Genera of leaf lettuce matures quickly and produces multiple crops that can be

harvested several times in the hydroponic system (Rojas et al., 2022). There are also

hydroponic cultivations (Iqbal et al., 2021). that allow leaf lettuce varieties to grow

faster than other varieties grown in nutrient-enriched hydroponic solutions, hence

increasing their attractiveness for hydroponic producers.

Despite the many known types of lettuce, quite little in-depth research has been done

to study the relative growth response of such varieties when they are treated with

biofertilizers such as Trichoderma sp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system. Such

knowledge can optimize hydroponic cultivation strategies because, naturally, each

lettuce variety grows differently. Filling this gap in research would be the aim of this

study: investigating the growth response of selected lettuce varieties to Trichoderma

spp. and contributing to more efficient hydroponic practices.

 10

Romaine

Romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. longifolia) is frequently grown in soil-

based and hydroponic systems because of its adaptability, upright growth habit, and

crisp texture. Notably, the leaves are elongated, with prominent midribs that are

structurally different from other lettuce types such as Curly Green or Red Leaf.

According to Idelbé, Obead, and Baladiah (2023), Romaine lettuce is superior in total

soluble solids and carotenoid content when hydroponic compared to other cultivars.

Thus, these qualities make it a good candidate for studies of varietal growth

response, particularly in controlled environments such as non-circulating hydroponic

systems. Moreover, romaine’s physiological traits make it thrive even under

poor water movement, which is a common characteristic of non-circulating

hydroponic systems. In support of this, a study (Peneyra and Peneyra, 2024) found

that the growth of Romaine lettuce in a vertical aeroponic system with root zone

cooling resulted in significantly higher leaf width and overall yield with cooler root

environments. Despite the omission of Trichoderma spp. from this study, the point

remains that the most appropriate root zone condition is one where Trichoderma spp.

would confer large benefits: improved root architecture, nutrient uptake, and disease

resistance. For this reason, it is particularly important to consider the root zone

dynamics when assessing the growth of Romaine as compared to other lettuce types

such as Kayla Red or Olmetie, which may be more or less sensitive to the root.

In addition to temperature control, light is another

important factor that affects the growth of Romaine in hydroponic conditions.

Specifically, Loconsole et al. (2019) showed that by using tailored LED light spectra,

growth rates and visual quality of Romaine lettuce were increased in indoor

production systems. This is particularly important for microbial treatment studies

because Trichoderma spp. grow optimally under favorable environmental conditions,

such as adequate lighting. Therefore, improving these conditions not only improves

plant vigor but also supports the metabolic activity of the introduced beneficial
 11

microbes. Furthermore, insights from research on

Trichoderma spp. and Romaine lettuce in hydroponic systems are still available,

though the interaction has been relatively underexplored in hydroponic systems. For

instance, Dessureault-Rompré et al. (2020) pointed out that root health and water

use efficiency are key factors in Romaine lettuce cultivated in Histosols soils. Thus,

based on wide literature of Trichoderma improving these same traits through

microbial symbiosis, it is reasonable to infer that similar benefits could be obtained in

soilless systems. Consequently, the underlying physiological mechanisms are still

highly relevant, despite the fact that the growing medium is different.

Another compelling reason

supporting inclusion of Romaine lettuce in varietal performance studies is

postharvest quality other than growth characteristics. According to Phys.org’s 2020

article, certain Romaine genotypes are less prone to browning and better than other

lettuce types on the shelf. While this study did not examine microbes as we often do

to our plants, in general, healthier plants have better post-harvest traits, and so

microbiologically treated plants like Trichoderma spp. could add even more benefit.

Additionally, Romaine’s structural resilience also means that compared to red leaf

varieties like Olga Red or Olmetie, which often have more delicate leaves, it is more

stable under external and microbial forces. Finally, Romaine lettuce

exhibits the following characteristic features—it is an upright-growing variety, it

contains high nutrient levels, and it does well in hydroponics—and is therefore a

suitable subject for research on microbial enhancement and varietal comparison.

Moreover, values of GCV and CVG are found to be consistent, and it is possible to

improve the growth in Trichoderma spp. inoculated studies of non-circulatory

hydroponic systems.

Curly Green

Curly Green is commonly grown for hydroponics because it has fast growth,

an attractive leaf morphology and high market demand for salad greens. In
 12

comparison, Curly Green varieties are loose, ruffled leaf arrangements, unlike

Romaine that grows upright with tightly grouped leaves. As a result, they are more

susceptible to nutrient balance and water quality compared to Romaine. According to

Khan et al. (2020), the curly-leaf lettuce cultivars readily adapted to the nutrient film

hydroponic culture particularly if micro nutrients such as iron and magnesium are

optimized. This indicates that its adaptability shows its suitability for further

improvement through microbial interventions such as Trichoderma spp. in non

circulating systems where nutrient distribution is more passive.

Moreover, curly green lettuce is a good example

of a lettuce with a light, airy leaf structure, high surface area, and thus good

morphology and texture for efficient gas exchange and light capture. According to

Jeong et al. (2019), these features can lead to higher photosynthetic efficiency under

LED lighting. Although their study was focused on optimizing light, the physiological

traits described here may also enable more dynamic microbial colonization on the

leaf and root surfaces by beneficial fungi, such as Trichoderma. Since they are

known microorganisms that live in the rhizosphere, however, in the case of Curly

Green that is marked fresh, the benefits can extend to improved leaf quality.

In addition, the biological

enhancers have also been shown to enhance growth in Curly Green varieties. As an

example, Fitriani et al (2022), observed various organic inputs and deep water

hydroponics and noted that bio inoculated treatments increased biomass plants of

frilly grade leaf lettuce compared other treatments. However, Trichoderma wasn’t the

particular microbe studied in this case, but the resemblance to biofertilizers—for

which demonstrated response was shown—makes them an interesting starting point

to look at fungal inoculants in these types of setups as well. Therefore, the use of

Trichoderma spp. in the root zone of Curly Green lettuce is ideally integrated for

growth and stress tolerance improvements.

Additionally, an important consideration of variance is post-harvest shelf life.

 13

This is because Curly Green lettuce is more delicate than sturdier Romaine varieties

as it is more likely to wilt more quickly because of its thinner leaf structure. Yet,

microbial treatments could decrease the rate of senescence as they could strengthen

cell walls and increase antioxidant potential. For example, results of a Hassan et al.

(2021) study on application of biostimulants in leafy vegetables suggested that such

treatments can help defer leaf yellowing and improve the texture of the product at

storage. Thus, the market value and shelf stability of Curly Green would be improved

significantly in the hydroponic systems if similar effects can be achieved using

Trichoderma spp.

On another note, Curly Green lettuce is also responsive to environmental

manipulation consistent with microbial efficiency. As demonstrated in the

manipulation of root zone oxygen levels that modulated lettuce biomass and root

health in the study of Nguyen and Tran (2023), their work demonstrates that there is

something solid to manipulate in the roots. Because Trichoderma also takes

advantage of well-aerated root zones, this suggests the potential of a synergistic

relationship between the design of the system and that of microbial action—

supporting the selection of Curly Green lettuce in studies of varietal response to

microbial treatments in hydroponic conditions.

In conclusion, the Curly Green lettuce contains a suitable subject in research on

Trichoderma spp. integration in non circulating hydroponic systems, due to the frilly

structure, fast growth and responsiveness. Therefore, varietal selection and microbe

synergy could be optimized under bio enhanced conditions that might reveal

information important for the sustainable production of lettuce.

Kayla Red

The plant variety Kayla Red lettuce belongs to Lactuca sativa with dark red

leaves that offer both aesthetic appeal and tenderness alongside high antioxidant
 14

content. Notably, the elevated anthocyanins and phenolic compounds found in Kayla

Red lettuce donate its rich coloration and increased nutritional characteristics

because they differ from the concentrations in green Lactuca sativa types including

Romaine and Curly Green. According to the research of Müller et al. (2021), red-leaf

cultivars like Kayla Red usually produce higher levels of bioactive compounds in

stressful growing conditions and optimal hydroponic systems. Therefore, the dual

examination of yield and quality together with Trichoderma spp. microbial treatments

should use Kayla Red as their main research subject.

Furthermore, the response of Kayla Red plants varies according to

light conditions and nutrient levels that define non-circulating hydroponic systems

performance. In support of this, Chou and Lin (2019) demonstrated that red lettuce

cultivars developed improved leaf pigmentation and biomass when grown under

special red-blue LED lighting conditions. Since the successful performance of

Trichoderma spp. occurs where roots thrive alongside robust shoots, therefore

placing Kayla Red together with microbial inoculants in hydroponic culture might lead

to enhanced results. Thus, assessing Kayla Red's environmental requirements

represents a fundamental factor for evaluating how it compares to other cultivars

when using bio-enhanced systems.

In terms of appearance, visual appeal of Kayla Red plants results from

pigmented characteristic factors which stem from both environmental stress and

nutrient signals. As shown in the research by Papanastasiou et al. (2018), red-leaf

lettuce production of anthocyanins reacts strongly to the amounts of nitrogen and

phosphorus present. Moreover, the inoculation process with Trichoderma spp.

enhances nutrient uptake while increasing root surface area according to Saba et al.

(2020), which produces beneficial effects on red-leaf variety quality such as Kayla

Red. Consequently, the biochemical relationship might provide better competitive

outcomes in hydroponic systems using static non-moving nutrient solutions.

Additionally, the tender leaf structure of Kayla Red faces

 15

specific post-harvest difficulties which microbial support might help overcome.

According to Santos and Villanueva (2023), the shelf life of red-leaf lettuce types

remains short because their weak tissues easily develop wilting and browning

effects. However, cell wall integrity of leafy vegetables improves and senescence

delays have been reported when cultivations incorporate Trichoderma spp. microbes.

Therefore, the application of microbial treatments to Kayla Red lettuce would provide

both pre-harvest growth benefits and extended shelf life as well as enhanced market-

quality performance during storage.

Overall, the combination of vibrant hue, nutrient-responsive nature,

along with antioxidants enriches Kayla Red lettuce, making it a profitable crop for

hydroponic cultivation. Indeed, the assay results from Trichoderma spp. tests and

environmental adaptation patterns of Kayla Red lettuce validate its suitability for

genetic evaluations involving Trichoderma spp. Finally, the examination of Kayla Red

lettuce growth in non-recirculating hydroponic systems can reveal optimal methods

for enhanced nutrition and maximum yield production with various lettuce cultivars.

Olga Red

The red-leaved variety of Lactuca sativa known as Olga Red serves as an

attractive crop choice for cooks and growers. Specifically, the rich red color of this

type derives from abundant anthocyanins. According to Martínez-Las Heras et al.

(2020), these compounds boost both visual attractiveness and provide health-

promoting antioxidants to human bodies.

In terms of cultivation, hydroponic cultivation of Olga Red produces

excellent adaptation and growth results. For example, the research by Shioshita et al.

(2024) showed hydroponic production of Olga Red red-leaf lettuce and other varieties

yielded superior plant height, root expansion, and leaf production relative to soil

cultivation methods. As a result, the data confirms that hydroponic systems without

circulation can include Olga Red as a suitable subject for study.

 16

Additionally, Gutiérrez-Chávez et al. (2025), along with other researchers,

showed how Trichoderma asperellum microbial inoculants offer positive effects on

hydroponic lettuce. Notably, the fungal pathogens studied resulted in better yield

along with better quality characteristics in lettuce, which shows promise for improving

Olga Red red-leaf cultivars, as they are typically more prone to stress and nutrient

imbalances.

Furthermore, the development of pigments in red lettuce varieties depends on

environmental elements. The researchers at Chamoli et al. (2024) confirmed that

lettuce receiving complete solar UV radiation showed darker leaf colors, which

matched the desired characteristics of Olga Red, since market demand directly

correlates to leaf pigmentation. Therefore, the optimum environment serves as a

supplementary method to microbial interventions to boost both nutritional content and

aesthetic quality of plants.

Moreover, the research published by PubMed (2022) shows that when

Trichoderma spp. is used together with Azospirillum brasilense, they can create

beneficial effects that boost lettuce quality and production levels. Consequently, the

dual benefit of visual attractiveness and nutrient content in Olga Red makes this

treatment approach highly suitable for the cultivation of the variety.

Taken together, these research findings show that Olga Red shows potential

as a key subject in studies investigating Trichoderma spp. response within non-

circulating hydroponic systems. Ultimately, the attractive coloring of Olga Red lettuce,

together with its favorable microbial response and hydroponic compatibility,

establishes its status as an essential topic for research regarding sustainable lettuce

cultivation.

Olmetie

The lesser-known Olmetie lettuce from Lactuca sativa species stands out

because it shows potential in hydroponic production while maintaining constant leaf

 17

formation for controlled environment agriculture cultivation. Due to limited direct

research, the limited research on Olmetie lets scientists rely on studies of butterhead

and leafy varieties to gain understanding of its performance potential. In support of

this, leafy lettuce types demonstrate favorable responses to hydroponic techniques

according to AlShrouf (2017), as they produce augmented biomass and speed up

harvest cycles, thus indicating that Olmetie could achieve similar results in non-

circulating systems.

Moreover, the use of advantageous microorganisms such as Trichoderma

spp. continues to gain acceptance as a method to boost plant performance in

hydroponic systems. The researchers at Gutiérrez-Chávez et al. (2024) found that

Trichoderma asperellum applied to hydroponic lettuce systems led to substantial

growth improvements for both root length as well as leaf number as well as total yield

capacity. Accordingly, the data indicates a high chance that Olmetie would show

enhanced growth through Trichoderma treatment, especially in crucial root zone

development whereas static hydroponic systems utilize.

In addition, the combination treatment of Trichoderma

harzianum and mycorrhizal fungi provided excellent results for organically cultivated

lettuce according to Unal et al. (2020). The treatment improved both nutritional

uptake along with plant health and shelf-life performance. Notably, the physiological

responses from soil-based production involving lettuce apply equally to hydroponics,

particularly when using the Olmetie variety which depends on regular water-based

nutrient supplementation.

Furthermore, obtaining a high yield and nutritional content in hydroponics

depends on the delivery and absorption of nutrients. According to a study by He et al.

(2021), bio-inoculated leafy vegetables exhibited increased vitamin C and mineral

content in addition to faster growth. Thus, increased productivity and improved

nutritional quality—two crucial characteristics for market-oriented lettuce farming—

may arise from introducing similar inoculants, such as Trichoderma, to Olmetie in

 18

non-circulating setups.

In conclusion, although there are currently few direct studies on

Olmetie lettuce, there is evidence of the beneficial effects of Trichoderma spp. offers

a solid basis for leafy lettuce types. When treated with beneficial fungi in non-

circulating hydroponic environments, Olmetie has the potential to improve growth and

nutrient efficiency due to its likely compatibility with hydroponic systems.

Hydroponics

Hydroponic farming offers numerous advantages and has versatile

applications, making it an attractive alternative to traditional agriculture. By using

nutrient-rich solutions instead of soil, this method optimizes resource efficiency,

achieving yields that are often higher and with a substantially lower environmental

footprint. Water savings, for example, can reach 70-90% (JOURNAL, 2024).

Hydroponic systems can be used in urban settings and even in challenging

environments, providing solutions for issues like shrinking arable land and the

impacts of climate change (Dutta et al., 2024; Yerukola & Narendra, 2024).

Additionally, the use of agricultural waste as a growth medium contributes to

sustainability by recycling resources, decreasing dependence on synthetic fertilizers,

and enriching soil health (Rai et al., 2024). This technology supports consistent, year-

round production, lowers pest and disease risks, and can utilize recycled water,

enhancing environmental responsibility.

Moreover, hydroponics is a very innovative method of agriculture, growing

plants without using soil but nutrient-rich solutions given to the plant roots via water.

Such an approach has attracted significant attention as a viable means of combating

food security challenges, particularly in arid environments where traditional soil-

based agriculture could be constrained (Gana et al., 2021). Elimination of

dependence on soil leads to the hydroponic ability to control the nutrient delivery as

well as the environmental conditions with absolute accuracy, hence ideal growth for

crops like lettuce (Lactu ca sativa).

 19

Furthermore, increased usage of hydroponics is resulting in a spate of

experiments and studies that have concentrated on both indoor and outdoor

hydroponic cultivation. These experiments present advantages of nutrient solution

recirculation systems, which help in the management of root-leaf diseases while

maximizing yield on a given water consumption by letting water and nutrients be

cycled back into the soil of lettuce (Dalastra et al., 2020). Closed-looping by nature

reduces the wastage of water and maximizes nutrient utilization as a sustainable

option in agriculture. In addition, the systems drastically reduce soilborne diseases,

hence promoting healthier growth as well as crop quality.

Further developments of hydroponics along with greater research on

novel growing techniques are highly expected to revolutionize food production in the

diverse settings of the world. Hydroponics provides an adaptable solution to the

challenges now facing conventional agriculture, particularly within the context of both

urban environments and arid regions, and presents a sustainable alternative

consistent with the aims of global food security. Further research in areas of nutrient

management and biological treatments is likely to see hydroponics take on an

increasingly important role in reconsidering the future of food production.

Nutrient Solution of Lettuce

The nutrient solution, therefore, is an important part of hydroponic cultivation

because it provides minerals and elements that are important for the optimal growth

and development of plants. Hydroponic systems, especially when growing lettuce,

Lactuca sativa, need well-formulated nutrient solutions that are properly managed to

enhance yields and maintain healthy plant growth (Huang et al., 2022). While its

major elements are N, P, and K, Ca, Mg, and S are also secondary nutrients; these

nutrients are crucial to maintaining the health of most plants.

Furthermore, nitrogen is more essential to leafy greens, such as lettuce,

because it is a part of chlorophyll, a substance responsible for photosynthesis.

Nitrogen application encourages vigorous vegetative growth, which means dense

 20

green foliage, ideal for lettuce production (Zhang et al., 2021). Phosphorus allows the

plant to develop roots and take in more water and nutrients. Potassium is typically

required for the general metabolism of the plant; thus, it catalyzes activities such as

photosynthesis and activation of enzymes. A balance of these macronutrients

ensures that the growth of lettuce plants is strong and the leaves are of high quality.

In addition to macronutrients, micronutrients include iron (Fe),

manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and boron (B), which are necessary for the physiological

activities of plants. Although they are required in small amounts, they play a

significant role in various biochemical processes, including the activity of enzymes

and the synthesis of chlorophyll (Graham et al., 2023). Monitoring and controlling the

concentration of the nutrient solution is very critical for hydroponic systems since

nutrient deficiency may result in stunted growth or decreased crop quality.

Moreover, different varieties of lettuce have also been shown

to react differently based on nutrient solution composition in experiments. For

instance, studies have indicated that formulations of nutrients designed for different

cultivars improve growth rates and enhance leaf quality (Alfawaz et al., 2021). For

non-circulating hydroponic systems where the availability of nutrients may vary from

recirculating systems, optimization of the nutrient solution is very important. The

problem is to have all the nutrients replenished throughout the growth cycle to the

plants, since an interruption in the process causes fluctuations in nutrient availability.

While there are enough existing studies that highlight

the need for nutrient solutions in hydroponics, there still remains a gap concerning

how biological treatments, especially Trichoderma sp. applications, interact with the

nutrient solution in specific variations of lettuce. Such investigation will be beneficial

in exploring the possibility of combining nutrient management practice with biological

intervention in hydroponic systems for lettuce growth and health. This study fills the

gap through the determination of the effects of Trichoderma application on growth

 21

response of the different cultivars of lettuce under a well-formulated nutrient solution

that will lead to improved hydroponic practices and sustainable agriculture.

Trichoderma spp.

Trichoderma sp. is one of the genera of beneficial fungi that have been

recognized in agricultural practices as a biocontrol agent and plant growth promoter.

They are all ubiquitous in soil ecosystems, and these fungi can colonize the roots of

plants with symbiotic relations that promote the uptake of nutrients and plant

resistance to different stresses (Harman et al., 2019). There are many reports (Khan

et al., 2022) on the beneficial effects of Trichoderma and how it has been used to

control soil-borne pathogens, reducing various diseases in crops such as lettuce

(Lactuca sativa). Furthermore, trichoderma exerts most of its beneficial effects

by improving the plant immune system. Once Trichoderma colonizes the roots of a

plant, it induces the production of phytoalexins; these are the natural compounds that

play a role in plant defense mechanisms, operating against pathogens (Hossain et

al., 2020). Apart from these mechanisms, Trichoderma species have also been found

to produce numerous species of secondary metabolites that show antifungal

properties (Sharma et al., 2021). This is especially true in hydroponic systems where

the lack of soil may make plants more susceptible to root pathogens because of the

wet environment and low microbial diversity.

Additionally, trichoderma application in hydroponic systems will

promote positive effects on plant development and growth. One research report

indicates that Trichoderma increases root growth and efficiency of nutrient uptake

(Mohammadi et al., 2021). This means enhanced leaf quality, increased yields, and

general plant health during the growth of lettuce. In addition, Trichoderma promotes

the production of growth-promoting hormones such as auxins and gibberellins, which

stimulate growth and development in the plant (Singh et al., 2022). These

advantages make Trichoderma a desirable candidate for use in hydroponic systems,

especially in non-circulating setup systems, where plant health management and

 22

nutrition are critical. Moreover, even though the positive effects brought about by

the use of Trichoderma are well known, very little research has been conducted into

how different varieties of lettuce react after its application, especially under

hydroponics. Research into Trichoderma-specific effects on various lettuce types

may provide new avenues to enhance hydroponic production and achieve maximum

crop yield (Hussain et al., 2023). This research will specifically focus on the

interaction of Trichoderma with lettuce varieties to enhance knowledge of the

integration of beneficial microorganisms into nutrient management strategies for

sustainable agriculture. In conclusion, applying

Trichoderma sp. in hydroponic systems is thus a promising approach for the

enhancement of plant health and productivity. Continued research on the mechanism

of its beneficial effects should have the potential to incorporate Trichoderma in the

cycle of hydroponic practices and open up innovative solutions toward improving the

cultivation of lettuce and solving food security issues in various agricultural settings.

Effect of Trichoderma spp.

Trichoderma species have shown a number of advantageous impacts, most

notably an increase in plant growth and yield. A 50% concentration of Trichoderma,

for instance, when mixed with ABmix greatly increased plant height, leaf count, and

total biomass in a study on caisim mustard, demonstrating its potential as a

sustainable substitute for chemical fertilizers (Gumelar & Sutarman, 2023).

Furthermore, by raising the ratio of soluble solids to titratable acidity, Trichoderma

treatments have increased the quality of tomato fruits, indicating improved fruit

quality (Palacios-Torres et al., 2019). In monocot crops like rice and maize,

Trichoderma harzianum has also proved successful in improving physiological

parameters, lowering salt stress, and encouraging development in saline

environments (Yasmeen & Siddiqui, 2018). The impacts of Trichoderma spp. on

hydroponic systems proved to be remarkably positive, particularly for leafy

vegetables like lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Various experiments that have been
 23

undertaken have been able to replicate the results that the fungus could promote

healthier and more productive plants by increasing resistance against pathogens and

nutrient uptake. This dual characteristic has ensured that Trichoderma has been very

useful in sustainable agricultural practices, especially controlled hydroponic settings

(Adnani et al., 2024). Another crucial benefit of

using Trichoderma involves the suppression of soil-borne pathogens that, in

hydroponic systems, can be significant issues through root diseases. For instance,

Trichoderma asperellum has been demonstrated to have a significant control effect

on Fusarium equiseti in chickpea crops, thus placing its role as an effective biocontrol

agent against fungal infections (Adnani et al., 2024). This knowledge could be

applied to the culture of lettuce in order to improve and maintain strong root systems

while maintaining high yields, therefore encouraging vigorous growth. Since it is a

suppressive organism of disease, Trichoderma discourages the use of chemical

fungicides in agriculture, thereby facilitating an environmentally friendly culture of

agriculture. In addition

to disease management, Trichoderma improves nutrient uptake—a critical

requirement in hydroponic production systems where nutrient availability fluctuates.

The incidence of Trichoderma increases the root surface area, thereby improving the

assimilation of nutrients and promoting faster growth rates in plants. As a result, the

quality of leaves from lettuce grown under such conditions is often superior, and

yields are higher. With optimal nutrient assimilation, *Trichoderma* significantly

improves the efficiency of hydroponic production systems. Furthermore,

Trichoderma interacts with plants through synthesis of plant growth hormones.

Various studies indicate that it acts to enhance the rate of auxin and gibberellin

production, which has critical functions in regulating the pattern of plant growth and

development (Singh et al., 2022). The produced hormones regulate elongation

processes of roots and leaves and are therefore vital in increasing leaf expansion

and root length. In this regard, through this hormonal activity, Trichoderma improves
 24

the hydroponic setting for lettuce and thus serves to be a great associate with

sustainable agriculture.

Moreover, the introduction of Trichoderma into nutrient management will fit

the expansion in the direction of sustainable agriculture and should optimally make

use of combined biological treatments with effective nutrient solutions for maximum

productivity and diminished chemical inputs. This approach not only addresses

immediate challenges to agriculture but also supports long-term sustainability in food

production systems (Dalastra et al., 2020). The present study deals with interactions

of Trichoderma and different types of lettuce cultivars within a noncirculating

hydroponics setup, which reveals new research areas for optimizing its performance.

In conclusion, applications of Trichoderma spp. have been one of the multi-

concept systems for enhancing plant growth and crop productivity both as a

biological control and growth promoter due to stimulating disease resistance ability

and promotion of nutrient assimilation process, which are some of the critical factors

contributing to successfully grown lettuce. The increasing demand for sustainable

agriculture has created a wonderful opportunity in terms of hydroponic systems,

which can include beneficial microorganisms such as Trichoderma in maximizing

productivity in relation to reducing chemical inputs. Research conducted on the

effects of Trichoderma on different varieties of lettuce will be of great use in

developing efficient hydroponic methods to improve food security while ensuring

sustainable agricultural practices.

Plant Height as Affected by Trichoderma spp.

A study conducted to assessed the interaction of Trichoderma viride

with rice at the vegetative growth stages and showed an increase of 4.6 percent in

plant height, which occurred significantly in weeks 6 and 7 of growing. The

enhancement in terms of height is ascribed due to the effect of improved nutrient

uptake by Trichoderma and induction of plant growth through the production of

phytohormones, suggesting its potential for optimization of plant development

 25

(Abubakar et al., 2024). These results indicate that Trichoderma spp. may be

positively influencing plant height across a range of crops.

Correspondingly, a study evaluated the effects of different

Trichoderma isolates on chili plants and reported an increase in average shoot

length, with the highest recorded at 62.19 cm in treated plants compared to 49.40 cm

in the control group. The significant improvement in shoot length highlights the role of

Trichoderma spp. in promoting plant growth through mechanisms such as enhanced

nutrient availability, improved root health, and phytohormone production (Kumar et

al., 2019). These findings suggest that Trichoderma can enhance vegetative growth

in diverse crops, including lettuce, particularly in hydroponic systems where growth

conditions are optimized.

Moreover, a study indicated that Trichoderma spp. significantly increased the

height and leaf number of tomato plants. The study established the use of

Trichoderma for promoting plant growth in terms of improved nutrient uptake and

enhanced root activity (Rizal et al., 2019). The treated plants of tomato presented

remarkable increases in vegetative growth as compared to the control. It suggested

that Trichoderma may be considered as a useful growth promoter in tomato culture.

Likewise, a study revealed that soybean plants inoculated with Trichoderma

isolates showed significant height and biomass growth compared

to the control, especially when phosphorus sources were provided. The

research showed the phosphorus-solubilizing potential of Trichoderma spp. from

Amazon soils and improved nutrient availability and

uptake. The combined effect had not only increased plant growth but

also maximized nutrient use efficiency in the soil (Silva et al., 2020). Moreover, the

study showed positive changes in root development as well as general plant

vigor, therefore, underlining the potentiality of Trichoderma spp. as a bio-

fertilizer and growth enhancer in sustainable agriculture.

Leaf Number Affected by Trichoderma spp.

 26

In the study, seven Trichoderma isolates affected chili plants. The study

demonstrated that application of isolate T2 showed a maximum average number of

leaves per plant at 8.70. A comparison to the control group showed a statistically

higher mean, that is, 6.68, than for the treatment with Trichoderma (Kumar et al.,

2019). Likewise, a field experiment investigating the impact of Trichoderma

harzianum and foliar fertilization on the vegetative growth of black pepper seedlings

revealed significant effects of treatment at the leaf development level, conducted

over four months through the factorial randomized block design approach. The

treatments include: Trichoderma, applied at 50, 75, and 100 g per plant with foliar

fertilizers having concentrations of 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% and control at no fertilizer.

Results revealed that the integrated use of 50 g of Trichoderma per plant with 1.5%

foliar fertilizer significantly improved leaf production, and hence it increased the

number of leaves by 54% compared to the untreated seedlings (Hidrawati et al.,

2021). This implies that Trichoderma spp., if used with ideal foliar fertilization, can

considerably enhance vegetative growth and leaf development in seedlings of black

pepper.

Moreover, a study conducted in India showed the effect of plant growth-

promoting microorganisms, which include Trichoderma, on strawberry plants under

salt stress conditions revealed that their application had a significant effect on the

number of leaves per plant. The combined application of Azotobacter, Phosphorous

Solubilizing Bacteria, and Trichoderma (T8) resulted in the highest number of leaves

under salt stress (5.80 leaves per plant), which was statistically at par with T6 (5.53

leaves) and T7 (5.33 leaves). On the other hand, control plants (T1), grown without

salinity stress, recorded the highest leaf count (6.07 leaves per plant) compared to all

treatments (Santhoshkumar et al. 2024). These results indicate the potential of

Trichoderma, especially in combination with other microorganisms, to promote leaf

development and overall plant growth under salinity stress.

Correspondingly, a study was conducted the effect of planting media and

 27

application of Trichoderma sp. on cocoa seedlings' growth was researched using a

Randomized Block Design (RAK) containing four treatments by investigating a study

carried out at Lampung State Polytechnic, Indonesia. It analyzed factors like plant

height, the number of leaves, stem diameter, and leaf area. The results also showed

that the treatment involving the use of topsoil, compost, and Trichoderma sp. in P3

treatment significantly had an effect on the leaf number, with the seedling averaging

21.58 leaves per seedling (Erfandari et al., 2024). This presents a capability of

Trichoderma sp. in elevating vegetative development in cocoa seedlings, with a view

to the potential mode of activity in improving nutrient supply and antagonizing

diseases.

Lastly, a field study involving the combined application of biofertilizers and

bioprotectants, like Trichoderma harzianum, against sunflower (Helianthus annuus

L.) was conducted for exploring their potential to improve plant growth, yield, and

seed quality during the Kharif 2010 season. The inoculation of Azotobacter

chroococcum, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum, and Glomus fasciculatum

together with 75% N and P and 100% K, recommended dose, significantly improved

the growth characters, such as plant height and number of leaves. This treatment

also improved the seed quality, biomass, nutrient uptake, and soil fertility after

harvest (Aparna, R., 2024). The study points out the potential of microbial consortia,

such as Trichoderma harzianum, in increasing the number of leaves while reducing

chemical fertilizer use by 25%, achieving sustainable sunflower production without

compromising yield.

Root Length Affected by Trichoderma sp.

Experimental research pointed out the important effect of Trichoderma spp.

on chili plants for elongation of the roots through the use of isolate T2. Two methods

were used in applying this, namely seed treatment and seed treatment with three

foliar sprays. It indicated that the application of T2 isolate of Trichoderma strongly

stimulated root development to an extent of having the highest root length at 6.22 cm
 28

by seedling stage if the seed was treated. The combined application of seed

treatment with three foliar sprays of the T2 isolate resulted in further increases in root

length to 6.84 cm, performing better than other isolates (Kumar et al., 2019). The

results thus far indicate that Trichoderma spp., especially isolate T2, significantly

induces root development, leading to enhanced vigor and growth in chili plants.

Similarly, a study was also conducted on the biocontrol and growth-

stimulating ability of genetically improved Trichoderma harzianum isolates showed

considerable enhancement in root development of bean plant. The study included six

engineered isolates harboring chimeric Chitinase (Chit42-ChBD), which was

confirmed to be stable and active. In the laboratory and greenhouse experiments,

isolates ChBD15 and ChBD13 outperformed the wild type and controls without any

treatment. These isolates significantly enhanced nutrient uptake and root growth,

with increased root length and overall plant development (Silva et al., 2022). This is

evidence of the potential role of Trichoderma harzianum, especially engineered

variants, in enhancing root elongation and plant vigor through improved nutrient

efficiency and biocontrol efficacy.

Correspondingly, a study conducted at Uttar Banga Krishi

Viswavidyalaya, India, during 2020–21, showed the positive impact of Trichoderma in

combination with other beneficial microorganisms on strawberry growth under salt

stress conditions. Among various treatments, the combined application of

Azotobacter, phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, and Trichoderma (T8) showed

maximum root length, which was 13.24 cm compared to other treatments

(Santhoshkumar et al. 2024). This finding shows how Trichoderma promotes root

development mechanisms, such as phosphate solubilization and enhanced uptake of

nutrients, under stress, especially salt stress conditions.

Likewise, a study was conducted to test the potential of Trichoderma

asperellum (Tv1) as a biocontrol agent in the management of Fusarium oxysporum f.

 29

sp. Lycopersici (FOL), which is the causative agent of tomato wilt disease. The study

confirmed that Tv1 inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen by 79.63% through

mycoparasitism and VOCs. An oil-based formulation of Tv1 was developed that had

an extended shelf life and effective application. Treatment with the formulation

improved the root length up to 8.12 cm; these increases are well recorded against

the control (Amala et al., 2024). It, therefore, reveals that this T. asperellum Tv1 can

act by enhancing the elongation of the root and reduction of disease in tomato,

making it an eco-friendly option for boosting plant vigor and controlling Fusarium wilt.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa), a cool-season crop in the Asteraceae family, thrives

in specific soil and climatic conditions. Successful cultivation relies on providing

optimal nutrient solutions, particularly crucial in hydroponic systems. Trichoderma

spp., beneficial soil fungi, show promise in enhancing lettuce growth. Research

indicates that these fungi can positively influence plant height, leaf number, and likely

root length, although the precise mechanisms require further investigation.

Further research should focus on the effects of specific Trichoderma strains

and the influence of environmental factors on their impact. Understanding these

interactions is crucial for optimizing lettuce production through sustainable and

efficient methods, particularly in light of the growing interest in bio control agents and

soil health.

Significance of the Study

The findings of the study were used as valuable information that would gave a

new perspective to the agricultural sector and local farmers. This quantitative offered

valuable insights for individuals, authorities, and organizations aiming to understand

and address the challenges in crop production. It was particularly useful for the

following groups:

This study provided great insights to the Department of Agriculture. It

became a useful reference in the development of intervention strategies and

alternative methods for boosting agricultural production. It also helped in designing

 30

projects, training sessions, and programs that were able to support the expansion of

the knowledge of agricultural associations and organizations, especially in areas

related to hydroponic farming.

The study was an excellent reference source for farmers, associations, and

organizations, helping them learn more about hydroponic farming. This allowed

them to study alternative methods to increase these local farming practices. With the

knowledge and findings from this study applied to such groups, they were able to

facilitate and assist in the development of methods by farmers toward greater

success in the agricultural area.

It will highly benefited the local farmers with enhanced know-how in crop

cultivation and workable solutions to address the issues concerning management

problems. In this regard, this study not only promised useful information on different

techniques but also motivated and uplifted the farmers and students to continue

having better everyday practices in hydroponic farming. By embracing such lessons,

power was left in the hands of farmers in sharpening their methods of optimizing

better crop yields with general agricultural success.

This study also benefited dietary-conscious individuals and consumers

benefit from understanding the advantages of hydroponic farming in producing fresh,

chemical free produce.

Furthermore, food processing companies, investors, entrepreneurs, and

environmental agencies all benefited from the study’s insights into the economic

and environmental advantages of hydroponic farming, fostering innovation,

investment, and sustainable agricultural practices.

Finally, this study shall inspired and acted as a source of motivation for

subsequent future researchers. It encouraged further research into related concepts

from new perspectives and supported additional research in the particular field

studied. This study was also be beneficial as a ready reference, acting as a form of
 31

foundation for later research. This shall continued to expand the body of knowledge

based on meaningful advancement in hydroponic farming as well as other areas.

Definition of Terms

The terms below were defined conceptually to establish a common frame of

reference.

Lettuce. Conceptually, this referred to a leafy green vegetable from the

Asteraceae family, known for its crisp texture and mild flavor, valued for its

nutritional content (Simko, 2024). As used in this study, this was the crop that served

as the primary crop, with different varieties being assessed for growth response

under varying conditions.

Trichoderma spp. Conceptually, this referred to a beneficial fungus

exhibiting biocontrol properties, including mycoparasitism and plant promotion

(Patlokova et al., 2024). As used in this study, this beneficial fungus was used as a

biological growth promoter to evaluate its effect on lettuce growth in hydroponic

system.

Hydroponic. Conceptually, this referred to a soilless crop cultivation using

nutrient solutions in a controlled environment, minimizing water and space

requirements (Manan et al., 2024). As used in this study, this was the cultivation

method used to control the growing environment.

Hydroponic Non-Circulating System. Conceptually, this referred to

hydroponic setup without pumps or electricity; nutrient solution remains static (Kratky,

2004). As used in this study, this was to reduce complexity and energy consumption

while assessing lettuce growth.

Varieties. Conceptually, this referred to a distinct type of lettuce, each with

unique characteristics (Davis, 2020). As used in this study, different lettuce varieties

were compared for growth response.

Mycoparasitism. Conceptually, this referred to type of parasitism where a

fungus attacks and feeds on another fungus (Garcia et al., 2018). As used in this
 32

study, this contributed to the biocontrol properties of Trichoderma spp. investigated in

this study.

Nutrient Solution. Conceptually, this referred to a liquid containing essential

nutrients for plant growth, tailored to the specific needs of the crop (Jones, 2022). As

used in this study, this is to ensured consistent nutrient availability for all lettuce

varieties.

Treatment Group. Conceptually, this referred to a group of plants growth

under the same conditions as the control group with the application of Trichoderma

spp. (Lee, 2015). As used in this study, this was used to assess the effect of the

treatment.

Plant Pathogen. Conceptually, this referred to a disease-causing organism

that affects plants (Miller, 2015). As used in this study, this was monitored to assess

the biocontrol effect of the Trichoderma spp.

Chapter 2
METHODOLOGY

This chapter included the research design, locale, materials, and data to be

gathered.

Research Design

The study will employed a quantitative experimental research design to

investigate the growth performance of different varieties of lettuce applied with

Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system. According to Ahmad et al.

(2019), quantitative research relied on scientific methods to gather numerical data

and determine cause-and-effect relationships between variables. It emphasized

precise measurement using statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques,

enabling data to be categorized, ranked, or quantified for easier analysis through

graphs and tables.

 33

Additionally, Creswell (2014) emphasized that quantitative research was a

method for testing objective theories by analyzing the relationships between

variables. These variables were measured using instruments, allowing the data to be

expressed numerically and analyzed through statistical procedures. Structured

techniques, such as questionnaires or experiments, were commonly used to collect

this data. The statistical findings were often presented in the form of tables, providing

conclusive and descriptive results that informed final recommendations or actions.

This research employed a quantitative experimental approach

to investigate the effects of Trichoderma spp. On lettuce growth. Specifically, it

measured various growth parameters across different lettuce varieties to determine

the effectiveness of Trichoderma treatment. A Complete Randomized Design (CDR),

a common single-factor experimental design, was utilized. This involved five

treatment groups and three replications, allowing for statistical analysis of the

impact of the Trichoderma treatment on lettuce growth variables such as height,

biomass, and potentially others. The CRD ensured that any observed differences in

growth could be attributed to the Trichoderma treatment rather than other

confounding factors.

Experimental research sought to measure the impact of one or more

independent variables on one or more dependent variables using the scientific

method. This was accomplished by manipulating the independent variable to observe

its effects on the dependent variable. The experimental research design included a

series of procedures aimed at testing the study's hypothesis. In this type of research,

participants were randomly assigned to groups, rather than being grouped based on

non-random criteria (Voxco, 2020).

In the context of this study, an experimental design was used to manipulate

the independent variable (the Trichoderma spp. applied) and assess its impact on the

dependent variable (the growth performance of various lettuce varieties in

 34

hydroponics). Key elements included selecting an appropriate sample size, ensuring

random treatment assignment, and controlling for confounding variables, with

measurements such as plant height, leaf size, number of leaves, and root length.

Statistical analysis, particularly ANOVA, was used to compare multiple groups and

evaluate their means simultaneously, providing insights into how the different

varieties of lettuce responded to Trichoderma spp.

Experimental Design and Treatments

This study compared growth and yield of five lettuce varieties- Romaine,

Curly Green, Kayla Red, Olga Red, and Olmetie to determine which performed best

based on key indicators such as head weight and leaf count. The experiment used a

Complete Randomized Design (CRD) having five (5) treatments and three (3)

replications. This design ensured that any observed differences in performance can

be reliably attributed to the lettuce variety itself rather than extraneous environmental

factors. The research was conducted in Purok 3, Barangay San Roque, Municipality

of New Corella, Davao del Norte and environmental condition such as greenhouse

conditions and field conditions.

The treatments were as follows:

T1- Romaine

T2- Curly Green

T3- Kayla Red

T4- Olga Red

T5- Olmetie

Research Locale and Duration of the Study

The study was conducted in the municipality of New Corella, renowned for its

rich agricultural land, its production of crops such as rice and bananas, and its eco-

tourism attractions. Known as the "water basin capital" of Davao del Norte, New
 35

Corella was located in the first district of the province of Davao del Norte, within the

Davao region of Mindanao, Philippines. Davao del Norte was known for its significant

agriculture sector, with activities including farming, mining, forestry, and commercial

fishing. According to the 2020 census, the population of Davao del Norte was

recorded at 11,125,057.

This was carried out in Purok 3, Barangay San Roque, Municipality of New

Corella, which was located in the province of Davao del Norte, within the island of

Mindanao. The duration of this study was from February 2025 to April 2025. This

time frame was selected to assess the growth response of various varieties of lettuce

applied with Trichoderma spp.

 36

Figure 1. Regional Map Highlighting the Research Locale

(District 1 of Davao del Norte)
 37

Research Material

The materials that were used in the study included: hammer, nails, wood saw,

round timber or lumber, ordinary plywood, bamboo sticks, a wood box, black fishnet,

plastic transparent cellophane, hygrometer, steel tape, shovel, drum, knapsack

sprayer, hand sprayer, styrofoam-cups, purified water, masking tape, seedling tray,

garbage bag, bucket, chisel, hinges, padlock, lettuce seeds (Romaine, Curly green,

Kayla red, Olga red, Olmetie), Trichoderma spp., ballpoint pen, ruler, and record

book.

Cultural Practices and Management

The purpose of this guide was to assist students and faculty in making

connections between culture and management practices.

Water Sampling and Analysis

A water sample was gathered and carefully transferred into a clean container

with a volume of one liter. The collected water sample was sent to the Department Of

Agriculture Water Laboratory located in Agdao, Davao City. The purpose of this

laboratory analysis is to assess the availability of essential nutrients, including

potassium, calcium, and magnesium, as well as to determine the pH level of the

water sample (Palada et al., 2006).

Greenhouse Preparation

In greenhouse preparation, the land area had a total of 3 meters by 7 meters.

The greenhouse structure was built specifically for the hydroponic system, using

materials such as a hammer, saw, nails, bamboo, UV plastic sheet/film, round timber,

fishnet, padlock, shovel, and hinges. These materials were carefully selected to

ensure the proper construction and functionality of the greenhouse to support the

hydroponic system (Resh, 2022).

Seed Preparation and sowing

In seed preparation, a total of 300 test plants was included in this study. The
 38

plant population was divided into five treatments, with each treatment having three

replications. Before planting, the seeds underwent testing using the tissue method to

assess their germination rate and ensure their viability. Only the seeds that

successfully germinated was selected for further cultivation. These germinated seeds

were carefully transferred to a seedling tray with a mixture of compost and cocopeat,

which followed a standard size 25 centimeters by 51 centimeters with a depth of two

to 2.5 inches (5.1 to 6.4 centimeters). The use of seedling trays allowed for organized

and efficient seedling management during the initial stages of the experiment

(Cantliffe, 2003).

Plant Spacing

In the Kratky hydroponic method, a standard plant spacing of ten to twenty

centimeter apart was utilized. This spacing was chosen to ensure that each lettuce

plant received an adequate amount of sunlight necessary for optimal growth and

development. To facilitate this spacing, five-millimeter ordinary plywood or carton

was used to create holes that were appropriate in size for the Styrofoam cups (8 oz).

These holes securely held the Styrofoam cups. This arrangement allowed for efficient

nutrient absorption by the plant roots while maintaining proper spacing and support

for the plants (Kratky, 2005).

Transplanting

The lettuce seedlings were transplanted around 7 to 14 days after

germination into styrofoam cups filled with sterilized growing mediums. To avoid

damaging the roots seedlings were watered before gently removing them. Afterward,

they were placed into a box with holes, ready to grow in their new environment. To

minimize plant stress and increase the survival rate of the seedlings, the

transplanting was conducted in the afternoon. This timing allowed the seedlings to

rest and recover from the transplanting process overnight. The seedlings were

allowed to acclimate and improve their chances of successful establishment in the

 39

new environment by providing a period to rest before being exposed to the

hydroponic system (Tesi, 2000).

Greenhouse Disinfection

The greenhouse was disinfected with the use of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2).

The whole greenhouse and growing materials were disinfected before being used to

eliminate harmful bacteria and fungi. The knapsack sprayer was used to disinfect and

properly distribute the hydrogen peroxide to reach the height of the greenhouse

(Hachiha et al., 20017).

Pest and Disease Management

To prevent pests and diseases, footbath sanitation was placed at the

entrance of the greenhouse before entering the growing area to clean off any pests

and diseases in the shoes, to keep the environment safe and healthy for the plants.

Pest management in this study involved physical control methods to remove

pests from lettuce plants. This was carried out manually by removing the pests,

primarily in the morning when they were visible and easier to identify. In addition,

organic pesticides such as garlic spray were used to further protect the plants from

pest infestation.

In terms of disease management, a proactive approach was taken. When the

sample plant was found to be affected by the disease, it was immediately isolated

outside the greenhouse area. Isolating the affected plant helped prevent the spread

of the disease to other plants within the experimental setup. By implementing these

disease management measures, the researcher aimed to keep the lettuce plants

healthy and ensure accurate data collection (Lenteren et al., 2003).

Harvesting

The lettuce was harvested in 30 to 45 days after transplanting and was

manually harvested early in the morning to reduce heat stress and maximize water

content for crisp, tender leaves. To harvest lettuce, clean scissors or a knife were
 40

used to cut the lettuce at the base to separate the roots and head, and the lettuce

was handled gently to maintain freshness (Cantwell, 2002).

Post-Harvest of Lettuce

In post-harvest, proper handling of lettuce were applied to reduce post-

harvest losses. After harvesting, the lettuce was rinsed with clean water to remove

any dirt, the leaves were dried by air drying to prevent excess moisture that could

cause the lettuce to spoil quickly, and any damaged or discolored leaves were sorted

out and removed to ensure quality (Kader, 2002).

Marketing

To market the lettuce, the product was properly packed with a label indicating

the different varieties of lettuce. Different strategies were applied to promote the

product, like introducing the lettuces in the neighborhood and posting the product in

social media emphasizing that the lettuce was cultivated organically and the nutrients

people could get from lettuce (Kotler et al., 2016).

Data to be Gathered

In this context, various parameters served as crucial indicators to assess the

performance and productivity of plants. The data to be gathered includes plant

height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, fresh weight, fresh yield,

and temperature and relative humidity (RH).

Plant Height

To compare the differences, the plant height was measured against the

lettuce’s initial height after transplant until harvest. To gather the measurement of the

plant height, the lettuce was measured from the base to the tallest point of each plant

with the use of ruler, this was collected every week.

Leaf Length (cm)

To measure the leaf length, the fourth leaf on each lettuce was selected for

measurement, as this was the best indicator of overall leaf growth, using a ruler, the
 41

length of the leaf from the base connected to the stem to the tip was measured. The

length of each measured leaf was written down in a notebook.

Leaf Width (cm)

This was measured the broadest part of the leaf using a ruler to measure the

width of the leaf. To measure, the widest point of the leaf from the edge to the

opposite edge was measured. The measurement was recorded in centimeters and

was gathered every week.

Number of Leaves

This was calculated by counting the number of leaves on each plant,

beginning one week after transplanting and continuing each week until harvest.

Root Length (cm)

This information was gathered by counting the lettuce’s longest roots in

harvest. After the lettuce was harvested, ten (10) treatment samples were measured.

Fresh Weight (grams/plant)

To gather data on the fresh weight of lettuce, use a digital scale with a

precision of at least 0.01 grams was used, and plastic trays were used to place

lettuce on the scale including roots, stems, and leaves. Labeling materials were used

to identify different varieties of lettuce. The lettuce was weighed immediately after

harvesting to prevent moisture loss.

Fresh Yield (kg/area)

At the end of the growth period, lettuce was grouped into blocks by weighing

the lettuce immediately after harvest using a digital weighing scale. The weight of the

harvested lettuce, representing the fresh yield and was recorded in a record book.

Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH)

The data collection of temperature and relative humidity was monitored with

the use of hygrometer. The instruments was located at a distance from the

hydroponic system, ensuring they are not in direct contact with any sources of heat
 42

or moisture to avoid reading distortion. The data was recorded at 8:00 am, 12:00 pm,

and 4:00 pm each day.

Economic Analysis

This analysis was the return of the production cost of hydroponic lettuce. This

was calculated per plot size basis using the formula below:

Net Income
RPC (%) = × 100
Total cost of production

Statistical Analysis

The data collected from the experiment was organized and analyzed using

the Complete Randomize Design (CRD). The CRD was a statistical design where

experimental units were randomly assigned to different treatments, ensuring that

each unit had an equal chance of receiving any particular treatment. This design

helped eliminate bias and allowed for unbiased comparison and statistical analysis of

the data. By employing the CRD, the study ensured fairness and rigor in the

experimental process, enhancing the validity of the findings and facilitating accurate

conclusions. This was used to test the differences among sample means for

significance from the treatments.

Ethical Considerations

To ensure the sound conduct of the study, ethical considerations were

addressed and considered accordingly. This experimental research must adhered to

ethical considerations by ensuring environmental responsibility, transparency in data

reporting, and proper acknowledgement of collaborators. This aimed to engage with

everyone thoughtfully, honoring their insights and following all the guidelines to

ensure the experiment was responsible and trustworthy.

 43

Chapter 3

RESULTS

In this chapter, a comprehensive table of statistical analysis was presented,

showcasing the quantitative results obtained from the agricultural experimental study.

This table provided a detailed overview of key statistical indicators, offering a clear

and concise summary of the data analysis.

Plant Height (cm)

Table 1 revealed the data of average plant height in centimeter of different

lettuce varieties as treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic

system. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a. Based on the data, T3 (Kayla

Red) consistently recorded the highest plant height throughout the study, with an

average height of 33.49 cm by the third week. This was followed by T2 (Curly Green)

with 27.58 cm, and T1 (Romaine) with 24.91 cm at week three.On the other hand, T5

(Olmetie) showed the lowest growth, reaching only 11.17 cm by the third week,

followed by T4 (Olga Red) with 20.49 cm.

Table 1. Average Plant Height in Centimeter of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated

with Trichoderma spp. In a Non-Circulating Hydroponic System

Treatment Number of weeks

1 2 3
T1- Romaine 11.32 a 17.94b 24.91b

T2- Curly Green 9.64 b 17.68b 27.58b

T3- Kayla Red 10.25b 20.22a 33.49a

T4- Olga Red 6.17c 11.49c 20.49c

T5- Olmetie 6.15c 8.87d 11.17d

 44

CV (%)= 4.58 4.82 9.23

F=TEST ** ** **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Number of Leaves

Table 2 revealed data the average number of leaves of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system over

three weeks. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a. Among the five

treatments, T5 (Olmetie) produced the highest number of leaves at the end of the

third week with an average of 18.4 leaves, followed by T1 (Romaine) with 13.07

leaves, and T3 (Kayla Red) with 11.47 leaves.The lowest number of leaves was

observed in T2 (Curly Green) and T4 (Olga Red), which had 9.23 and 8.93 leaves,

respectively, by week three.

Table 2. Number of leaves of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma

spp. In a Non-Circulating Hydroponic System
Treatment Number of weeks
1 2 3
T1- Romaine 4.07b 8.07b 13.07b

T2- Curly Green 3.3c 6.17c 9.23d

T3- Kayla Red 3.97b 7.47b 11.47c

T4- Olga Red 3.6c 6.23c 8.93d

T5- Olmetie 5.67a 10.6a 18.4a

CV (%)= 4.34 5.04 4.08

F=TEST ** ** **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.
Leaf Length (cm)

Table 3 shows the leaf length of different lettuce varieties treated with

Trichoderma spp. over three weeks in a non-circulating hydroponic system. The

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a. The variety T1 - Romaine consistently had

 45

the longest leaves, reaching 14.45 cm by the third week. It was followed by T3 -

Kayla Red and T2 - Curly Green, which also showed good leaf growth.On the other

hand, T4 - Olga Red and T5 - Olmetie had the shortest leaf lengths throughout the

period, with Olmetie having the lowest at only 7.33 cm in week 3.

Table 3. Leaf Length of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma spp. In
a Non-Circulating Hydroponic System
Treatment Number of weeks
1 2 3
T1- Romaine 11.12a 13.96 a
14.45a

T2- Curly Green 6.58 c 13.14a 13.28a

T3- Kayla Red 9.39b 13.7a 13.58a

T4- Olga Red 5.95c 9.47b 9.26b

T5- Olmetie 5.95 c 6.94c 7.33c

CV (%)= 4.98 5.20 5.77

F=TEST ** ** **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Leaf Width (cm)

Table 4 revealed the data of the average leaf width of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system over

three weeks. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a. By the third week, T2

(Curly Green) had the widest leaves with an average of 17.21 cm, followed by T4

(Olga Red) with 13.77 cm, and T3 (Kayla Red) with 13.04 cm.T5 (Olmetie) and T1

(Romaine) showed relatively lower leaf widths, with 12.32 cm and 10.68 cm,

respectively.

Table 4. Leaf Width of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma spp. In a
Non-Circulating Hydroponic System
Treatment Number of weeks
1 2 3
d c
T1- Romaine 3.51 7.45 10.68e

T2- Curly Green 4.96b 10.94a 17.21a

T3- Kayla Red 4.44c 9.17b 13.04c

 46

T4- Olga Red 5.41a 8.23c 13.77b

T5- Olmetie 5.26a 9.23b 12.32d

CV (%) = 3.42 5.36 2.86

F=TEST ** ** **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Root Length (cm)

Table 5 revealed the data of the average root length of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system. The

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed a. Among the five treatments, T4 - Olga Red

recorded the longest average root length at 43.06 cm, followed closely by T1 -

Romaine with 42.23 cm. These two varieties showed the most vigorous root

development.On the other hand, T5 - Olmetie had the shortest root length with a

mean of 34.42 cm, while T2 - Curly Green and T3 - Kayla Red had moderate root

lengths of 36.63 cm and 36.40 cm, respectively.

Table 5. Root Length of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma spp. In
a Non-Circulating Hydroponic System
Treatment Replication Total Means
1 2 3
T1- Romaine 38.5 40.1 48.1 126.7 42.23 a

T2- Curly Green 37.2 37.5 35.2 109.9 36.63 b

T3- Kayla Red 40.3 34.6 34.3 109.2 36.4 b

T4- Olga Red 42.3 50 36.89 129.19 43.06 a

T5- Olmetie 34.1 31.27 37.9 103.27 34.42 c

CV(%)= 2.53
F=TEST **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Fresh Weight

Table 6 presents the fresh weight of different lettuce varieties treated with

Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system. The Analysis of Variance

 47

(ANOVA) revealed a. Among the varieties, T1 - Romaine had the highest fresh

weight with a mean of 12.03 grams, followed closely by T5 - Olmetie with 11.18

grams. In contrast, T4 - Olga Red had the lowest fresh weight, averaging only 6.22

grams, indicating a lower growth response under the same conditions. Other

varieties like Curly Green and Kayla Red showed moderate results.

Table 6. Fresh weight of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma spp. In

a Non-Circulating Hydroponic System

Treatment Replication Total

Means
1 2 3
T1- Romaine 11.02 13.02 12.06 36.1
12.03a

T2- Curly Green 6.4 11.26 11.12 28.78

9.59b

T3- Kayla Red 9.9 9.02 8.42 27.34 9.11 b

T4- Olga Red 5.56 7.66 5.44 18.66

6.22c

T5- Olmetie 11.8 10.4 11.34 33.54

11.18a

CV (%)= 7.00
F=TEST **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Fresh Yield

Table 7 displays the fresh yield (grams) of different lettuce varieties treated

with Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system. The Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) revealed a. Among the five varieties, T1 - Romaine recorded the

highest yield with a mean of 1708 grams, suggesting a strong positive response to

the Trichoderma treatment in terms of biomass production. On the other hand, T4 -

Olga Red showed the lowest yield, averaging only 728.67 grams, indicating a

relatively poor performance under the same treatment conditions. T5 - Olmetie also

produced a considerable yield with a mean of 1263.33 grams, followed by T2 - Curly

 48

Green and T3 - Kayla Red with means of 1226.67 grams and 1180.67 grams,

respectively.

Table 7. Fresh yield of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma spp. In a

Non-Circulating Hydroponic System

Treatment Replication Total Means

1 2 3
T1- Romaine 2010 1356 1758 5124 1708 a

T2- Curly Green 990 1264 1426 3680

1226.67b

T3- Kayla Red 1320 1460 762 3542

1180.67b

T4- Olga Red 856 602 728 2186

728.67c

T5- Olmetie 2182 616 992 3790

1263.33b

CV (%) = 6.51
F=TEST **
Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Temperature and Relative Humidity

Table 8 presents the weekly average temperature and relative humidity

recorded in the greenhouse at Purok 3, San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte

during the experimental period. The data show that noon temperatures were

consistently the highest across all weeks, peaking at 41.36°C in Week 1, indicating

intense heat during midday. Morning and afternoon temperatures were relatively
 49

lower, ranging between 29.93°C to 35.93°C. For relative humidity, the afternoon

readings were generally the highest, with Week 1 afternoon reaching 79%, while

noon humidity levels were the lowest, going down to 47%.

Table 8. Mean weekly temperature and relative humidity of different lettuce varieties
in greenhouse at Purok 3, San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte

Temperature (ᵒC) Relative Humidity (%)

Week

Morning Noon Afternoon Morning Noon Afternoon

1 31.31 41.36 29.93 72 47 79

2 35.93 36.46 30.66 69 55 72

3 30.73 36.09 31.04 76 59 73

Economic Analysis

Table 9 presents the economic analysis of different lettuce varieties treated

with Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system. Among the five

treatments, T1 (Romaine) recorded the highest Return on Production Cost (RPC)

with 1978.72%, followed by T5 (Olmetie) with 1475.65%, T2 (Curly Green) with

1391.73%, T3 (Kayla Red) with 1336.68%, and the lowest was observed in T4 (Olga

Red) with only 785.01%. The highest gross income and net income were also

obtained by T1, amounting to ₱366,000 and ₱348,393, respectively. This indicates

that T1 was the most economically efficient treatment in this study, showing better

financial viability among all varieties tested.

Table 9. Economic Analysis of Different Lettuce Varieties Treated with Trichoderma

spp. in a Non-Circulating Hydroponic system
Treatment Gross Income Total Expenses Net Income RPC
( Php ) ( Php ) (Php) (%)

T1- Romaine 366,000 17,607 348,393 1978.72%

T2- Curly Green 262,857.14 17,621 245,236 1391.73%

T3- Kayla Red 253,000 17,610 235,390 1336.68%

 50

T4 – Olga Red 156,142 17,643 138,499.86 785.01

T5- Olmetie 270,714.29 17,743 252,971.29 1475.65%

Farm gate if price 150

Chapter 4

DISCUSSION

In this chapter, it presented results from the agricultural experimental study

are critically analyzed and interpreted as well as providing a deeper understanding of

the findings, its implications, and its alignment with the research objectives. This

section delved into the significance of the results, compared them with the relevant

literature, identified patterns and trends and explores possible explanations and

underlying mechanisms.

Plant Height

Result presents the data on the Plant Height (cm) of Romaine, Curly Green,

Kayla Red, Olga Red, and Olmetie Lettuce Treated by Trichoderma spp. in a non-

circulating hydroponic system. The Analysis of Variance revealed that there were

highly significant differences among treatments. Based on the result, T3 (Kayla Red)

obtained the tallest plant height with a mean of 33.49 cm, which was comparable to

T2 (Curly Green) with a mean of 27.58 cm and T1 (Romaine) with a mean of 24.91

cm. On the other hand, T5 (Olmetie) obtained the shortest plant height with a mean
 51

of 11.17 cm.

This was agreed in the statement of Rizal et al. (2019) that treating inoculated

Trichoderma spp. can improve plant height. The data in Table 1 showed clearly that

the inoculation of Trichoderma spp. on lettuce varieties resulted in a significant

increase in plant height.

Number of Leaves

The data on number of leaves (cm) of different varieties treated with

trichoderma spp were presented in Table 2. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

revealed that there were highly significant results among the treatments. Base on the

result, T5 (Olmetie) had the highest number of leaves with 18.40, followed by T1

(Romaine) with 13.07, and T3 (Kayla Red) with 11.47. The lowest was observed in

T2 (Curly Green) and T4 (Olga Red), with 9.23 and 8.93 leaves, respectively.

This supports the findings of Kumar et al. (2019) and Hidrawati et al. (2021),

who reported that Trichoderma spp can increase leaf number by promoting better

nutrient uptake and plant growth.

Leaf Length

Subsequently, the table 3 above showed the data of leaf length (cm) as

influenced with Romaine, Curly Green, Kayla Red, Olga Red, Olmetie by treating

trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating Hydroponic system. The Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) revealed that there were a highy significant result among the treatments.

Based on the result T1 (Romaine) had the longest leaves at 14.45 cm, followed by

T3 (Kayla Red) and T2 (Curly Green) with 13.58 cm and 13.28 cm. The shortest leaf

length was recorded in T5 (Olmetie) at 7.33 cm.

The findings of Adnani et al. (2024), who stated that Trichoderma

improves nutrient uptake and produces growth hormones like auxins and
 52

gibberellins, which help in leaf expansion. This shows that Trichoderma spp. can

effectively enhance leaf development in lettuce under hydroponic conditions.

Leaf Width

Additionally, results present the data on Width of leaves (cm) of different

varieties of lettuce treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic

system on (7th) (14th) (21st) Days. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that

there were highly significant result among the treatments. Curly Green (T2) had the

widest leaves with a mean of 17.21 cm, followed by Olga Red (T4) at 13.77 cm, and

Kayla Red (T3) at 13.04 cm. Romaine (T1) had the narrowest leaves at 10.68 cm.

The wide leaf width observed in Curly Green suggests a better response to

Trichoderma inoculation in terms of leaf development.

This result supports the findings of Adnani et al. (2024), who

reported that Trichoderma asperellum improves leaf quality by enhancing nutrient

uptake and root development. With stronger roots, the plants absorb more nutrients

efficiently, leading to better leaf expansion. In hydroponic systems, where nutrient

absorption is critical, Trichoderma plays an important role in promoting healthier and

more productive leafy vegetables.

Root Length

The ANOVA revealed highly significant difference among all the treatments

on the root length as treated with trichoderma spp. Based on the result above, T4

(Olga Red) recorded the longest root length with a mean of 43.06 cm, while the

shortest root length was observed in T5 (Olmetie), with only 34.42 cm.

Kumar et al. (2019) stated that the application through seed

treatment and foliar spray of Trichoderma spp. led to significantly improved root

elongation due to improved nutrient uptake and enhanced plant vigor. These results

indicate that Trichoderma may be an important player in causing root growth to occur
 53

in a healthy and vigorous way. This implies that it is possible to enhance a healthier

root formation and good plant performance with the use of Trichoderma in

hydroponic systems.

Fresh Weight

The ANOVA for fresh weight showed a highly significant difference among the

treatments. Based on the results, T1 (Romaine) recorded the highest fresh weight

with a mean of 12.03 g, followed by T5 (Olmetie) with 11.18 g. The lowest fresh

weight was observed in T4 (Olga Red), which had a mean of 6.22 g.

Kumar (2019) noted that the application of Trichoderma spp.

significantly improved plant growth, leading to enhanced fresh weight in several

crops. This supports the findings of the present study, where Trichoderma

treatments, especially in Romaine and Olmetie, contributed to higher fresh weight

compared to other varieties. These results indicate that Trichoderma spp. may play a

key role in promoting healthy growth and biomass accumulation, enhancing the

weight in hydroponic lettuce cultivation.

Fresh Yield

The ANOVA for fresh yield showed a highly significant difference among the

treatments. T1 (Romaine) had the highest fresh yield with a mean of 120.30 g,

followed by T5 (Olmetie) with 113.20 g. The lowest fresh yield was recorded in T4

(Olga Red), which had a mean of 87.10 g.

According to Gumelar and Sutarman (2023), the use of Trichoderma

spp. significantly improved plant growth and biomass production. This supports the

results of the present study, where the application of Trichoderma spp. contributed to

increased fresh yield in lettuce varieties. The positive effect on yield may be

attributed to the role of Trichoderma in enhancing nutrient uptake and stimulating

plant development in a hydroponic system.

 54

Temperature and Relative Humidity

In the case of Table 8, the recorded temperature inside the greenhouse

varied from the recorded low and high temperature at 29.93°C to 41.36°C during the

three week observation period. However, the levels of relative humidity varied

between 47% and 79%. These values were lower than the optimum temperature

range of lettuce (15°C to 20°C).

Lettuce is a cool season crop that is best enjoyed in moderate

temperature, according to Klein et al. (2022). Excessive temperatures, above 24°C,

can trigger this and may impact leaf quality and thus growth. Grow under the

hydroponic system, meanwhile, though temperatures increased as a result of the

study, lettuce plants did realize. This may be explained by the controlled delivery of

water and nutrients thereby reducing the stress condition of the plants due to the

environmental factors. During the readmitted temperatures the

amount of relative humidity may have offset the warmer mid day temperatures to the

point where it maintained favorable conditions for growth. Due to the variations in

climate within the greenhouse, the hydroponic setup was probably a stable

environment that aided plant development during an inconsistent climate.

Management of environmental stress for more productive crops under hydroponic

system can be highlighted in one sentence.

Economic Analysis

As demonstrated in Table 9, the application of Trichoderma spp. in a

noncirculating hydroponic system led to varied economic opportunities for the

different types of lettuce. Return on production cost (RPC) for T1 (Romaine) was

highest at 1978.72%, which is a superior profitability measure. The excellent growth

and yield parameters, and resultant gross and net incomes compared to other

treatments, can be attributed to this. However, T4 (Olga Red) had the lowest RPC of

785.01%, presumably as a result of lower fresh yield for a similar production costs to
 55

the other varieties.

This result is consistent with that obtained by Palacios-Torres et al. (2019)

who found that use of Trichoderma in hydroponic systems enhances crop quality and

productivity and increases market value of the produce and economically. The

Trichoderma they studied doesn’t just help plants grow, they help plants grow better

and their profitability directly affected by it in controlled environments like

hydroponics. Overall, the RPC value of T1 (Romaine) is high indicating that it is the

most cost effective and economically beneficial variety when treated with

Trichoderma spp. in hydroponic systems. It implies that, in addition to biological

compatibility, economic performance should be taken into consideration when

selecting the lettuce varieties that will be used for sustainable hydroponic farming.

Conclusion

This study was laid out in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with five

treatments and replicated three times and the data was analyzed using the Analysis

of Variance (ANOVA). The Honest Significant of Difference was used to compare the

significant effects between treatment means.

Results of the study indicated that there were significant differences in the

various types of lettuce treated with Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic

system across all the measured growth parameters plant height, number of leaves,

leaf length and width, root length, fresh weight and fresh yield.

Within the five treatments, certain lettuce varieties also benefited more from

inoculation with Trichoderma spp. At 14 and 21 days after transplanting, variety 1

usually produced much better plant height, leaf development and fresh yield than

variety 2. This variety showed a positive interaction with Trichoderma spp. and

recorded the highest plant height (24.91 cm), leaf number (13.07) and competitive

root length and biomass accumulation. Vary 3 and 5 also showed satisfactory growth
 56

and yield behaviour in most of the parameters which proved that Trichoderma spp.

has a potential to improve development and productivity in hydroponically grown

plants. On the contrary, varieties 4 and 2 generally showed inferior growth

and yield performance, implying that these varieties may be not compatible with

Trichoderma spp. or require different environmental or nutritional conditions for best

performance. In general, these findings support the use of Trichoderma spp. to

promote on growth and yield of some lettuce varieties in a noncirculating hydroponic

system. The finding indicates that integrating beneficial organisms such as

Trichoderma in hydroponics may lend itself to adding a degree of benefit to the crop

performance in controlled environments. However, further studies are needed to

identify the most suitable combinations for the best production success.

Recommendations

Based on the results of this study, the researcher recommends the use of

Treatment 1, as it demonstrated the most favorable growth and yield performance

among the lettuce varieties treated with Trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating

hydroponic system. Treatment 1 recorded the tallest plants, larger leaf dimensions,

and the greatest fresh weight and yield. These findings support the suggestion that

hydroponic lettuce production can be improved by selecting lettuce varieties that

exhibit strong responsiveness to Trichoderma spp., such as the variety used in

Treatment 1. The researcher further recommends conducting additional studies to

explore the effects of Trichoderma spp. on nutrient uptake efficiency and the stability

of the hydroponic solution, particularly under varying environmental conditions.

Additionally, future research should evaluate the potential of Trichoderma spp. to

enhance plant resilience against stress factors such as nutrient imbalances and

microbial competition, in order to promote more sustainable hydroponic farming

practices.
 57

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APPENDICES

Appendix A

ANOVA OF PLANT DATA

ANOVA Table 1. Plant height at 7 days after transplanting of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 69.1425 17.2856 108.79 0.0000
Error 10 1.5889 0.1589
Total 14 70.7314
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 4.58

ANOVA Table 2. Plant height at 14 days after transplanting of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: Height.14
 66

---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 277.9506 69.4877 128.87** 0.0000
Error 10 5.3919 0.5392
Total 14 283.3425
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 4.82

ANOVA Table 3. Plant height at 21 days after transplanting of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: Height.21
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 838.7286 209.6821 44.49 0.0000
Error 10 47.1318 4.7132
Total 14 885.8604
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 9.23

ANOVA Table 4. Number of leaves at 7 days after transplanting of different

lettuce varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic
system

Response Variable: NOL7

---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 10.0840 2.5210 78.78 0.0000
Error 10 0.3200 0.0320
Total 14 10.4040
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 4.34
ANOVA Table 5. Number of leaves at 14 days after transplanting of different
lettuce varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic
system
Response Variable: NOL14
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 39.3027 9.8257 65.21 0.0000
Error 10 1.5067 0.1507
Total 14 40.8093
---------------------------------------------------------
 67

CV(%) 5.04

ANOVA Table 6. Number of leaves at 21 days after transplanting of different

lettuce varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic
system
Response Variable: NOL21
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 177.5973 44.3993 178.55 0.0000
Error 10 2.4867 0.2487
Total 14 180.0840
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 4.08

ANOVA Table 7. Leaf Length at 7 days after transplanting of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: LL7
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 65.7205 16.4301 108.76 0.0000
Error 10 1.5107 0.1511
Total 14 67.2312
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 4.98

ANOVA Table 8. Leaf Length at 14 days after transplanting of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: LL14
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 115.4365 28.8591 81.65 0.0000
Error 10 3.5346 0.3535
Total 14 118.9711
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 5.20

ANOVA Table 9. Leaf Length at 21 days after transplanting of different lettuce

varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: LL21
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 115.6878 28.9220 64.85 0.0000
Error 10 4.4597 0.4460
Total 14 120.1476
---------------------------------------------------------
 68

CV(%) 5.77
ANOVA Table 10. Leaf width at 7 days after transplanting of different lettuce
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: LW7
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 7.0659 1.7665 67.98 0.0000
Error 10 0.2599 0.0260
Total 14 7.3258
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 3.42

ANOVA Table 11. Leaf width at 14 days after transplanting of different lettuce
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: LW14
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 20.4679 5.1170 21.95 0.0001
Error 10 2.3311 0.2331
Total 14 22.7990
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 5.36

ANOVA Table 12. Leaf width at 21 days after transplanting of different lettuce
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: LW21
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 70.0790 17.5198 119.18 0.0000
Error 10 1.4701 0.1470
Total 14 71.5491
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 2.86

ANOVA Table 13. Root length of different lettuce varieties treated with
trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: ROOT.LENGTH
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 177.7878 44.4470 46.79 0.0000
Error 10 9.4987 0.9499
Total 14 187.2865
 69

---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 2.53

ANOVA Table 14. Fresh weight of different lettuce varieties treated with
trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: FW
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 60.2246 15.0562 33.14 0.0000
Error 10 4.5432 0.4543
Total 14 64.7678
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 7.00
ANOVA Table 15. Fresh yield of different lettuce varieties treated with
trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system
Response Variable: FY
---------------------------------------------------------
Source DF Sum of Square Mean Square F Value Pr(> F)
---------------------------------------------------------
TREAT 4 1449033.0667 362258.2667 57.23 0.0000
Error 10 63298.6667 6329.8667
Total 14 1512331.7333
---------------------------------------------------------
CV(%) 6.51

Appendix B

COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS

Table 6. Cost and Return Analysis of different lettuce varieties treated with
trichoderma spp in a non-circulating hydroponic system.
Variable cost T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
A. Greenhouse Materials
Trapal 1340 1340 1340 1340 1340
Wood nails 507 507 507 507 507
Net 4160 4160 4160 4160 4160
UV Plastic film 2505 2505 2505 2505 2505
Wood 100 100 100 100 100
Bamboo 200 200 200 200 200
Labor 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000
SUBTOTAL 11812 11812 11812 11812 11812
B. Production Materials
Weighing 179 179 179 179 179
Scale
Record Book 84 84 84 84 84
Ruler 20 20 20 20 20
 70

Ballpen 10 10 10 10 10
Hygrometer 183 183 183 183 183
pH meter 803 803 803 803 803
SUBTOTAL 1279 1279 1279 1279 1279
C. Production Expenses
Nutrient 1102 1102 1102 1102 1102
solution
Lettuce seeds 44 58 47 80 180

Styro Cups 456 456 456 456 456

Styrofoam 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400
Cocopeat 120 120 120 120 120
Trichoderma 1214 1214 1214 1214 1214
ph down 380 380 380 380 380
Water 850 850 850 850 850
Water 350 350 350 350 350
analysis
SUBTOTAL 4516 4530 4519 4552 4652
Total Cost
Production 17,607 17,621 17,610 17,643 17,743
(Php)
Gross 366,000 262,857.14 253,000 156,142.86 270,714.29
Income(Php)
Net Income 348,393 245,236.14 235,390 138,499.86 252,971.29
Return of
Production 1978.72 1391.73 1336.68 785.01 1475.65
Cost (%)

Appendix C

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF MEANS

PLANT HEIGHT
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

7 Days 14 Days 21 Days

 71

Graphical presentation of the plant height of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system on
(7th), (14th), and (21st) Days after transplanting.

NUMBER OF LEAVES
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

7 Days 14 Days 21 Days

Graphical presentation of the number of leaves of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system on
(7th), (14th), and (21st) Days after transplanting

LEAF LENGTH
16

14

12

10

0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

7 Days 14 Days 21 Days

Graphical presentation of the leaf length of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system on
(7th), (14th), and (21st) Days after transplanting
 LEAF WIDTH
16 72

14

12
LEAF WIDTH
10
18
8
16
6
14
4
12
2
10
0
8
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie
6
7 Days 14 Days 21 Days
4
2
0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

7 Days 14 Days 21 Days

Graphical presentation of the leaf width of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system on
(7th), (14th), and (21st) Days after transplanting

ROOT LENGTH
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

R1 R2 R3

Graphical presentation of the root length of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system.
 73

FRESH WEIGHT
14

12

10

0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

R1 R2 R3
Graphical presentation of the fresh weight of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic system.

FRESH YIELD
6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
T1 Romaine T2 Curly Green T3 Kayla Red T4 Olga Red T5 Olmetie

R1 R2 R3 TOTAL

Graphical presentation of the fresh yield of different lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
varieties treated with trichoderma spp. in a non-circulating hydroponic syste
 74

Appendix D

FIELD LAYOUT

3m

7m
 75
T2-R2
T4-R2
T5-R3 T1-R1
T2-R1
T1-R3
T3-R3
T2-R3 T4-R3
T3-R2
T5-R2
T4-R1

T3-R1 T5-R1

T1-R2

81cm

Appendix E
Figure 2. CRD Experimental Layout
WATER ANALYSIS
 76

Figure 3. Water Analysis

Appendix F

DOCUMENTATION
 77

Figure 4. Greenhouse Preparation

 78

Figure 5. Greenhouse Disinfection and Adviser visitation

Figure 6. Seedling Preparation

 79

Figure 7. Adding Trichoderma spp. in the Growing box with nutrient solution

Figure 8. Transplanting
of seedlings to the cups
 80

Figure 9. Transferring of Seedlings into the Growing Box

 81

Figure 10. Data Collection

Figure 11. Harvesting

 82

T4 T5

T1 T2 T3

Appendix G
EDITOR’S CERTIFICATE
 83

Appendix H
PLAGIARISM CHECK RESULT FROM TURNITIN
 84

CURRICULUM VITAE

CHERESE CLAIRE M. CARNECER

Purok 3, San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte
09457846705
Email Address: [email protected]
 85

PERSONAL INFORMATION

DATE OF BIRTHDATE : October 08, 2002

PLACE OF BIRTH : San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte

AGE : 22

SEX : Female

HEIGHT : 4’11

WEIGHT : 64kg

NATIONALITY : Filipino

RELIGION : Roman Catholic

CIVIL STATUS : Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College : Kapalong College of Agriculture Sciences, and

Technology (2021-2025)
Maniki, Kapalong, Davao del Norte
Senior High School : New Corella National High School (2019-2021)
Poblacion, New Corella, Davao del Norte
Junior High School: New Corella National High School (2015-2019)
Poblacion, New Corella, Davao del Norte
Elementary : San Roque Elementary School (2009-2015)
San Roque, New Corella, Davao del Norte