Engineering Science:

Trigonometry
Learning Outcomes

• State and use Pythagoras’ theorem

• Define the sine, cosine and tangent of an acute angle
• Solve right-angled triangles
• Evaluate trigonometric ratios for angles of any magnitude
• Use the sine and cosine rules to solve any triangle
• Calculate the area of any triangle
• Appreciate typical practical science and engineering
applications where trigonometry is needed
 The theorem of Pythagoras

With reference the side opposite the right angle

(i.e. side b) is called the hypotenuse.
hyp

The theorem of Pythagoras states:

‘In any right-angled triangle, the square on the hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the squares on the other two
sides.’
Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

For the figure above, find the length of side BC

Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

For the figure above, find the length of side BC

Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

For the figure above, find the length of side BC

Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

For the figure above, find the length of side BC

Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

For the figure above, find the length of side BC

 Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

Find the length of EF for the figure above.

 Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

Find the length of EF for the figure above.

 Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

Find the length of EF for the figure above.

 Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

Find the length of EF for the figure above.

 Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

Find the length of EF for the figure above.

 Applying The theorem of Pythagoras

Find the length of EF for the figure above.

Trigonometric Ratios of Acute Angles
hyp
opp

adj
Sine and Cosine Rule
Sine and Cosine Rule
Area Of Any Triangle
Practical situations involving
trigonometry
Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One travels due north
at an average speed of 300 km/h and the other due west at an average
speed of 220 km/h. Calculate their distance apart after 4 hours.
Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One travels due north
at an average speed of 300 km/h and the other due west at an average
speed of 220 km/h. Calculate their distance apart after 4 hours.

After 4 hours, the first aircraft has travelled 4 × 300 = 1200 km, due
north, and
Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One travels due north
at an average speed of 300 km/h and the other due west at an average
speed of 220 km/h. Calculate their distance apart after 4 hours.

After 4 hours, the first aircraft has travelled 4 × 300 = 1200 km, due
north, and

The second aircraft has travelled 4 × 220 = 880 km due west.

Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One travels due north
at an average speed of 300 km/h and the other due west at an average
speed of 220 km/h. Calculate their distance apart after 4 hours.

After 4 hours, the first aircraft has travelled 4 × 300 = 1200 km, due
north, and

The second aircraft has travelled 4 × 220 = 880 km due west.

Distance apart after 4 hours is

Two aircraft leave an airfield at the same time. One travels due north
at an average speed of 300 km/h and the other due west at an average
speed of 220 km/h. Calculate their distance apart after 4 hours.

After 4 hours, the first aircraft has travelled 4 × 300 = 1200 km, due
north, and

The second aircraft has travelled 4 × 220 = 880 km due west.

Distance apart after 4 hours is

Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.
Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.
Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.
Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.

Since ABC is a right-angled triangle

Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.

Since ABC is a right-angled triangle

AC =8 - 2 = 6 and
Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.

Since ABC is a right-angled triangle

AC =8 - 2 = 6 and

BC = 7 - 3= 4, then by
Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.

Since ABC is a right-angled triangle

AC =8 - 2 = 6 and

BC = 7 - 3= 4, then by

Pythagoras’ theorem

AB2 = AC2 + BC2 = 62 + 42

Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.

Since ABC is a right-angled triangle

AC =8 - 2 = 6 and

BC = 7 - 3= 4, then by

Pythagoras’ theorem

AB2 = AC2 + BC2 = 62 + 42

AB = 62 + 42 =
Point A lies at co-ordinate (2,3) and point B at
(8,7). Determine the distance AB.

Since ABC is a right-angled triangle

AC =8 - 2 = 6 and

BC = 7 - 3= 4, then by

Pythagoras’ theorem

AB2 = AC2 + BC2 = 62 + 42

AB = 62 + 42 = 52

= 7.211
For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj
For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj

PQ
Tan θ =
QR
For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj

PQ
Tan θ =
QR

PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5
For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj

PQ
Tan θ =
QR

PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5

PQ = 7.5 tan 38o

For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj

PQ
Tan θ =
QR

PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5

PQ = 7.5 tan 38o

= 7.5 × 0.7813

=5.86 cm
 For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj
Using Pythagoras theorem PQ
Tan θ =
QR

PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5

PQ = 7.5 tan 38o

= 7.5 × 0.7813

=5.86 cm
 For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj
Using Pythagoras theorem PQ
Tan θ =
QR
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5

PQ = 7.5 tan 38o

= 7.5 × 0.7813

=5.86 cm
 For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj
Using Pythagoras theorem PQ
Tan θ =
QR
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5
PR = 7.52 + 5.862
PQ = 7.5 tan 38o
= 7.5 × 0.7813

=5.86 cm
 For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj
Using Pythagoras theorem PQ
Tan θ =
QR
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5
PR = 7.52 + 5.862
PQ = 7.5 tan 38o
PR = 90 = 7.5 × 0.7813

=5.86 cm
 For the triangle given find the lengths of
side PQ and PR.

SOH CAH TOA

opp
Tan θ =
adj
Using Pythagoras theorem PQ
Tan θ =
QR
PR2 = QR2 + PQ2
PQ
Tan 38o =
7.5
PR = 7.52 + 5.862
PQ = 7.5 tan 38o
PR = 90 = 7.5 × 0.7813

PR = 9.52 cm =5.86 cm
Solve the triangle and find its area.
Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍
Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍

15.2 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 51 sin 67 sin 62
Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍

15.2 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 51 sin 67 sin 62

y = 15.2 sin 67 = i8cm = XZ

sin 51𝑜
Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍

15.2 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 51 sin 67 sin 62

y = 15.2 sin 67 = i8cm = XZ

sin 51𝑜

Z = 15.2 sin 62 = 17.27cm = XY

sin 51
 Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

1
Area of triangle XYZ = xy sinZ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2 = =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍

15.2 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 51 sin 67 sin 62

y = 15.2 sin 67 = i8cm = XZ

sin 51𝑜

Z = 15.2 sin 62 = 17.27cm = XY

sin 51
 Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

1
Area of triangle XYZ = xy sinZ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2 = =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍
1
= 2 × 15.2 × 18 × sin62o
15.2 𝑦 𝑧
= =
sin 51 sin 67 sin 62

y = 15.2 sin 67 = i8cm = XZ

sin 51𝑜

Z = 15.2 sin 62 = 17.27cm = XY

sin 51
 Solve the triangle and find its area.

Since the angles of a triangle add up to 180o,

then angle Z = 180o – 51o – 67o = 62o

Applying the sine rule:

1
Area of triangle XYZ = xy sinZ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2 = =
sin 𝑋 sin 𝑌 sin 𝑍
1
= 2 × 15.2 × 18 × sin62o
15.2 𝑦 𝑧
= 120.8cm2
= =
sin 51 sin 67 sin 62

y = 15.2 sin 67 = i8cm = XZ

sin 51𝑜

Z = 15.2 sin 62 = 17.27cm = XY

sin 51
A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.
A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.
A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.
A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.
A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.
 A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.

For angle B
Using the sine rule:
 A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.

For angle B
Using the sine rule:
 A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.

For angle B
Using the sine rule:
 A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.

For angle B
Using the sine rule:
 A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.

For angle B
Using the sine rule:
 A triangle ABC has sides a = 9.0cm, b = 7.5cm and c = 6.5cm. Determine its
three angles and its area.

For angle B
Using the sine rule:

Pages 50 to 60 Science for engineering

by John Bird
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