REAL ANALYSIS

HOMEWORK 4 TURN-IN 12 SEP 2019

2019F

Name: ___________________________

Student ID: _______________________

Date: ____________________________

Group Participants: ____________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

______________________________________

Problem Points Score

1 10
2 10
3 10
4 10
5 10
6 10
7 10
8 10
9 10
10 10
Grade 100
 HOMEWORK 4

FOLLOW ALL THE INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO ANSWER THE

HOMEWORK PROBLEMS. INCOMPLIANCE WITH THESE INSTRUCTIONS MAY
RESULT IN LOSS OF POINTS.
INSTRUCTIONS
1. You are strongly encouraged to form study groups anywhere from 3 to 4
participants, in resolving the problems.
2. You may use your class notes, textbooks or assigned reading materials.
3. Any and all outside sources including digital apparatus are disallowed.
4. There are 10 questions with possible 100 point. Answer all the questions.
5. I will be reviewing all of your solutions and assign the corresponding grade.
6. Carefully and clearly show your work on each problem, simplify your answers as
much as possible.
7. Should you require additional writing space use bond paper.
8. Use only one side of each sheet of paper.
9. Complete the information requested on the reverse side of the last page.
10. Include all the participants who worked on the solutions.
11. Turn in your solution packet as instructed.

2
 HOMEWORK 4
Part 1 Basic Operations of Sets1

Definition 1. For two sets S and T we say that S is a subset of T if each element of S is also an
element of T. In formal notation S ⊆ T if for all x ∈ S we have x ∈ T. If S ⊆ T then we also say T
contains S which can be written T ⊇ S. If S ⊆ T and S  T then we write S ⊂ T and we say S is a
proper subset of T.

Problem 1. Set Membership: The difference between membership in a set and a subset of a
set. An element x is a member of a set if it belongs to the set. A set is a subset if everything
in the set belongs to the set. Those are two different concepts.
Determine if the LHS of the following statements are either elements members of the set or
subsets of the set on RHS.
a) ∅ ∈ {∅{∅}} Yes
b) ∅ ⊆ {∅,{∅}} Yes
c) ∅ ∈{{∅}} No
d) a ∈ {{a}},{a,{a}}} No
e) {a} ∈ {{a}},{a,{b}}} Yes
f) {∅} ⊆ {{∅} ,{∅,{∅}}} No
g) {a,{b}} ∈ {a,{a,{b}} Yes
h) {a,{b}} ∈ {a,{a,{b}} Yes
i) {a,{b}} ∈ {{b},a} No
j) {a,{b}} ⊆ {{b},a} Yes
Justification:
a) true, ∅ is a member of the set on the right.
b) true, the empty set is a subset of any set, being the empty set means no elements.
c) false, ∅ is not a member of the set on the right.
d) false, a is not one of the elements of the set on the right.
Continue with the rest of the statements.

1 Farlow Univ Maine

3
 HOMEWORK 4

Problem 2. Theorem 4: Let A and B be subsets of X, the universal set. Prove that A  B  Bc  Ac
Solution
Proof:
First show the truth of the conclusion, Bc  Ac, using the truth of the hypothesis, A  B. Using
set inclusion, letting x ∈ Bc says that x does not belong to B, but the hypothesis, A  B, tells us
that A is contained in B and hence x does not belong to A as well, or in other words x ∈ Ac.
Assuming that the cardinality B  A implies Ac  Bc which means that Bc  Ac . ■

Part 2 Interior, Closure, Exterior and Boundary of Open and Closed Sets2
Let (X; d) be a metric space and A  X.
Definition 2. The interior of A, denoted int A, is the largest open set contained in A, also, the union
of all open sets contained in A. Thus, a point is interior if and only if it has an open ball that is a
subset of the set
x  int A    0, B ( x)  A.
Definition 3. The closure of A, denoted by cl A, is the smallest closed set containing A, also, the
intersection of all closed sets containing A. Thus, a point is in the closure if and only if any open
ball around it intersects the set
x  clA    0, B ( x) A  .
Definition 4. The exterior of A, denoted ext A, is the largest open set contained in X \ A. Hence,
a point is exterior if and only if an open ball around it is entirely outside the set
x  extA    0, B ( x)  X \ A.
Definition 5. The boundary of A, denoted A is equal to cl ( X \ A) clA. Thus, a point is on the
boundary if any open ball around it intersects the set and intersects the outside of the set
x A    0, B ( x) A   and B ( x) X \ A  .
Note: ext A = int X \ A.

2 LUCA ECON2001
4
 HOMEWORK 4
Problem 3. Let A = [0,1] [2,3]. Find the following properties of A:
(a) The interior of A
Solution:
int A = (0,1) (2,3).

(b) The closure of A

Solution:
clA = [0,1] [2,3].

(c) The exterior of A

Solution:
extA = int ( X \ A)
= int ((−, 0) (1, 2] [3, +)
= (−, 0) (1, 2) (3, +).

5
 HOMEWORK 4

(d) The boundary of A.

Solution:
A = cl ( X \ A) clA
= ( (−, 0] [1, 2] [3, +) ) ([0,1] [2,3])
= {0,1, 2,3}.

Closure of Closed Sets

Problem 4. Theorem: Prove or give a counterexample to the following statement: If U and V
are disjoint open subsets of a topological space X, then their closures are also disjoint.
Solution:
Let U and V be the open intervals (−1, 0) and (0, 1) respectively. Then their closures are the
closed intervals [−1, 0] and [0, 1] respectively, and the intersection of these two sets is {0}. This
counterexample shows that the statement is false. ■

Problem 5. Give an example to show that in a metric space the closure of an open ε disk about
a point is not necessarily the set of all points whose distance from the center is ≤ ε.
Solution:
Take any set S with the discrete metric and let ε = 1. Then the set of all points whose distance
from some particular s0 ∈ S is ≤ 1is all of S, but the open disk of radius 1 centered at s0 is just
the one-point subset {s0}.

6
 HOMEWORK 4

Problem 6. Theorem: Prove that if A is closed in Y and Y is closed in X, then A is closed in X.

Solution:
Since A is closed in Y we can write A = F ∩ Y where F is closed in X. Since an intersection of
closed sets is closed and Y is closed in X , it follows that F ∩ Y = A is also closed in X. ■

Problem 7. Let A, B  X, and determine whether the following inclusions hold; if equality
fails, determine whether containment one way or the other holds.
(a) cl ( A B) = clA clB.
Solution: Since C ⊂ Y implies cl C  cl Y it follows that cl (A ∩ B)  cl A and cl (A ∩ B)  cl B,
which yields the inclusion cl (A ∩ B) = cl A ∩ cl B.
To see that the inclusion may be proper, take A and B to be the open intervals (0, 1) and (1, 2) in
the real line. Then the left-hand side is empty but the right-hand side is the set {1}. ■

(b) cl ( A \ B) = clA \ clB

Solution:
First give an example where the first set properly contains the second. Take A = [−1, 1] and B =
{0}. Then the LHS is A but the RHS is A \ B. Now show that cl(A \ B) ⊃ clA \ clB always holds.
Given x ∈ clA \ clB we need to show that for each open set U containing x the intersection U ∩ (A \
B) is nonempty. Given such an open set U, the condition x  B implies that x ∈ U \ B, which is
open. Since x ∈ A it follows that
A ∩ (U \ clB)  ∅
and since U \ clB ⊂ U \ B it follows that
(A \ B) ∩ U = A ∩ (U \ B) ≠ ∅
and hence that x ∈ cl(A \ B). ■

7
 HOMEWORK 4
Closure of Open Set3
Problem 7. Theorem: Prove or give a counterexample to the following statement: If U and V
are disjoint open subsets of a topological space X, then their closures are also disjoint.
Solution:
Let U and V be the open intervals (−1, 0) and (0, 1) respectively. Then their closures are the
closed intervals [−1, 0] and [0, 1] respectively, and the intersection of these two sets is {0}. This
counterexample shows that the statement is false. ■

Problem 8. Give an example to show that in a metric space the closure of an open ε disk about
a point is not necessarily the set of all points whose distance from the center is ≤ ε.
Solution:
Take any set S with the discrete metric and let ε = 1. Then the set of all points whose distance
from some particular s0 ∈ S is ≤ 1is all of S, but the open disk of radius 1 centered at s0 is just
the one-point subset {s0}.

3 UCR MATH MUNKIES

8
 HOMEWORK 4
Problem 9. Prove or give a counterexample to the following statement: If U and V are disjoint
open subsets of a topological space X, then their closures are also disjoint.
Solution: Let U and V be the open intervals (−1, 0) and (0, 1) respectively. Then their closures
are the closed intervals [−1, 0] and [0, 1] respectively, and the intersection of these two sets is
{0}. This counterexample shows that the statement is false.

Problem 10. Give an example to show that in a metric space the closure of an open ε disk about
a point is not necessarily the set of all points whose distance from the center is ≤ ε.
Solution: Take any set S with the discrete metric and let ε = 1. Then the set of all points whose
distance from some particular s0 ∈ S is ≤ 1is all of S, but the open disk of radius 1 centered at s0
is just the one-point subset {s0}.