Forces

· Force :

due to
A
push or
pull
that acts on an
object
interaction with an other
object .

affect variety of ways

· Force can bodies in a
:

Changes in
speed forces
: can cause bodies

slow down.
to
speed up
·

or

direction Forces
Changes
· in
: can cause

bodies to their direction of travel.

change
and size forces
shape
in
Changes
:
~ can came

bodies to stretch and hence

compress
and size.
changing shape
 Effects of forces

Different forces

E
 Some more forces to know

· Theeffects of forces object often on an

depend type of force acting

on :

The
push force thrst) of engine
an can cause
·

whilst the force exerted

a car to
speed up ,

by the brakes (friction) can came it to slow

down .

· Air resistance also opposes the motion of

plaination
the car·
Note Further
:

ery
for these forces is
given
ahead .
 Earth
Motion
Motion
Earth
Motion
Fg Fg
Fg ~ sun
1

Earth 'sun
~
sun

of
Eg-force gravity
attraction of the
· The
gravitational sun can

the direction of motion of Earth

.
change
·
Tension :

The force
experienced by
a cable
rope
,
,

or

string
when
pulled hung rotated supported
,
. ,
or

Tunfree
· This
normally
is labelled as
body
diagrams .
 ·

Tension
always acts from the mas

away

·
Normal Contact Force :

The force arising when an

object rests
another
object acting at to
%

against
90
a
angle
the
plane of contact
.

It is sometimes also referred to as the reaction

force .
This labelled Nor i free
is
normally
as on
·

body diagrams .

Newton's Thira Law

This force from
.

arises
o
Normal Contact Force R ,

Rm
R
M

Bot
Bon
slope
·

Normal contact force is the force with which a

The normal
surface pushes against an
object .

perpendicularly
to
contact force acts
always
the surface .

· An
object at
rest on a
surface
enects a force on the surface.

The reaction force acts

at to the
right angles
and
surface is known

as normal contact

force .
 Upthrust :

The force acting

upward buoyancy on an

object when it is in a fluid .

Upthrust Liquids and gases

.
·
can occur in

Upthrust

·
Upthrust always acts
upwards .
 Forces :
Drag
These are the forces acting opposite
in

direction to
object moving through
a
an

fluid .
friction and
Examples of drag forces
are

air resistance .

· Air resistance :

Force that acts in the opposite direction

to
object moving through
an the air.
 Friction :

The force that arises when two surfaces are in

contact with each other.

Friction the motion

always opposes
·
.

· This is
normally
labelled as For Eu on
free body diagram .

Force of Friction Acting on a

law

Friction
always
acts at the
point where the

objects are in contact and in the

,
opposite
direction to the direction of motion .

-
 Identifying forces acting on an
Object

Fren
bodydiagrams useful for forces
modelling
·
are the

that
acting
are on an
object .

·
Free
body diagrame
are
simplified representations ,
in

problem of ,
an
object (the body)
and the
force
vectors
acting on it
. ↑

This free because the

·

body is
diaguam will show

of its environment
it without its
surrounding body free ,

·
In the free
body diagram
,
the
object or
body is

shown bon dot .

usually
as a or

The forces thin arrows

pointing away
· are shown as

of dot
from the centre box or .
 where each
Each
force represented vector
·

is on a
arrow ,

aurow :

·
Is scaled to the
magnitude of the

force it cresents
rel

· Points in the direction that the force

acts .

·
Is labelled with the name of the
force it represents s

· Lets
drawfune-body diagrams of a

scenario
.

Step-by-step :

ION
Reaction
force

ION weight
· We have to understand that free-body diagram
is needed hence
,

point out the main

object
on which
forces are
acting Ignoring environment
,

o this case it is book hence our

per
a
,

represent
rule we will book
by a dol.

think of length
Now to which
scale
according
· a

of rector arrows will be drawn .

For
example Taking
· SN = km hence,
in our
,

case vector arrows of length 5cm above

and below the dot will be drawn.

· Make sure to maintain the direction in

force is
↑
which acting Reaction
.
·
Label forces

⑨ weight
~
 goes for following
· Jame instructions scenarios :

Free Body Diagram of a Plane

1

Free Body Diagram of a Parachute

 be wed
Free
bodydiagrams
can
:
·

·
To identify which forces act in which plane
↑

· To resolve the net force in a

particular
direction .

9) Draw free-body diagrams for the

following
Scenarios :

picture frame hanging from nai

a) A a

Answer
Free-BodyDiagram
:

Tension Ty
,
nTitension Tr +T

&
t
frame
e

vu

weight
w
,

~
·
The size of the arrows should be such that the
3
forces would make a closed
triangle as
they
are balanced.

b) Abousliding up a slope

o First Lets figure out the forces acting on the box.

· There are 4 forces acting on the box.

to
· The normal contact force .
R ,
acts
perpendicular
the
slope .

and in the
·
Friction Face
.
parallel to the slope
direction to the direction of
motion.
opposite
 acts down towards the Earth
Weight
· ,
W ,
.

-
·
Applied force F , acts
up the plane .
tree
body Diagram

road
6) accelerating along
A car a
Free-Body Diagram

of the thrust
· As the car is
accelerating the size

must be than the of the friction

larger
size

force .

and downwards forces hea

Theupwards
mul
·

9) Draw a
free-body diagram of an
toy sail

boat with
weight 30N
floating water
in

that is
being pulled
to the
right by
an

applied force of 35N .

 of forces
acting upon
the
oldentify object
all

in the
question including any, forces that
be .
may implied
Weight
·
: BON

the water (since the object

Upthrust from
·

and direction
is
floating) : magnitude
↓

Applied
and direction
· force :
magnitude
o Draw in all of the force rectors (arrows)
,

the start at the object

making sure

directed
arrows

and are
away
.

·
 free
· Lets convert the
diagram
above into a

body
diagram .

· Since
object is
floating hence
weight
and
upthmst
are
equal so their will be of equal lengh
.

its
· Since
applied force is
greater than both so

and
arrow size will be
greater than that of weight
upthrust .

vector
o You can
think of a scale as
guided above so

of applied force not

exceptionallylonge
r.
is

Label and complete the free body diagram

above
 straight
Resultant Forces on a line

· Resultant force :

force that describes all

It is a
single
of the forces operating on a body
.
· When
multiple forces act on one
object they
,
can

be combined(added) to net (final)

produce one

force which described the combined action

of all the forces .

This resultant force determines

-

single :

The direction in which object will a

move as
·

result of all of the forces .

·
The
magnitude of the final force experienced
by the object .
 ·
The resultant force is sometimes called the
not force .

· Forces can combine to

produce :

·
Balancedforces
· Unbalanced forces

· Forces are balanced if multiple forces act in

directions with an
equal magnitude in
opposing
each direction .

·
The effect of the forces then cancel out
.

· There is no resultant force in that plane of

direction .

table
~ For
example ,
a book is
resting on a :

The of the Earth onthe book

gravitational pull
·

downward direction
(weight) acts in .
 The
·
push force of the table the book (normal
on

direction
contact force) ack the
upward
in .

The forces and

equal magnitude
·
are in

opposite in direction .

·
The forces are therefore balanced .
· There is no resultant force acting on the book.

table
Zero resultant force
acting on book
resting on a

ION
Reaction force

ION weight
-
Forces are unbalanced if the effects of the forces
do not cancel out
acting in each
plane
· There is a resultant fouce in one or more

planes of direction .

two
playing
For
·

example imagine
-
people a

game of lug-of-war ,
working against
each other on
opposite sides of the rope .

If A with DON to the left and

pulls
·

group
with lowN to the these
group
B
pulls right ,

forces donot cancel out each other completely.

· Since
group
B
pulled
with more
force than
forces will be unbalanced and the
group A the
will resultant force of
experience
a

rope
the
zoN to
right .
 A
Group Group B

CON ION

2 7

B
The force exerted
rope by group
the is
on

than the force enected the

greater rope
on

the
by Group
A , therefore the forces acting
on

unbalanced .
vope
are

resultant force
·

Calculating
it has both
· Force is a vector
quantity ,

and direction .
magnitude
Calcute resultant forces on a
straight line
we add the forces
 forces
important
When
together
it
adding
·
is
,

and
to
negative
values
assign positive
to show the direction which
forces
in are

acting
· First decide which
sign
will be
assigned
to which direction for let
example,

and
consider
right direction to be positive
left direction to be
negative .

· Lets calculate resultant force of a scenario

and aen
where a
5N
force acts on
right
force acts on
left .

oFouse to left -In

right-tiN
=

·
Force to

IN
Resultant force =
5 + 1-5) SN
, 3
= 0

Forces are balanced

· The forces are

acting and
on the
object are

equal magnitude opposite

in in

cancel another
direction : therefore they one

out
.

This is Like two box with

people pushing
·
a

equal force from opposite sides the bon

,

does not move .

·
If the two people push the box fromthe same

side in the
right direction one
with Enforce
and other with IN forc - Resultant will be?

Both fores will have discussed

sign as we
· ,

before .

1oN
Resultant force = 7+3 =
 Resultant forceis
-NIN IoN and

/To the RIGHT)

· if direction of forces were left and both forces

would have minu would
sign along them ,
your answer

be-ION .

about the direction

of the
· Minus inlow is
just telling
force magnitude
,
and net amount of force is still IoN.

If the box in directions,

· two
people push opposite
one
with a inforce to the left (negative) and
right (positive)
one with 3N fore to the
then
a ,

the forces will add

together and box will move

in the direction of resultant force.

7N >
-
sN Resultant fore is to
E

left became force at

Resultant force Yo =

(To the LEFT) left is

greater .
· The resultant force is the net force acting on the

object when all the individual forces have been

added and the directional accounted
components
for .

units for
always provide
Note Remember to your
:

answer and to state whether force is to

Left , to
right, or
maybe up or down.

9) Calculate the and direction of

magnitude
the resultant force the below .
diagram
in

on
YN
ly <
,

Solution :