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Power system questions

The document discusses various electrical concepts including AC vs DC transmission, the Ferranti Effect, Skin Effect, and Corona Effect, along with methods to mitigate these issues. It also covers the differences between Distribution Transformers and Power Transformers, transformer connections, phase sequences, frequency effects, and electricity tariffs for consumers. Additionally, it highlights the importance of earthing for safety and power factor correction to improve system efficiency.

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tanusree6060
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3 views

Power system questions

The document discusses various electrical concepts including AC vs DC transmission, the Ferranti Effect, Skin Effect, and Corona Effect, along with methods to mitigate these issues. It also covers the differences between Distribution Transformers and Power Transformers, transformer connections, phase sequences, frequency effects, and electricity tariffs for consumers. Additionally, it highlights the importance of earthing for safety and power factor correction to improve system efficiency.

Uploaded by

tanusree6060
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

AC vs DC

AC (Alternating Current) is preferred over DC (Direct Current) for power transmission because it is

easier and more economical to step up or down using transformers. High-voltage AC transmission

reduces current for the same power, minimizing I^2R losses over long distances. AC systems are

also easier to interrupt using circuit breakers. However, DC is more efficient for very long distances

and underwater cables due to no reactive power losses and better voltage regulation.

2. Ferranti Effect

The Ferranti Effect occurs in long, lightly loaded AC transmission lines where the receiving end

voltage becomes higher than the sending end voltage. This is due to the capacitive charging current

leading to a voltage rise. It is more significant in high-voltage and long-distance lines and can be

mitigated using shunt reactors or compensators.

3. Skin Effect

Skin Effect is the tendency of alternating current (AC) to flow near the surface of conductors,

increasing the effective resistance as frequency increases. This results in power losses and

additional heat generation. It is prominent in large conductors and high-frequency systems, and can

be reduced by using stranded conductors or hollow tubes.

4. Corona Effect

The Corona Effect is the ionization of air surrounding high-voltage conductors, forming a visible

glow, sound, ozone production, and power loss. It is more prominent in high-voltage transmission

lines. Factors affecting it include conductor size, spacing, and atmospheric conditions. It can be

minimized using bundled conductors and smooth conductor surfaces.

5. How to Improve Corona Effect

Corona losses can be reduced by:


- Increasing conductor diameter

- Using bundled conductors to distribute electric field

- Increasing conductor spacing

- Using smooth and clean conductors

- Operating at optimal voltages below critical disruptive voltage

6. DT and PT (Distribution Transformer & Power Transformer)

Distribution Transformers (DTs) are used to supply power to end users at lower voltages, typically

placed near residential or commercial areas. Power Transformers (PTs) operate at high voltages

and are used in substations for stepping voltage up or down for transmission purposes. PTs are

designed for maximum efficiency under full load, while DTs are designed for better voltage

regulation.

7. Difference between DT and PT

- Voltage Level: PT works at high voltage; DT at low voltage

- Location: PTs in substations; DTs near load centers

- Size and Design: PTs are larger and more efficient; DTs are smaller with simpler cooling

- Usage: PTs for long-distance transmission; DTs for final delivery to consumers

8. Star and Delta Transformer Connections

Transformers can be connected in Star (Y) or Delta (Delta) configurations. Star is used for providing

a neutral point and reducing insulation requirements, commonly in distribution. Delta is preferred for

transmission and for motor loads due to its ability to handle unbalanced loads and provide better

fault tolerance.

9. RYB Phase, Phase Sequence & Frequency

In three-phase systems, the phase sequence (RYB) determines the order in which voltage peaks
occur. It affects the direction of rotation of motors. Incorrect sequence can reverse rotation.

Frequency (50 Hz in India) is standardized and maintained by the national grid. Deviations can

cause inefficiency and malfunction in equipment.

10. Effect of Increased Frequency

Increasing frequency increases losses (eddy current, hysteresis), causes motors to run faster, and

may lead to overheating. It also affects reactance (X = 2pifL or 1/2pifC), impacting circuit

performance. Higher frequency requires more power in some cases due to increased resistance and

reduced efficiency.

11. GMR, GMD, Capacitance & Charging Currents

GMR (Geometric Mean Radius) and GMD (Geometric Mean Distance) are used in calculating

inductance and capacitance of transmission lines. Capacitance leads to charging currents even

when the line is open at the receiving end, contributing to Ferranti Effect and requiring

compensation.

12. Commercial and Bulk Consumers (Tariffs)

Electricity tariffs vary:

- 2-part tariff: Fixed charge + variable (energy) charge

- 3-part tariff: Adds demand charge based on peak usage

Commercial consumers are billed differently from domestic users. Bulk consumers, like industries,

often have negotiated rates based on load factor and energy use.

13. Poor Power Factor

Poor power factor (<1) leads to increased current, causing more I^2R losses, voltage drops, and

overheating of equipment. It reduces system capacity and efficiency. Utilities may penalize for low

power factor. It can be improved using capacitors, synchronous condensers, and power factor
correction devices.

14. Earthing (Grounding)

Earthing ensures safety by discharging fault currents to the ground. It prevents electric shocks and

protects equipment. Common methods:

- Rod Earthing: Metal rod driven into ground

- Pipe Earthing: GI pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt

- Plate Earthing: Metal plate buried in ground

Proper earthing maintains voltage stability and safety.

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