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Summary Notes - Topic 3 WJEC (England) Chemistry GCSE

The document outlines key concepts in GCSE Chemistry, focusing on chemical formulae, equations, and the amount of substance. It explains the formation of ions, empirical formulas, conservation of mass, and the use of moles in chemical calculations. Additionally, it covers stoichiometry, limiting reagents, and Avogadro's constant in relation to chemical reactions and gas behavior.

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Ruba Mohammed Al Rawas
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8 views5 pages

Summary Notes - Topic 3 WJEC (England) Chemistry GCSE

The document outlines key concepts in GCSE Chemistry, focusing on chemical formulae, equations, and the amount of substance. It explains the formation of ions, empirical formulas, conservation of mass, and the use of moles in chemical calculations. Additionally, it covers stoichiometry, limiting reagents, and Avogadro's constant in relation to chemical reactions and gas behavior.

Uploaded by

Ruba Mohammed Al Rawas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WJEC​ ​England​ ​GCSE​ ​Chemistry

Topic​ ​3:​ ​Chemical​ ​formulae,


equations​ ​and​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​substance
Notes
(Content​ ​in​ ​bold​ ​is​ ​for​ ​Higher​ ​Tier​ ​only)

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charges​ ​on​ ​ions
● an​ ​ion​ ​is​ ​formed​ ​when​ ​an​ ​atom​ ​loses​ ​or​ ​gains​ ​electrons
● since​ ​electrons​ ​have​ ​a​ ​negative​ ​charge,​ ​when​ ​electrons​ ​are​ ​lost,​ ​an​ ​ion​ ​with​ ​a
positive​ ​charge​ ​is​ ​formed.​ ​When​ ​electrons​ ​are​ ​gained,​ ​ions​ ​with​ ​a​ ​negative
charge​ ​are​ ​formed
● atoms​ ​form​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​gain​ ​a​ ​full​ ​outer​ ​shell​ ​of​ ​8​ ​electrons,​ ​since​ ​this​ ​is​ ​the
most​ ​stable​ ​arrangement
● group​ ​1​ ​atoms​ ​lose​ ​one​ ​electron​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​+1​ ​ion
● group​ ​2​ ​atoms​ ​lose​ ​two​ ​electrons​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​+2​ ​ion
● group​ ​3​ ​atoms​ ​lose​ ​three​ ​electrons​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​+3​ ​ion
● group​ ​6​ ​atoms​ ​gain​ ​two​ ​electrons​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​-2​ ​ion
● group​ ​7​ ​atoms​ ​gain​ ​one​ ​electron​ ​to​ ​form​ ​a​ ​-1​ ​ion
● other​ ​common​ ​ions:
○ from​ ​HCl​ ​(hydrochloric​ ​acid):​ ​Cl​-
○ from​ ​HNO​3​​ ​(nitric​ ​acid):​ ​NO​3​-
○ from​ ​H​2​SO​4​​ ​(sulfuric​ ​acid):​ ​SO​4​2-

​ ​formulae​ ​of​ ​elements​ ​and​ ​simple​ ​covalent​ ​and​ ​ionic​ ​compounds


● In​ ​a​ ​compound,​ ​the​ ​charges​ ​of​ ​ions​ ​have​ ​to​ ​balance​ ​out,​ ​e.g.​ ​HCl​ ​exists,​ ​because
of​ ​the​ ​formation​ ​of​ ​an​ ​H+​​ ​ ​ion​ ​and​ ​a​ ​Cl​-​​ ​ion,​ ​also​ ​H​2​SO​4​​ ​exists,​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the
formation​ ​of​ ​2H​+​​ ​ions​ ​and​ ​a​ ​SO​4​2-​​ ​ion​ ​(therefore,​ ​2​ ​hydrogen​ ​ions​ ​are​ ​needed
here,​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​SO​4​​ ​ion​ ​having​ ​a​ ​2-​ ​charge)

empirical​ ​formula
● empirical​ ​formula:​ ​simplest​ ​whole​ ​number​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​of​ ​different​ ​elements
in​ ​a​ ​compound
from​ ​diagrams:
● observe​ ​the​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​different​ ​elements​ ​e.g.​ ​if​ ​there​ ​are​ ​2​ ​hydrogen​ ​atoms​ ​for
every​ ​1​ ​oxygen​ ​then​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​of​ ​the​ ​compound​ ​would​ ​be​ ​H2​​ O
from​ ​reacting​ ​mass​ ​data:
● for​ ​each​ ​element,​ ​calculate​ ​mass​ ​÷​ ​relative​ ​mass
● form​ ​a​ ​ratio​ ​from​ ​these​ ​values
● use​ ​these​ ​ratios​ ​to​ ​write​ ​the​ ​formula​ ​for​ ​the​ ​compound
● e.g.​ ​4g​ ​of​ ​hydrogen​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​32g​ ​of​ ​oxygen
4​ ​÷​ ​1=4​ ​ ​and​ ​ ​32​ ​÷​ ​16=2​ ​,​ ​therefore​ ​ratio​ ​hydrogen​ ​to​ ​oxygen=​ ​4:2​ ​=​ ​2:1
therefore​ ​chemical​ ​formula=​ ​H​2​O

Conservation​ ​of​ ​mass​ ​and​ ​balanced​ ​chemical​ ​equations


● Law​ ​of​ ​conservation​ ​of​ ​mass:​ ​no​ ​atoms​ ​are​ ​lost​ ​or​ ​made​ ​during​ ​a​ ​chemical
reaction​ ​so​ ​the​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​the​ ​products​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​the​ ​reactants

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o Therefore,​ ​chemical​ ​reactions​ ​can​ ​be​ ​represented​ ​by​ ​symbol​ ​equations,
which​ ​are​ ​balanced​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​the​ ​numbers​ ​of​ ​atoms​ ​of​ ​each​ ​element
involved​ ​on​ ​both​ ​sides​ ​of​ ​the​ ​equation.
● Use​ ​this​ ​law​ ​to​ ​write​ ​chemical​ ​equations

writing​ ​half​ ​equations


● This​ ​is​ ​an​ ​example​ ​of​ ​a​ ​half​ ​equation;​ ​the​ ​small​ ​number
is​ ​always​ ​the​ ​same​ ​as​ ​the​ ​2​ ​larger​ ​numbers​ ​within​ ​the
equation.​ ​&​ ​electrons​ ​are​ ​represented​ ​by​ ​the​ ​symbol
‘e-‘

● writing​ ​half​ ​equations:


○ positive​ ​ion​ ​to​ ​neutral​ ​charge:​ ​X​+​​ ​->​ ​X,​ ​so​ ​ionic​ ​equation​ ​must​ ​be:
X​+​​ ​+​ ​e​-​​ ​->​ ​X
● negative​ ​ion​ ​to​ ​neutral​ ​charge:​ ​X​-​​ ​->​ ​X,​ ​so​ ​ionic​ ​equation​ ​must​ ​be:
X​-​​ ​->​ ​e-​​ ​ ​+​ ​X

writing​ ​ionic​ ​equations


● Split​ ​up​ ​every​ ​compound​ ​that​ ​is​ ​aqueous​ ​into​ ​its​ ​ions​ ​and​ ​write​ ​as​ ​a​ ​separate
equation
● Cancel​ ​out​ ​the​ ​similar​ ​ions​ ​on​ ​either​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​equation​ ​(known​ ​as​ ​spectator
ions)
● Left​ ​with​ ​the​ ​ionic​ ​equation​ ​–​ ​ions​ ​that​ ​react,​ ​i.e.​ ​do​ ​not​ ​stay​ ​the​ ​same​ ​and
therefore​ ​are​ ​not​ ​the​ ​same​ ​on​ ​the​ ​other​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​equation

Moles
● Chemical​ ​amounts​ ​are​ ​measured​ ​in​ ​moles​ ​(therefore​ ​it​ ​is​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of
substance).​ ​The​ ​symbol​ ​for​ ​the​ ​unit​ ​mole​ ​is​ ​mol.
● The​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​a​ ​substance​ ​in​ ​grams​ ​is​ ​numerically​ ​equal​ ​to​ ​its
relative​ ​formula​ ​mass.
● For​ ​example,​ ​the​ ​Ar​ ​of​ ​Iron​ ​is​ ​56,​ ​so​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​of
iron​ ​weighs​ ​56g.
● The​ ​Mr​ ​of​ ​nitrogen​ ​gas​ ​(N2)​ ​is​ ​28​ ​(2​ ​x​ ​14),​ ​so​ ​one
mole​ ​is​ ​28g.
● One​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​a​ ​substance​ ​contains​ ​the​ ​same
number​ ​of​ ​the​ ​stated​ ​particles,​ ​atoms,​ ​molecules
or​ ​ions​ ​as​ ​one​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​any​ ​other​ ​substance
● You​ ​can​ ​convert​ ​between​ ​moles​ ​and​ ​grams​ ​by
using​ ​this​ ​triangle:
o E.g​ ​how​ ​many​ ​moles​ ​are​ ​there​ ​in​ ​42g​ ​of
carbon?
▪ Moles​ ​=​ ​Mass​ ​/​ ​Mr​ ​=​ ​42/12​ ​=​ ​3.5​ ​moles

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Amounts​ ​of​ ​substances​ ​in​ ​equations
● Masses​ ​of​ ​reactants​ ​&​ ​products​ ​can​ ​be​ ​calculated​ ​from​ ​balanced​ ​symbol
equations
● Chemical​ ​equations​ ​can​ ​be​ ​interpreted​ ​in​ ​terms​ ​of​ ​moles
o E.g.​ ​Mg​ ​+​ ​2HCl​ ​->​ ​MgCl​2​​ ​+​ ​H​2​​ ​shows​ ​that​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​Mg​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​2​ ​mol.​ ​HCl
to​ ​produce​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​MgCl​2​​ ​and​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​H​2
if​ ​you​ ​are​ ​given​ ​the​ ​mass​ ​of​ ​a​ ​reactant/product​ ​and​ ​are​ ​asked​ ​to​ ​find​ ​the​ ​mass​ ​of
another​ ​reactant/product:
● Find​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​that​ ​one​ ​substance:​ ​moles​ ​=​ ​mass​ ​/​ ​molar​ ​mass
● Use​ ​balancing​ ​numbers​ ​to​ ​find​ ​the​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​desired​ ​reactant​ ​or​ ​product​ ​(e.g.​ ​if
you​ ​had​ ​the​ ​equation:​ ​2NaOH​ ​+​ ​Mg​ ​->​ ​Mg(OH)​2​​ ​+​ ​2Na,​ ​if​ ​you​ ​had​ ​2​ ​moles​ ​of
Mg,​ ​you​ ​would​ ​form​ ​2x2=4​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​Na)
● Mass​ ​=​ ​moles​ ​x​ ​molar​ ​mass(of​ ​the​ ​reactant/product)​ ​to​ ​find​ ​mass

​ ​stoichiometry​ ​of​ ​an​ ​equation


● Stoichiometry​ ​refers​ ​to​ ​the​ ​balancing​ ​numbers​ ​in​ ​front​ ​of
compounds/elements​ ​in​ ​reaction​ ​equations
● Balancing​ ​numbers​ ​in​ ​a​ ​symbol​ ​equation​ ​can​ ​be​ ​calculated​ ​from​ ​the​ ​masses​ ​of
reactants​ ​and​ ​products:
○ convert​ ​the​ ​masses​ ​in​ ​grams​ ​to​ ​amounts​ ​in​ ​moles​ ​(moles​ ​=​ ​mass/Mr)
○ convert​ ​the​ ​numbers​ ​of​ ​moles​ ​to​ ​simple​ ​whole​ ​number​ ​ratios
● e.g.​ ​for​ ​the​ ​reaction:​ ​Cu​ ​+​ ​O2​​ ​ ​->​ ​CuO​ ​(not​ ​balanced),​ ​127​ ​g​ ​Cu​ ​react,​ ​32g​ ​of
oxygen​ ​react​ ​and​ ​159g​ ​of​ ​CuO​ ​are​ ​formed.​ ​Work​ ​out​ ​the​ ​balanced​ ​equation
using​ ​the​ ​masses​ ​given:
○ moles:​ ​(moles​ ​=​ ​mass/Mr)
Cu:​ ​moles​ ​=​ ​127​ ​/​ ​63.5​ ​=​ ​2
O​2​:​ ​moles=​ ​32​ ​/​ ​(16​ ​x​ ​2)​ ​=​ ​32/32​ ​=​ ​1
CuO​ ​moles​ ​=​ ​159​ ​/​ ​(16​ ​+​ ​63.5)​ ​=​ ​2
● therefore​ ​you​ ​have​ ​a​ ​ratio​ ​of​ ​2:1:2​ ​for​ ​Cu:O​2​:CuO,​ ​making​ ​the​ ​overall
balanced​ ​equation​ ​2Cu​ ​+​ ​O​2​​ ​->​ ​2CuO
limiting​ ​reagents:
● In​ ​a​ ​chemical​ ​reaction​ ​with​ ​2​ ​or​ ​more​ ​reactants​ ​you​ ​will​ ​often​ ​use​ ​one​ ​in​ ​excess
to​ ​ensure​ ​that​ ​all​ ​of​ ​the​ ​other​ ​reactant​ ​is​ ​used
● The​ ​reactant​ ​that​ ​is​ ​used​ ​up​ ​/​ ​not​ ​in​ ​excess​ ​is​ ​called​ ​the​ ​limiting
reactant​ ​since​ ​it​ ​limits​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​products
● if​ ​a​ ​limiting​ ​reagent​ ​is​ ​used,​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​reactant​ ​in​ ​excess​ ​that​ ​actually​ ​reacts
is​ ​limited​ ​to​ ​the​ ​exact​ ​amount​ ​that​ ​reacts​ ​with​ ​the​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​limiting​ ​reagent
you​ ​have,​ ​so​ ​you​ ​need​ ​to​ ​use​ ​the​ ​moles/mass​ ​of​ ​the​ ​limiting​ ​reagent​ ​for​ ​any
calculations

avogadro’s​ ​constant:

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● The​ ​number​ ​of​ ​atoms,​ ​molecules​ ​or​ ​ions​ ​in​ ​a​ ​mole​ ​of​ ​a​ ​given​ ​substance​ ​is​ ​the
Avogadro​ ​constant:​ ​6.02​ ​x​ ​10​23​​ ​per​ ​mole.
● e.g​ ​if​ ​you​ ​had​ ​10​ ​moles​ ​of​ ​H​2​,​ ​you​ ​would​ ​have​ ​6.02​ ​x​ ​10​23​ x​​ ​10=​ ​6.02​ ​x​ ​10​22
atoms

Gases
● Equal​ ​amounts​ ​in​ ​mol.​ ​of​ ​gases​ ​occupy​ ​the​ ​same​ ​volume​ ​under​ ​the​ ​same
conditions​ ​of​ ​temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​(e.g.​ ​RTP)
● Volume​ ​of​ ​1​ ​mol.​ ​of​ ​any​ ​gas​ ​at​ ​RTP​ ​(room​ ​temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure:​ ​20
degrees​ ​C​ ​and​ ​1​ ​atmosphere​ ​pressure)​ ​is​ ​24​ ​dm​3
● This​ ​sets​ ​up​ ​the​ ​equation:

Volume​ ​(dm​3​)​ ​of​ ​gas​ ​at​ ​RTP​ ​=​ ​Mol.​ ​x​ ​24

● Use​ ​this​ ​equation​ ​to​ ​calculate​ ​the​ ​volumes​ ​of​ ​gaseous​ ​reactants​ ​and​ ​products
at​ ​RTP

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