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The document discusses various classifications of systems in signals and systems, including time-invariant and time-varying systems, linear and nonlinear systems, and stable systems. It provides definitions and examples to illustrate these concepts, such as the conditions for stability and the characteristics of feedback systems. Additionally, it includes problem-solving examples to determine the properties of specific systems.

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merna baher
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6 views

Lec 5 modified

The document discusses various classifications of systems in signals and systems, including time-invariant and time-varying systems, linear and nonlinear systems, and stable systems. It provides definitions and examples to illustrate these concepts, such as the conditions for stability and the characteristics of feedback systems. Additionally, it includes problem-solving examples to determine the properties of specific systems.

Uploaded by

merna baher
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 5

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


SYSTEMS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
A. System Representation.

B. Continuous Time and Discrete-Time Systems.

C. Systems with Memory and without Memory.


D. Causal and Noncausal Systems.

E. Linear Systems and Nonlinear Systems

F. Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems

G. Linear Time-Invariant Systems

H. Stable Systems

I. Feedback Systems

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


F. Time-Invariant and Time-Varying Systems

 A system is called time-invariant if a time shift (delay or advance)


in the input signal causes the same time shift in the output signal.

 Thus, for a continuous-time system, the system is time-invariant if:

𝑻𝒙 𝒕 − 𝝉 =𝒚 𝒕 − 𝝉 F.1

 Thus, for a discrete-time system, the system is time-invariant if:


𝑻 𝒙 𝒏−𝒌 =𝒚 𝒏−𝒌 F.2
for any integer k.
A system which does not satisfy Eq. F.1 (continuous-time system) or
Eq. F.2 (discrete-time system) is called a time-varying system.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Examples: check the time variance of the following systems,
1) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝟐𝒕) 2) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒕)

Solution:
1) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝟐𝒕)

1) The system is applying time scale to the input.


I. If the input is exposed to time delay before the system effect
such that the input is 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 the output will be 𝑥 𝟐𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 .
II. Although𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 = 𝒙 𝟐 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 , which are not equal. The
system in this case is TV.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Solution: continue
2) 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒕)

2) The system is applying Amplitude Shifting to the input.


I. If the input is exposed to time delay before the system
effect such that the input is 𝒙 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 the output will be
𝟐 + 𝑥 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 .
II. Although𝒚 𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 = 𝟐 + 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝒐 ), which are same. The
system in this case is TIV.
Note:
1) System with Time Scaling is T.V. System.
2) System with Amplitude Shifting is T.I.V. System.
Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems
G. Linear Time-Invariant Systems
 If the system is linear and also time-invariant, then it is called a
linear rime-invariant (LTI) system.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


H. Stable Systems
A system is stable if for any bounded input x defined by:
the corresponding output y is also bounded defined by:

where k1 and k2 are finite real constants.

 bounded-input/bounded-output (BIBO)

Examples of bounded signals: dc, sin(t), cos(t) and u(t).


Example 1:
𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 + 𝟐; is this system is stable or not ?
 Let x(t) = 4; which is bounded.
 So, 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝟔;
 While the input is bounded the output is bounded.
 The system (BIBO) is stable
Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems
Example 2:

𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒕 . 𝒙 𝒕 ; is this system stable or not ?

 Let x(t) = u(t); which is bounded.


r(t)
 So,𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒕 . 𝒖 𝒕 = 𝒓 𝒕 ; ramp signal

 While the input is bounded the output


is unbounded. t

 The system is unstable

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


I. Feedback Systems
 A special class of systems of great importance consists of
systems having feedback.
 In a feedback system, the output signal is fed back and added to
the input to the system as shown in Fig.

Fig. feedback system

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Example1: (Problem 1.34)

Consider the system shown in Fig.


Determine whether it is (a) memoryless,
( b ) causal, ( c ) linear, ( d ) time-
invariant, or ( e ) stable.

Solution:
a) From Fig. we have 𝒚 𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒄 𝒕
Since the value of the output y ( t ) depends on only the present
values of the input x ( t ) ,
the system is memoryless.
b) Since the output y ( t ) does not depend on the future
values of the input x(t).
the system is causal
Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems
( c ) 𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒙 𝒕 = ∝𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒕 + ∝𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏
𝒚 𝒕 = 𝑻𝒙 𝒕
= ∝𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒕 + ∝𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒘𝒄 𝒕 = ∝𝟏 𝒚𝟏 (𝒕) + ∝𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒕
the system is linear
(d) let 𝑦1 𝑡 be the output produced by the shifted inputs
𝑥1 (𝑡) = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
Then 𝑦1 𝑡 = 𝑇 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡
But 𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 cos 𝑤𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 ≠ 𝑦1 (𝑡)
Thus the system is not time invariant
(e) Since |cos wct| ≤ 1, we have
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑐 𝑡 ≤ 𝑥 𝑡
Thus, if the input x(t) is bounded, then the output y(t) is also
bounded and the system is BIB0 stable.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Example 2: (Problem 1.35)

A system has the input-output relation given by


y = T{x) =𝑥 2
Show that this system is nonlinear.

Solution:
T(x1 +x2) = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 2𝑥1 𝑥2
≠ 𝑇 𝑥1 + 𝑇 𝑥2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22
Thus, the system is nonlinear.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Example 3: (Problem 1.36)

The discrete-time system shown in Fig. 1-36 is known as the


unit delay element. Determine whether the system is (a)
memoryless, (b) causal, (c) linear, (d) time invariant, or (e)
stable.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Solution:
(a) The system input-output relation is given by
𝑦 𝑛 =𝑇 𝑥 𝑛 =𝑥 𝑛−1
Since the output value at n depends on the input values at n - 1,
the system is not memoryless.
(b) Since the output does not depend on the future input values,
the system is causal.
(c) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 = ∝1 𝑥1 𝑡 + ∝2 𝑥2 𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑇 ∝1 𝑥1 𝑛 + ∝2 𝑥2 𝑛
= ∝1 𝑥1 𝑛 − 1 + ∝2 𝑥2 𝑛 − 1
= ∝1 𝑦1 𝑛 +∝2 𝑦2 (𝑛)
Thus, the superposition property is satisfied and
the system is linear.

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems


Solution: continue
(d) Let 𝑦1 [𝑛] 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑥1 [𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜]. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑇 𝑥1 𝑛 = 𝑥1 𝑛 − 1 = 𝑥(𝑛 − 1−𝑛𝑜 )
And
𝑦 𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑛𝑜 − 1 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 −𝑛𝑜 = 𝑦1 𝑛
Hence, the system is time-invariant.
e) 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥(𝑛 − 1) ≤ 𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ≤ 𝑘 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛
𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒊𝒔 𝑩𝑰𝑩𝑶 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

Dr Ashraf Samy signals and systems

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