THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EEX7432-POWER SYSTEM PLANNING OPERATION AND CONTROL
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY HONOURS IN ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR – 2021/2022
ASSIGNMENT-3
Answer all questions and submit on/before 7/10/2022

1. a. A radial distribution network is shown in figure Q1. Assume that all the failures in feeder
sections and the distributors are short circuits which will cause the main breaker at the
supply point to operate. The isolation and switching are 0.75 hours, and the failure
probability of fuses is 0.15
Determine the reliability parameters; Failure rate (⋋), Outage time (r), Unavailability (U)
at load points A and B for the following two cases.
• Case-1: An isolator is installed at R and distributors are solidly linked at point P&Q
• Case-2: An isolator is installed at R and distributors are connected through fuses at P&Q
• Discuss why the values obtained in case-1 is different from case-2
[16 Marks]

b. Evaluate the following customer and load oriented reliability indices for the Case-2
• System Average Interruption Index (SAIFI) [2 Marks]
• System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) [2 Marks]
• Customer Average Interruption Index (CAIDI) [2 Marks]
• Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS) [3 Marks]
SAIFI = (Total number of customer interruptions/Total number of customers served)
SAIDI = (Sum of customer interruption durations/Total number of customers)
CAIDI = (Sum of customer interruption durations/Total number of customer interruptions)
AENS = (Total energy not supplied/Total number of customers served)
Isolator (N/C)

2 km 3 km
Supply 0.1 f/km-yr r=4 s=0.75 0.1 f/km-yr r=4 s=0.75
Feeder section 1 R Feeder section 2
Main P Q
Breaker
Fuse
Lateral Distributor-2
r=2
Lateral Distributor-1
r=2

0.1 f/km-yr
3 km
0.1 f/km-yr
4 km

Load B

Figure Q1 Load A
Data pertaining to the above radial circuit are:
Feeder-1 failure rate = 0.1 f/km-yr Feeder-2 failure rate = 0.1 f/km-yr
Feeder-1 average repair time = 4 h Feeder-2 average repair time = 4 h
Feeder-1 section length = 2 km Feeder-2 section length = 3 km
Lateral distributor-1 failure rate = 0.1 f/km-yr Lateral distributor-2 failure rate = 0.1 f/km-yr
Average repair time = 2 h Average repair time = 2 h
2021/2022-Assignment-3 Page [1] of [6] Lalith A. Samaliarachchi
 Lateral distributor-1 length = 4 km Lateral distributor-2 length = 3 km
Data for load point A and B
Load point Number of customers Average load/customer (W)
A 500 3000
B 700 4000

2. Consider the typical substation configurations Figure Q2.1 & Figure Q2.2 shown below, and
the reliability data given in table Q2 for each component:

2 2
T/F-1 3 L/T bus T/F-1 3 L/T bus
1 1
L1 L1

CB 7 CB 7
T/F-2 T/F-2
4 4
L2 L2

5 6 L/T bus 5 6 L/T bus

Figure Q2.1 Figure Q2.2

Table Q2

Component λ(f/yr) r (hours) λa (f/yr) S (hours) Pc

Line-1 0.09 7.33 0.09 1.0
Line-4 0.09 7.33 0.09 1.0 Probability of
a breaker
Transformers 2 & 5 0.1 50 0.1 1.0 getting stuck

3 & 6 (L/T bus bar) 0.024 2 0.024 -

Breaker 7 0.02 3 0.01 1.0 0.06
λa= Active failure rate s = Switching time
a. Neglecting any coordinated/un-coordinated maintenance work performed in this system,
evaluate the failure rate (λ), average outage duration (r), annual outage time
(Unavailability) at load point L1 & L2 for both substation configurations.

Case (1) L/T bus tie breaker #7 is normally closed [10 Marks]
Case (2) L/T bus tie breaker #7 is normally open [10 Marks]

b. If the average load connected at bus #3 and #6 are 50 MW each respectively, calculate the
total energy not served for each configuration. [5 Marks]

2021/2022-Assignment-3 Page [2] of [6] Lalith A. Samaliarachchi

3. Two areas, A and B of a power system are tied through a transmission link securing a tie line
capacity of 900 MW. The system load is concentrated in area B and can be approximated to
two load levels where the peak load is 3500 MW while off-peak load is 2000MW. The cost of
generation C(Px) in the areas can be modelled by the following equations, where Px is in MW.

Area A Area B

Tie line
PA PB

Load at B
𝐶(𝑃𝐴 ) = 70 + 𝑃𝐴 + 0.001𝑃𝐴2 €/hr

𝐶(𝑃𝐵 ) = 50 + 2𝑃𝐵 + 0.002𝑃𝐵2 €/hr

a. Determine the optimal levels of generation in areas A and B for each of the peak and off-
peak period neglecting the constraints imposed by the transmission link. Calculate the
marginal cost of production in each period. [6 Marks]

Area A Area B

900 MW
PA PB

Load at B

b. Modify the levels of generation computed in (a), taking into the consideration of existing
transmission link capacity. What are the marginal cost prices in areas A and B in each
period? [6 Marks]

c. Assuming that the duration of peak load period is 2500 hr/year, calculate the generation
cost in each period for generation levels computes in (b). What are the total annual
generation costs? [6 Marks]

d. The transmission company is considering doubling the transmission capacity between the
two areas in order to reduce the generation cost. Assuming that the annuitized investment
cost of the reinforcement is 1,000,000 €/year, determine whether the proposed investment
can be justified. [7 Marks]

2021/2022-Assignment-3 Page [3] of [6] Lalith A. Samaliarachchi

 Design Exercise leading towards pre-feasibility studies 3

4. a. What does kilowatt peak (kWp) actually mean? [1 Marks]

b. Explain fill factor with regard to a PV panel? [1 Marks]
c. Is your roof suitable for a photovoltaic installation? [1 Marks]
d. What is net metering? [1 Marks]

Hourly irradiance and temperature variation observed on a domestic roof top are graphically
shown in figure Q4a and Q4b, respectively.

e. What would be the hourly maximum possible power and total energy that can be harnessed
from a photovoltaic (PV) panel of which the specifications are given in table Q4a?
[7 Marks]

Guideline for the use of irradiance/temperature graphs

1st three digits of your Irradiance Temperature Panel
registration number figure figure Specifications
(X) Table
0 < X ≤ 350 4a1 4b1 4a
350 < X ≤ 600 4a2 4b2 4a
600 < X ≤ 999 4a3 4b3 4a

Table Q4a-PV panel Specifications

Parameter Value
Open-circuit voltage under STC 36 V
Short-circuit current under STC 8.0 A
Voltage at MPP under STC 30 V
Current at MPP under STC 7.5 A
∆ISC 0.15% / OC
∆VOC -0.3% / OC
Maximum power rating 225 W

STC = Standard Test Conditions [T=250C and Irradiance 1000 W/m2]

Assume that:

VOC = VOC(STC) + [ ∆VOC(T-25)] VOC(STC)] &

ISC = {ISC(STC) + [∆ISC(25-T)] ISC(STC)} (irradiance/1000)

2021/2022-Assignment-3 Page [4] of [6] Lalith A. Samaliarachchi

 1000 35

800 30
Irradiance (W/m2)

Temperature (0C)
600 25

400 20

200 15

10-11

10-11
13-14

13-14
7-8

7-8
8-9

8-9
9-10

9-10
11-12

12-13

14-15

15-16

16-17

11-12

12-13

14-15

15-16

16-17
Time Time

Figure. Q4a1-Variation of irradiance Fig. Q4b1-Variation of temperature

with time with time

1000 35

800 30
Irradiance (W/m2)

Temperature
600 25

400 (0C) 20

200 15
7-8

7-8
10-11

10-11
8-9

8-9
13-14

13-14
9-10

9-10
11-12

12-13

14-15

15-16

16-17

11-12

12-13

14-15

15-16

16-17
Time Time

Figure. Q4a2-Variation of irradiance Fig. Q4b2-Variation of temperature

with time with time

1000 35
32.5
Temperature (0C)
Irradiance (W/m2)

800 30
700
600 25
500
400 20

200 15
7-8

7-8
10-11

10-11
8-9

8-9
13-14

13-14
9-10

9-10
11-12

12-13

14-15

15-16

16-17

11-12

12-13

14-15

15-16

16-17

Time Time

Figure. Q4a3-Variation of irradiance Fig. Q4b3-Variation of temperature

with time with time

2021/2022-Assignment-3 Page [5] of [6] Lalith A. Samaliarachchi

f. If the house owner opts for the net-metering and his monthly (30 days) energy consumption is
as shown below:

1st three digits of Energy

your registration consumption
number (kWh)
(X)
0 < X ≤ 350 450
350 < X ≤ 600 500
600 < X ≤ 999 525

compute the number of PV panels required to break-even his monthly energy consumption?
Assume that the invertor efficiency is 98%. [7 Marks]

g. Based on the following cost figures, calculate the simple payback period of the total PV net-
metering installation. You may use Table Q4b for domestic electricity tariff plan.

Cost of a 225 W PV solar panel 25,000 LKR

Cost of a 3500 W 12/230 V 50 Hz pure sinusoidal invertor 150,000 LKR
Other associated equipment cost 40,000 LKR

Table Q4b-Tariff Plan for Domestic purpose

Monthly Consumption Unit Charge Fixed Charge

(kWh) (LKR/kWh) (LKR/Month)
0-60 8.00 N/A
61-90 10.00 100.00
91-120 25.00 500.00
121-180 35.00 500.00
>180 45.00 600.00

[7 Marks]

2021/2022-Assignment-3 Page [6] of [6] Lalith A. Samaliarachchi