Notes of English grammar

Grammar:

Grammar is a set of rules and regulations for understanding any language.

History of English Language:

The history of English language can be classified into three stages:

(i) Anglo – Saxon English OR Old English 1000 AD – 1400 AD

(ii) Middle English 1400 AD – 1800 AD
(iii) Modern English 1800 AD – till now

There are two major dialects of Modern English:

a) British English (UK) Followed by Matric board & Inter board, Karachi.
b) American English (US) Standardized dialect

Difference UK US
Spelling Centre, metre, litre, Colour, Center, meter, liter, Color, flavor,
flavour, labour, Organisation, labor, Organization, Program
Programme

Grammar I shall go there. I will go there.

I have gone there. I went there.
Vocabulary Toffee Candy
Silencer Muffler
Truck Lorry

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR:

Alphabets: There are 26 alphabets in the English Language from A to Z.

There are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 21 consonants.

There must be at least one vowel present in every word of English Language.

‘y’ is a semi-vowel which can be a vowel as well as a consonant.

Letter: A Single alphabetical character is a letter. For example: there are 3 letters in ‘cat.’

Word: A combination of letters which can give a meaning is called a word. (teacher, student, pen, book)

Sentence: Sentence is a group of words which can give a complete meaning.

For example: We are learning English these days.

Types of Sentences: There are five types of sentences.

(i) Assertive Sentence/Declarative Sentence: It gives some assertion/statement/declaration.

Assertive sentences follow simple sentence pattern. (Subject + Verb + Object)
Assertive sentences may be ‘Affirmative’ or ‘Negative’.

For Example: I am teaching you English. (Affirmative statement)

I am not teaching you English. (Negative statement)

(ii) Interrogative Sentence: This type of sentence shows an interrogation or question.

Interrogative sentences always ends with a question mark (?)
There are three types of Interrogative sentences.

a) Confirmatory Question: It starts with a helping verb and it is asked to confirm something.
Example: Have you purchased a new pen?

b) Explanatory Question: It starts with a Wh-word and it needs explanation.

Example: What are you doing now?

c) Tag Question: A tag question is always followed by a statement.

Example: You are my student, aren’t you?

(iii) Imperative Sentence: It shows an order or a request.

The sentence pattern is Verb (1st form) + Object.
Subject is missing in Imperative sentences because ‘you’ is understood.
Example: Open the door.
Please, close the window.
Don’t look at me.

(iv) Exclamatory Sentences: It shows sudden feelings of joy, sadness or surprise.

It starts with Interjection or it starts with What/How and ends with a mark of exclamation (!)
Example: Hurrah! We have won the match.
What a beautiful horse it is!
How foolish you are!

(v) Optative Sentence: It shows a wish or a prayer.

Wish sentences starts with Would that! Or O that!
Example: Would that! I were rich.
Prayer/Curse sentences starts with May and ends with a mark of Exclamation (!)
Example: May you live long! May you die soon!

Phrase: A group of words which doesn’t make a complete sense.

Example: in the market.

Paragraph: A group of sentences is a paragraph.

Essay: A group of paragraphs is called an Essay.

Types of Essays:
i) Descriptive Essay
ii) Narrative Essay
iii) Argumentative Essay
 PARTS OF SPEECH

The words of English language are classified into eight groups which are known as “Parts of Speech” or “Word Classes”.
1)Noun. 2) Pronoun. 3) Verb. 4) Adverb. 5) Adjective. 6) Preposition 7) Conjunction 8) Interjection

i) NOUN
Noun is a naming word. It is the name of any person, place, thing, state or emotion.
Noun can be used as a subject or object in a sentence.
Types of Noun:
1. Proper Noun. 2. Common Noun 3. Material Noun. 4. Collective Noun. 5. Abstract Noun.
6. Concrete Noun. 7. Countable Noun. 8. Uncountable Noun 9. Compound Noun.

1. Common Noun:
Common noun is the name of that which is more than one in this world.
Example: boy, girl, cat, city, school, pen etc.
Note: Never capitalize the first letter of common noun except at start.
Plural of common noun is possible according to the simple rules of plural formation.
2. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of that which is only one in this world.
Example: Saifuddin, Karachi, Dollar Pen etc.
Note:
Always capitalize the first letter of proper noun.
Plural of proper noun is not possible.
3. Material Noun:
Material number is the name of a thing by which we can make another thing.
Example: milk, water, iron, glass, gold etc.
Note:
Plural of material noun is not possible.
4. Collective Noun:
Collective noun is the name of collection of objects.
Example:
A FLEET of ships/birds. A FLOCK of sheep. A HERD of cattle. A PRIDE of lions.
A MURDER of crow. A BUNCH of grapes/keys. An ARMY of soldier. A CROWD of people. A CLASS of
students
5. Abstract noun:
Abstract noun is the name of a thing which we cannot touch or see but we can only feel it. Abstract noun is the
name of feelings and state.
Example: Love, hatred, wisdom, confidence etc.
Note: Plural of abstract noun is not possible.
Plural noun can also be identified by certain SUFFIXES.
Suffix Example
-tion Condition, Hesitation, Perception, Solution, Situation etc.
-ment Payment, Statement, Treatment, Measurement, Contentment etc.
-ance Disturbance, Resistance, Issuance etc.
-ence Condolence, Confidence, Independence, Patience etc.
 -dom Wisdom, Martyrdom, Freedom etc.
-ship Friendship, Sponsorship, Relationship etc.
-ness Sickness, Illness, Sadness, Happiness etc.
-hood Nationhood, brotherhood, neighborhood, childhood etc.
-ty Scarcity, pity, poverty etc.
-sion Compulsion, Tension, Fusion etc.
6. Concrete Noun:
Concrete noun is the opposite of abstract noun. It is the name of that we can touch or see. All the common,
noun, material and collective nouns are concrete nouns.
7. Compound Noun:
Compound noun is the combination of two nouns. A hyphen (-) is used to join the two nouns.
Example: Lunch-box, milk-man, sales-man etc.
8. Countable Noun:
It is the name of that which we can count.
Example: Drop of water, star, grain of rice, girl etc.
Note: Common, proper and collective nouns are countable noun.
Plural of countable noun is possible.
9. Uncountable Noun:
It is the name of that which we cannot count.
Note: All the abstract nouns and material nouns are uncountable noun.
Plural of countable noun is not possible.
Example: Water, Love, Rice, etc.

(ii) PRONOUN: (Pro=for)

Pronoun is a word which is used in the place of noun to avoid unnecessary repetition.
Example:
Ali is my student. He is working hard to get admission in university.
Types of Pronoun:
1. Personal pronoun
2. Impersonal Pronoun (Indefinite Pronoun)
3. Demonstrative Pronoun
4. Interrogative Pronoun
5. Relative Pronoun
6. Distributive Pronoun

1. PERSONAL PRONOUN:
Personal pronoun is used in the place of name of persons.

Persons of Personal Pronoun

PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
1st (speaker) I We
2nd (Listener) You You
3rd (about whom we are speaking) He, she, it, (sing.noun) They, (plu.noun)
 Cases of personal Pronoun
Nominatives/Subjective Accusative/Objective Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
case case (before noun) (after noun)

I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself/yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves

2. IMPERSONAL PRONOUN / INDEFINITE PRONOUN:

They are used in the place of indefinite persons.
For example: One, Someone, Somebody, Everyone, Everybody, Anyone, Anybody, No one, No body, Nothing etc.

3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
They are used to indicate at someone or something.
There’re four demonstrative pronouns:
This (Near, Singular) That (Far, Singular) These (Near, Plural) Those (Far, Plural

4. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:
They are also known as Wh-words and they are used to ask questions. They’re always written at the start of
sentence.
For Example: What Where Why Which Whose Whom When Who How

5. RELATIVE PRONOUN:
They are also Wh-words but they are used as linking word. They are written in between sentences.
Example: You are the boy who is my student.

6. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN:
There are three distributive pronouns. Each, Either and neither.

(iii) ADJECTIVE
Adjective is the word which adds meaning to noun or pronoun. OR adjective shows quality or quantity of noun
or pronoun.
For Example: Ali is a good boy.
Adjective can be used subjectively or predicatively.
This is a good book. (Subjective use)
This book is good. (Predicative use)
Sometimes, Verb (3rd form) and Verb (4th form) can also be used as an adjective.
For example: I have an interesting story book. He has a broken chair.
 Adjective
Quality Quantity
Good/Bad Quality, Color, Proper Adjectives (Pakistani etc) Definite Indefinite
(Many, Much, Few, Little.)
Cardinal Ordinal
Number Number
One, Two, First,
Three Second etc

Proper Noun_ Proper Adjective

Pakistan_ Pakistani Portugal_ Portuguese
India _Indian America _American
Norway _Norwegian England_ English
Britain _British
Degrees Of Adjective:
There are three degrees of adjective:
1. Positive Degree Adjectives
2. Comparative Degree Adjectives
3. Superlative Degree Adjectives
Positive Degree Adjectives:
Positive degree adjectives are used to specify a single noun or pronoun.
Note: Always use ‘a’ or ‘an’ before positive degree adjectives.
Example: Mawra is a beautiful girl.
Comparative Degree Adjective:
Comparative degree adjectives are used to compare or compete the qualities of two nouns/pronouns.
Note: Never use any article before comparative degree adjectives (Except double comparatives) and use
‘than’ after every comparative degree adjective.
Use the + comparative degree adjective + of
Example: Urwa is more beautiful than Mawra.
Urwa and Mawra are two gorgeous girls but Urwa is the more gorgeous of the two.
Superlative Degree Adjective:
Superlative degree adjective is used to compare a noun with a whole group.
Example: Urwa is the most beautiful girl in Pakistan.
Note: Use ‘the’ before superlative degree adjectives except after possessive adjectives.
Example: Mawra is my best friend.

Prepositional Adjectives:
S + H.V + Interested in
+ famous for
+ good at
+ weak in
+ bad at
+ enthusiastic about. + Verb (ing form) / Noun
+ Fond of
+ Crazy after / about
+ Habitual of
+ Addicted to
+ Afraid of
So and Too
He is hungry and I am too.
He is hungry and so am I.
Royal Order Of Adjectives:
Article + Color + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun
Ex: I have a black American plastic dancing doll.
It is to note that Past-Participle and Present-Participles can also be used as adjectives in a sentence.
example: I have a broken chair. (Here, broken is used as an adjective)
I have a talking parrot. (Here, talking is used as an adjective)

ARTICLES
There are two types of articles,
(a) Indefinite Article (b) Definite articles
Indefinite Article:
There are two indefinite articles. (a) a (b) an
Indefinite article “a” is used before singular common noun giving a starting consonant sound.
Example: a boy, a girl, a unit, a university, a unit, a one eyed man etc.
Indefinite article “an” is used before singular common noun giving a starting vowel sound.
Example: an orange, an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man, a/an hotel, a/an historical place etc.
Definite Article:
‘The’ is a definite article. It has two main uses:
(a) Before Specific Proper Nouns:
(i) Before Ocean names:
The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Arctic Ocean, The Antarctic Ocean.
(ii) Before Sea Names:
The Arabian Sea, The Dead sea, The Red sea, The Yellow sea, The Black sea, The Mediterranean
sea etc.
(iii) Before Rivers:
The Nile, The Amazon, The Danube, The Indus, The Chenab, The Jhelum, The Ganges, The
Euphrates, The Tigris etc.
(iv) Before Canals:
The Suez canal etc.
(v) Before Gulf/Bay:
The Hudson bay, The Hawks bay, The Bay of Bengal, The Persian gulf, The Gulf of Mexico etc.
(vi) Before Holy Books:
The Holy Quran, The Bible, The Torah, The New Testament, The Gospel, The Geeta, The Ramayana,
The Rig Vedas, The Guru Granth Sahib, The Toe Te Chin, The Avesta etc.
(vii) Before modern and classical wonders of the World:
The Great Pyramids of Giza, The Hanging of Babylon, The Temple of Artemis, The Colossus of
Rhodes, The Statue of Zeus, The Lighthouse of Alexandria, The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.
The Taj Mahal, The Roman Colloseum, The Chichen Itza, The Macchu Picchu, The Great Wall of
China, The Sphinx, The Leaning tower of Pisa.
(viii) Before Designations:
The Editor, The Prime Minister, The President, The Principal, The Manager, The Headmaster etc.
(ix) Before Titles:
The Nobel Prize, The Nishan-e-Haider, The Hilal-e-Imtiaz, The Sitara-e-Jurrat, The Oscar etc.
(x) Before Directions:
The East, The South, The North, The West.
 (xi) Before Ships name:
The Titanic, The Queen Mary, The HMS Birkenhead, The Marie Celeste, The Flying Dutchman, The
Santa Maria etc.
(xii) Before Train Name:
The Shalimar Express, the Tezgam, The Samjhota Express, The Night Coach, The Shah Latif Express
(xiii) Before Planetary Objects/Astronomical Bodies/Heavenly Bodies:
The Mercury, The Venus, The Earth, The Mars, The Jupiter, The Saturn, The Uranus, The Neptune,
The Pluto, The Ceres, The Sedna, The Quoar, The Make-Make, The Hauema, The Eris, The
Ganymede, The Europa, The Callisto, The Io, The Titan, The Sun, The Moon, The Alpha Centauri,
The Polaris, The Sirius, The Pillars of Creation, The Orion Nebula, The Andromeda Galaxy, The Virgo
Super cluster, The Universe.
(xiv) Before Musical Instruments:
The Piano, The guitar, The sitar, The violin, The xylophone, the harmonium etc.
(xv) Before Nations:
The Muslims, the Hindus, The Christians, The Jews, The Roman Catholics, The Protestants, The
Anglicans, The Sikhs, The Jains etc.
(xvi) Before Islands:
The Manora, the Bhit Islands, The Easter Islands, The Caribbean Islands etc.
(xvii) Before some countries name:
‘S’ at the end: The Philippines, The Maldives, The West Indies, The Laos, The Andamans, The
Bahamas etc.
‘’Republic” or “United”: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, The People’s republic of China, The
United States of America, The United Kingdom, The USSR, The UAE, The UAR, The Irish Republic
etc.
(xviii) Before Desert:
The Great Sahara Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Kalahari Desert, The Atacama Desert, The Thar
Desert, The Rajasthan Desert etc.
(xix) Before mountain ranges:
The Himalayas, The Karakoram, The Hindu Kush, The Andes, the Alps etc.
(b) Grammatical Usage:
(i) Before superlative degree adjective: K-2 is the highest peak in Pakistan.
(ii) Before Ordinal Dates: I‘ll celebrated by birthday on the 29th of February.
(iii) Before Double Comparatives: The higher you go, the cooler it is.
(iv) Before Common Noun denoting whole group: The dog is a faithful animal.
Exception: (Man is Mortal)
(v) Before common noun described earlier: I have bought a mobile. The mobile has 5 MP camera.
(vi) Before definite common noun: These are the boys who made a noise in the class.
(vii) Before common noun used as a proper noun: Faisal is the Hitler of his class.
(viii) Before adjective used as noun: The rich should help the poor.
(ix) The + Adjective + Proper Noun: The Great Alexander was a king.
(x) The + Noun + of + Noun: The gold of South Africa is very precious.
(c) Omission of Article/Zero article/No Article Usage: (X)
(i) Name of Persons
(ii) Name of town, city, country, province, state, continent (Except the Punjab)
(iii) Name of individual mountain (Mount Everest, K2, Nanga Parbat, Tirch Mir, Rakaposhi, Mount
Kilimanjaro, Mons Olympus)
(iv) Name of lakes (Caspian Sea)
(v) Material nouns and abstract nouns.
 (vi) Before relations (Mother, Father, Sister, Brother etc.
(vii) Before meal (Biryani, Chicken Karahi, Zinger)
(viii) Before meal time (Breakfast, Lunch, Hi tea, Dinner, Supper)
(ix) Before Subjects (English, Maths, Chemistry)
(x) Before languages (Persian, Hindi, English, Sindhi) except the English language, the Sindhi language etc.
(xi) Before indefinite plural common nouns: Boys are intelligent.
(xii) Before days / month: Monday, Tuesday, June, July etc.

(iV) VERB
Verb is a word which shows state, possession and action.
State verbs and possessive verbs are also known as ‘non-action verbs’.
Example: Pakistan is my homeland. [|Here, ‘is’ is a state verb]
He has a new car. [|Here, ‘has’ is a possessive verb]
He is eating mango. [|Here, ‘is eating’ is an action verb.]
VERB
State verb Possessive verb Action verb

•Present(Is/Am/Are) •Present(Has/Have) •Main Verb(Principal Verb)

•Past(Was/Were) •Past(Had)
•Future(Will be) •Future(Will have) •Auxiliary Verb(modal)

State Verb/Be-Verb:
I am your teacher. (Present state) I was in a party last night. (Past state) You will be a doctor. (Future state)
Forms of Be-Verb
1st form Is/am/are
2nd form Was/were
3rd form been
Possessive Verb:
I have a pen. (Present possession)
I had a parrot. (Past possession)
I will have a new car. (Future possession)
Forms of Possessive-Verb
1st form Has/have
2nd form Had
3rd form had
Action Verb: There are two parts of action verb. (a) Auxiliary Verb (b) Main/Principal Verb
Example: He is eating mango. He can swim easily.
Is; auxiliary H.V Can; auxiliary modal verb. Eating/swim; main verb /principal verb

Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary verbs helps the main verb to form a sentence.
Auxiliary Verbs can be further classified into two types:
(i) Helping Verbs (is/am/are/was/were/will/do/does/did) It determines tense.
(ii) Modals (can/could/may/might/must/would/should/ought to/dare) It shows tense and extra sense
like possibility, advisability etc.
Main Verb/Principal Verb: They are action showing words.
Example: run, teach, listen, jump etc.
Forms of Main Verb:
1st form / Present form / base form: Play, Write, Cut etc.
 2nd form / Past form: Played, Wrote, Cut etc
3rd form / Past Participle form: Played, Written, Cut etc.
4th form / Present Participle form / Gerund form/ Verb (1st+ing) form: Playing, Writing, Cutting etc.
5th form / Singular form / Verb (1st+s/es): Plays, Writes, Cuts etc
The verbs having a suffix –ed in 2nd and 3rd form are known as regular verbs while irregular verbs doesn’t follow any
specific pattern.
Types of Main Verb:
Transitive Verb
If the object has an effect of the action than it’s called Transitive verb.
E.g: I am beating him.
Transitive Verb requires an object.
E.g: I am teaching them.
After transitive verb there is no preposition or adverb.
E.g: I am flying a kite.
Passive of transitive verb is possible.
Intransitive Verb
If the object has no effect of action then it’s called Intransitive verb.
E.g: Birds fly in the air.
Intransitive verb doesn’t require an object.
E.g: I am enjoying.
After Intransitive verb there is a preposition or adverb.
E.g: I am fighting with him.
He is going there.
Passive of intransitive verb is not possible.

(V) ADVERB
Adverb is a word which adds meaning to any verb, adjective or another adverb.
Example: He writes slowly. She is a very good girl. She is writing very slowly.
Types of Adverb:
(i) Adverb of Time(ii) Adverb of Place(iii) Adverb of Manner(iv) Adverb of Frequency
(v) Adverb of Degree(vi) Adverb of Affirmation(vii) Adverb of Negation
Adverb of Time:
It describes ‘when’ an action is happened or it describes the time of action.
Example: Now, then, ago, before, today, tonight, last night, yesterday, tomorrow, later, recently, these days, now a
days, at the moment, already, just etc.
Adverb of Place:
It describes ‘where’ an action is happened or it describes the place of action.
Example: here, there, nowhere, everywhere, somewhere, upstairs, downstairs, homewards, Eastwards, towards,
away etc.
Adverb of Manner:
It describes ‘how’ or in what manner an action happens.
Example: She writes slowly.
Formula: Adjective + ly = Adverb of manner
Adjective Adjective+ly=Adverb of Manner Quiet Quietly
Slow Slowly Wonderful Wonderfully
Nice Nicely Calm Calmly
Beautiful Beautifully Silent Silently
EXCEPTIONS:

Adjective Adverb of Manner

Good Well
Fast Fast
Degrees of Adverb of Manner:
Adjective Adverb (Positive) Adverb (Comparative) Adverb (Superlative)
Regular Adverbs (More than one syllable)
Slow Slowly More slowly Most slowly
Quick Quickly More quickly Most quickly
Irregular Adverbs (Single Syllabled)
Good Well Better Best
Hard Hard Harder Hardest
Fast Fast Faster Fastest
Adverb of Frequency / Adverb of Number:
It tells about the frequency of an action or how many times an action takes place.
There are two types of adverb of frequency:
(a) Definite frequency (Daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bimonthly, yearly, once, twice, thrice, four times,
five times, n times.
(b) Indefinite frequency:
Adverb Frequency
Always ‫ہمیشہ‬ 100%
Often ‫اکثر‬ 80%
Usually ‫عام طور پر‬ 70%
Occasionally 60%
Sometimes 50%
Seldom ‫شازونادر‬ 30%
Hardly ever ‫مشکل سے‬/‫کبھی کبھار‬ 10%
Never 0%
Adverb of Quantity/Adverb of Degree:
It tells how much something is.
Example: a few, a little, so, very, too, much, quite, totally, absolutely etc.

Adverb of Affirmations:
These are the words which are used to say ‘yes’
Example: yes, certainly, absolutely, certainly, undoubtedly etc.

Adverb of Negation:
These are the words which are used to say ‘no’.
Example: No, Not, Not at all etc.
Note: Adverbial phrase belongs to ordinate clause so it ends with a comma if written before principal clause.
E.g.: I am teaching her now. OR Now, I am teaching her.

(vi) PREPOSITION
Preposition is a word which shows the relation of noun or pronoun with other words of the sentence.
Example:Ali is sitting on a chair.
He will go to school on Monday.
There are three types of preposition:
(1) Simple Preposition / One word preposition (on, in, at, with, of, up, till, out, through , to, for, from etc.)
(2) Compound preposition / simple + simple (into, onto, away from,
between , beside, below, above, among, around, without, along
with etc)
(3) Phrasal Prepositions (Look at, bark at, look for, because of,
inorder to, in place of, in addition to, etc.)
Preposition of Time:
(i) At:
(a) At + clock time (at 7 O’ clock, at 6 pm, at 2330 PST, at half past 5,
at quarter past 8, at quarter to 9)
(b) At + (word)+time [at lunch time, at Namaz time]
(c) At + the weekends (UK) On + the weekends (US)
(ii) On + Specific day of 24 hours
on Monday, on birthday, on 14th august etc
X today, X tonight, X tomorrow, X yesterday,
No article is used before each, every, next and last.
(iii) In + longer periods more than 24 hours
In the 1st week of march, in June, in the summer, in 2016,
in the 90’s, in the 21st century A.D., in the 1st millennium
B.C. etc.
In + part of the day less than 24 hours
At dawn, in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, in the
evening, at dusk, at night, at mid-night.
Exception: at night is used for every night and in the night is specific night.
 (vii) Conjunctions
Conjunctions are the words which are used to join two sentences with each other.
For Example: He is my friend and I help him in many occasions.
Subordinate Conjunctions are remembered by a mnemonic FANBOYS:
For, And, Not, But, Or, Yet, So.

(viii) Interjections
Interjections are the words which are used to show sudden feelings and emotions of happiness, sadness and
surprise. A mark of exclamation is always used after interjections.
For example: Hurrah!, Yahoo!, Alas!, etc
 IDENTIFYING PARTS OF SPEECH:

Noun
-tion -ship -ness -ence -ment
Communication Friendship Sadness Independence Treatment
Situation Relationship Kindness Confidence Judgement
Dedication Membership Happy ness Patience Statement
Creation Sponsorship Illness Intelligence Entertainment
Satisfaction Scholarship Sickness
Hesitation Sportsmanship -ty -dom
-tion Pity Wisdom
-ance -hood Tension Scarcity Kingdom
Resistance Brotherhood Expression Poverty Freedom
Fragrance Nationhood Compression Liberty Martyrdom
Neighborhood Pension Clarity Boredom

Pronoun
Subjective case Objective case Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
(before noun) (after noun)

I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself/yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
Verb

Action verb Helping verb Modal verb

Run,eat, jump, Do,does Can,
sleep,watch,play,slap,kick, Is,am,are could,
push,pull,teach, create,cut , think, Has,have may,
burn , destroy,live, Has been, have been might,
borrow,say,manage,etc.. Did must,
Was,were would,
Had should ,
Had been ought to,
Will,shall have to
Will be,shall be
Will have, shall have
Will have been
 Adverb
Of manner Of place Of time Of frequency
(-ly) Here Today Daily
Slowly There Tomorrow Weekly
Nicely Everywhere Yesterday Yearly
Quickly Somewhere Tonight Monthly
Efficiently Nowhere Now Always
Badly Away Later Sometimes
Clearly Upstairs Nowadays Seldom
Beautifully Downstairs Soon Occasionally
Highly Homewards Ago Often
Respectfully Westwards Just Ever
Ethically Already Never
Regularly Usually
Logically
Mentally
Physically

Adjective
-ful -less -ous -cal Colour names Proper adjectives

Colorful Colorless Famous Physical Red Pakistani

Respectful Useless Marvelous Illogical Green Indian
Beautiful Careless Fabulous Biological Yellow American
Useful Hopeless Gorgeous Analytical Magenta Canadian
Careful Mannerless Glorious Chemical Shiny Britain
Hopeful Sleeveless Matt
-ic -ive -some -able Articles Demonstrative ad

Tragic Positive Handsome Honorable A This

Terrific Negative Fearsome Respectable An That
Fantastic Affirmative Awesome Able The These
Alcoholic Selective Gruesome Available Those
Tiresome Doable
Curable

Preposition
At,on,in,to,for,from,with,into, between, among, through,over,above,under, below,by,etc.

Conjunction
FANBOYS
For And Nor But Or Yet So

Interjection
Hurrah! Yahoo! Wow! Alas! Oh! Bravo! Aha!
 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Sweden
The Netherlands
Japan
China
France
Germany
Italy
Spain
Mexico
DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE:
There are three degrees of adjective:

1. Positive Degree Adjectives

2. Comparative Degree Adjectives
3. Superlative Degree Adjectives

Positive Degree Adjectives:

Positive degree adjectives are used to specify a single noun or pronoun.
Note: Always use 8a9 or 8an9 before positive degree adjectives.
Example: Mawra is a beautiful girl.
Comparative Degree Adjective:
Comparative degree adjectives are used to compare or compete the qualities of two nouns/pronouns.
Note: Never use any article before comparative degree adjectives (Except double comparatives) and use 8than9 after
every comparative degree adjective.
Use the + comparative degree adjective + of
Example: Urwa is more beautiful than Mawra.
Urwa and Mawra are two gorgeous girls but Urwa is the more gorgeous of the two.
Superlative Degree Adjective:

DEGREES OF ADJECTIVE
Superlative degree adjective is used to compare a noun with a whole group.
Example: Urwa is the most beautiful girl in Pakistan.
Note: Use 8the9 before superlative degree adjectives except after possessive adjectives.
Example: Mawra is my best friend.
Rules to Conversion of Degrees:
Single Syllabled Regular Adjectives:
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Large Larger Largest
Small Smaller Smallest
Big Bigger Biggest
Strong Stronger Strongest
Sweet Sweeter Sweetest
Long Longer Longest
Short Shorter Shortest
Multi Syllabled Regular Adjectives:
Suffix: -able
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Respectable More respectable Most respectable

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 8

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Suffix: -ous
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Famous More famous Most famous

Suffix: -ive
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Positive More positive Most Positive

Suffix: -ic
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Fantastic More fantastic Most fantastic

Suffix: -cal
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Chemical More chemical Most chemical

Suffix: -ful
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Beautiful More beautiful Most beautiful

Suffix: -some
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Handsome More handsome Most handsomer

Irregular Adjectives:
Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree
Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much More Most
Many More Most
Far Farther Farthest
Differences between much, many and a lot of
Plural Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
Much Yes Yes
Many Yes No
A lot of Yes Yes
Too , So , Very + Adjective = Intensity
Too + to |Effect|
So + that |Effect|
Very + No Effect
Example:
Tea is too hot to drink. Tea is so hot that I can9t drink it. Tea is very hot.

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 9

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

PROVERBS
Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary verbs helps the main verb to form a sentence.

Auxiliary Verbs can be further classified into two types:

(i) Helping Verbs (is/am/are/was/were/will/do/does/did)  It determines tense.

(ii) Modals (can/could/may/might/must/would/should/ought to/dare)  It shows tense and
extra sense like possibility, advisability etc.

Main Verb/Principal Verb: They are action showing words.

Example: run, teach, listen, jump etc.

Forms of Main Verb:

1st form / Present form / base form: Play, Write, Cut etc.

2nd form / Past form: Played, Wrote, Cut etc

3rd form / Past Participle form: Played, Written, Cut etc.

4th form / Present Participle form / Gerund form/ Verb (1st+ing) form: Playing, Writing, Cutting etc.

5th form / Singular form / Verb (1st+s/es): Plays, Writes, Cuts etc

The verbs having a suffix –ed in 2nd and 3rd form are known as regular verbs while irregular verbs doesn9t follow any
specific pattern.

Types of Main Verb:

Transitive Verb Intransitive Verb

If the object has an effect of the action than it9s called If the object has no effect of action then it9s called
transitive verb. intransitive verb.
E.g: I am beating him. E.g: Birds fly in the air.
Transitive Verb requires an object. Intransitive verb doesn9t require an object.
E.g: I am teaching them. E.g: I am enjoying.
After transitive verb there is no preposition or adverb. After Intransitive verb there is a preposition or adverb.
E.g: I am flying a kite. E.g: I am fighting with him.

Passive of transitive verb is possible. FORMS OF VERBS He is going there.

Passive of intransitive verb is not possible.

IRREGULAR VERBS:
Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Arise 'F¾' arose arisen

Awake'F¯'. awoke awoken

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 14

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Bear'F7¯ .6'/7. bore borne

Beat 'F7'G beat beaten

Become 'FF. became become

Begin'F7¯ ?N76 began begun

Bend'F—NG bent bent

Bite'F'¯ bit bitten

Blow'Fg¾~ blew blown

Break'F—N. broke broken

Bring'Fg brought brought

Build'F'F. built built

Burn'Fg. burnt/burned burnt/burned

Buy'F‫د‬Î7. bought bought

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Catch'F—¯~ caught caught

Choose'F7¯ ...FG chose chosen

Cling 'FG† clung clung

Come 'F‫آ‬ came come

Creep'F¯FÎ7 crept crept

Cut'F'¯ cut cut

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Dig'F/N¾¯ dug dug

Dive'F7'G ί.Ž dived/dove (AmE) dived

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 15

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Do'F7¯ did done

Draw'F'F. drew drawn

Dream'F¾¯Î/ ('N. dreamt /dreamed dreamt /dreamed

Drink'FÎ~ drank drunk

drive drove driven

Eat'F'¾¯ ate eaten

Fall'F7¯ fell fallen

Feed'Fg¾¯ fed fed

Feel'F7¯ 7N7/G felt felt

Fight'F—F fought fought

Find'FŽFN¾Ž found found

Flee'F'. ¯'¾. fled fled

Fly'F—' flew flown

Forbid'F7¯ ?FG forbade forbidden

Forget'F'. FN¾. forgot forgotten

Forgive'F7¯ G'?G forgave forgiven

Freeze'F'G. froze frozen

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Get'F7¯ F7'/ got got (BrE) /gotten (AmE)

Give'FÎ/ gave given

Go'F'. went gone

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 16

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Grind'F7Î~ ground ground

Grow'F'¯' grew grown

hang hanged hanged

Have'F¾¯7 had had

Hear'FF7 heard heard

Hide 'F'~¾† hid hidden

Hit 'F7'G hit hit

Hold 'F—¯~ held held

Hurt 'F'†FÇ~ ‫ٹ‬N† hurt hurt

Keep 'F¾¯7 kept kept

Kneel 'F¯¾. knelt knelt

Know 'FF'. knew known

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Lay'FNÇ '¾¯7 laid laid

Lead 'F7¯ ./'ÎF led led

Lean 'F¯¾. leant /leaned leant /leaned

Leap 'F7'G ¯Fg¾† leapt /leaped leapt /leaped

Learn 'F¾¯Î7 learnt /learned learnt /learned

Leave 'FÎ/ —N¾† left left

Lend 'FÎ/ 7'¾/' lent lent

let let let

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 17

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Lie 'FÎF lay lain

Lose'F'. 7'Ç lost lost

Make 'F'F. made made

Meet 'FFG met met

Mistake 'F7¯ Î7F‫غ‬ mistook mistaken

Overcome 'F'~ N.'F overcame overcome

Pay 'F7¯ '/' paid paid

Prove 'F7¯ ..'/ proved proved/proven

Put'FF'Ž put put

Quit 'F7¯ G.. quit quit

Read 'F¾—~ read read

Ride 'F7¯ Î7'N7 rode ridden

Ring 'F'.. rang rung

Rise 'FNÇ ?NF7 rose risen

Run 'F¯'¾. ran run

Saw'F'¯ sawed sawn /sawed

Say 'Fǯ said said

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 18

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

See 'F¾¯Î/ saw seen

Seek 'F7¯ N..7. sought sought

Sell 'F†Î. sold sold

Send 'F.ξ. sent sent

sew sewed sewn/sewed

Shake 'FgÇ shook shaken

Shed 'F'Ç. shed shed

Shine 'F'¯G† shone shone

Show 'F'¾¯/ showed shown

Shut 'F7¯ ‫د‬F. shut shut

Sing'F'¯ sang sung

Sink 'F.NŽ sank sunk

Sit 'F¾Î. sat sat

Sleep 'FN7 slept slept

Slide 'FF7¾~ slid slid

Smell 'F¾¯FN7 smelt /smelled smelt /smelled

Sow 'FN. sowed sown /sowed

Speak 'FFN. spoke spoken

Spell 'F7¯ Ö.Ç spelt /spelled spelt /spelled

Spend 'F7¯ ‫چ‬7. spent spent

Spit 'F¯N¾. spat spat

Spoil 'F7¯ ('7. spoilt /spoiled spoilt /spoiled

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 19

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Spread 'Fgξ~ spread spread

Stand 'FNÇ '—¾¯ stood stood

Steal 'F'7† stole stolen

Strive 'F7¯ 66N¯ strove striven

Swear'F'¾¯ G7F swore sworn

Sweep 'F'¯F N—'¾† swept swept

Swim 'F7Î. swam swum

Verb (infinitive) Past simple form Past participle

Take 'FÎF took taken

Teach 'F'¾—~ taught taught

Tear 'F—'¾~ tore torn

Tell 'F'.. told told

Think 'F†N7 thought thought

Throw 'F¯F¾~ threw thrown

Tread'FF† trod trodden

Understand 'F¾.G7 understood understood

Wear 'FFÇ~ wore worn

Weave 'FF. wove /weaved woven /weaved

Wed'F7¯ Î/'6 wedded /wed wedded /wed

Weep 'FN7 wept wept

Win'F.Î. won won

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 20

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Withdraw 'FNÇ .7.7 withdrew withdrawn

Write'F¾¯F wrote written

Regular Verbs: The 2nd and 3rd form has a suffix –e.

Accept 'F7¯ FN.F Amuse'F7¯ 8N. Appreciate 'F7¯ GÎ7?. Attach 'NÇ ¯F7FG
add 'F7¯ ?G. analyse (BrE)'F7¯ ‫ہ‬Î6.. approve'F7¯ ..'/ attack 'F7¯ ‫ہ‬FG/
admire 'F7¯ GÎ7?. analyze (AmE) argue 'F7¯ //. attempt 'F7¯ 66N¯
admit 'F7¯ 7'7F' announce 'F7¯ Hg?' arrange'FÎ/ .Î.7. attend 'F7¯ .¯76
advise 'F7¯ ./Î7F annoy 'F7¯ ¯F. arrest 'FÎF ‫ں‬ÎG .7'7/ attract 'FNÇ 66¯
afford 'F¾¯7 .?'7.7' answer 'FÎ/ ('N. arrive'FNÇ ‫د‬G‫آ‬ avoid'F7¯ 8'‫د‬F' 7>F
agree 'F7¾. ÎG'/ apologise 'F¯F'G ÎG'?G ask 'F¾†N~
alert 'FÇ7 7'./G appear'FNÇ 7Ç'8
allow 'FÎ/ .8'.'

Beg 'F7¯ .7'N.7/ Boil 'FF'.' Brush 'F7¯ 87.

balance 'F7¯ H8'N. behave 'F7¯ ‫'ؤ‬.7. bomb 'F7¯ ‫'¯ہ‬G¾/ burn'Fg.
ban'F'¯F Î‫د‬F.'~ belong 'F¾¯7 FF?. borrow 'FÎF 7'¾/' bury 'F7¯ FG/
beam bless 'F8'NF bow 'F¯¾.
blush 'F'G76
boast'F7'¾¯. Î.Î6

Calculate 'F7¯ ('7/ Claim'F7¯ ÎN?/

ٰ Compare'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F8'NG Cough'F7F'¾¯
call'F7'¯~ clap 'F'.. ÎF'. compete'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F.'FG count'F7¯ Î.F¯
care'F7¯ 7¯G clean'F7¯ G'7 complain'F7¯ .Î'¯6 cover'F~F'¾Ž
carry 'F‫ آ‬7¯ ÖF clear 'F7¯ G'7 complete'F7¯ FG¯G crawl'F¯FÎ7
cause'FF. ..7 close'FNÇ .Î7F concentrate'FÎ/ ‫ہ‬.N. cry'Fg†
challenge'F7¯ .FFΆ coach'F7¯ ‫'ئ‬GFÇ7 confess'F7¯ 7'7F' cure'F7¯ .g?
change 'F7¯ FÎ‫د‬.. collect'F7¯ ?G. confuse'F7¯ H'6Î7~
chase'F7¯ '¾†Î~ colour'F7¾. ¯F7 connect'F—N.
cheat'FÎ/ '¯N¾/ comb'F7¯ ξ¯F¯ consist'FNÇ FG.6G
check'F7¯ ¯Î† command 'FÎ/ G¯/ contain'FNÇ FG'6
cheer'F'FG Î6N. communicate'F7¯ ‫ہ‬7.'7 continue'F7¯ Î7'.
chew'F'.† copy 'F7¯ FFF
correct'F7¯ /Î/7

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 21

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Damage'F7¯ ('7. Deliver'F'†FÇ~ Discover'F7¯ .G'Î7/

dance'F†'F depend'F7¯ 7'7/F' dislike'F7¯ ‫د‬F7~'F drop'F'7¯
dare'F7¯ .GÇ describe'F7¯ H'Î. divide'F7¯ GÎ7F.
deceive'FÎF/ ‫¯ہ‬N¾/ desert'FÎ/ —N¾† doubt'F7¯ ¯6
decide'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F7ÎG deserve'FNÇ F/.7G
decorate'F'.7 destroy'F7¯ Ç'..
delay 'F7¯ 7Î.'. develop'F7¯ ÎF7.
delight'FNÇ 8N. disagree'F7¯ 7'¯F'
disappear'F'. NÇ .&'‫غ‬

Earn'F'G¯ End'F7¯ G.. Excite'FNÇ 8N.7~ Explain'F7¯ ./'‫ض‬N

educate'FÎ/ GÎF?. enjoy'F7¯ Ç6G excuse'F7¯ .76?G explode 'F—'¾~
embarrass'Fg/ G76 enter'FNÇ F.'/ exercise'F7¯ F6G
employ'FÎ/ Î7¯NF entertain'FÎ/ /Î7G. expand'Fgξ~
empty'F7¯ ÎF'. escape'FNÇ 7'7G expect'F7¯ ‫د‬ÎG'
encourage'F'¾—. ‫ہ‬F7N/ examine'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F&'?G

Face'F7¯ 'FG'7 Fetch'Fg Flash 'F¯G† Found 'F7¯ G&'F

fail 'FNÇ G'¯'F fill'F7¾. float 'F7Î. frighten'F'7Ž
fancy'F†N7 fire'F7'G ÎFN¯ flow 'F'Ç. fry'FF.
fasten 'F¾‫د‬F'. fix 'F7¯ .7F follow 'F7¯ '¾†Î~
fear'F7Ž

Gather'F7¯ ?G. Grab'F—¯. Guarantee'FÎ/ .F'G‫ض‬ Guard 'F7¯ ÎF'N¾¯7

gaze'F7N¾¯ greet'F7¯ F'.F.7' guess'F'¯F Ç8'‫د‬F'
glow'F¯G/ guide'F7¯ ‫'ئ‬GFÇ7

Hammer'F7'G ΗN¾.Ç Harm'F'†Ç~ H'7FF Heat 'F7¯ G7¯ Hug'F¯F ÖF¯

handle'F7¯ N.'F hate'F7¯ .7GF help'F7¯ /‫د‬G hum'F'F¾.F¾.
happen'FNÇ 'GFN7 haunt'F'7Ž hop'FF¾†' hunt'F7¯ 7'¯6
harass'F7¯ ¯F. hope'F7¯ ‫د‬ÎG'

Identify'F7¯ ..'F6 Increase'F'¾—. Intend'F7¯ Ç/'7' Invite 'FÎ/ .N?/

ignore'F7¯ 8'‫د‬F' 7>F influence'FF'Ž 7/' interfere'F7¯ .F.'‫د‬G irritate 'F7¯ ¯F.
imagine'F†N7 inform'FÎ/ ?g7' interrupt'F¯N7
impress'F7¯ 7/'?G instruct'FÎ/ .Î'‫د‬Ç introduce'F7¯ G7'?.G
improve'F'F. 7.Ç. invent'F7¯ /'.Î'
include'F7¯ FG'6

Join'FgG Joke'F7¯ H'6G Juggle'F'¾¯/ Ç‫د‬.?6

judge'F7¯ ‫ہ‬F7ÎG jump'FF¾†'

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 22

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Kick'F7'G .g Kiss'FÎ/ ‫ہ‬7N. Knock'FÎ/ ¯.7/

kill'F7¯ F.F

Laugh'F7FÇ Learn'F¾¯Î7 Like'F7¯ ‫د‬F7~ Lock'F7¯ ‫د‬F.

launch 'F7¯ ?N76 lick'F'† listen'FF7 look'F¾¯Î/
lie'FFN. ‫ٹ‬N¾. live'FÎ. love'F7¯ ../G

Manage'FF'¾.F7 Measure'F7¯ 6&'GÎ~ Miss'F7¯ /'Î Move'F7¯ .¯7/

mark'F'¯F H'6F melt'Fg¾¯~ mix'FgG multiply'FÎ/ (7‫ض‬
marry'F7¯ Î/'6 memorise'F7¯ /'Î mourn'F'FG ¯N7 murder'F7¯ F.F
mend'F7¯ .G7G

Nail'F¯N¾ Need'FNÇ .7N7‫ض‬ Nod'FgÇ 77 Notice'F7¯ 7N‫غ‬

Obey'FF'G G¯/ Obtain'F7¯ F7'/ Offer'F7¯ 6Î~ Overflow'F.FN¯

object'F7¯ .Î'¯6 occur'FNÇ 'GFN7 open'FFN¾¯
observe'F7¯ Ç‫د‬Ç'6G order'FÎ/ G¯/

Paint'F7¯ ¯F7 Pick'F'¾' Possess'F¾¯7 Prevent'F¯N7

pass'FNÇ ('ÎG'¯ pinch'F'¯ ÎFNΆ post'F'¯F print'F~'¾†
paste'F'¯~† place'F¾¯7 pour'FFΎF' produce'F7¯ '‫د‬Î~
pat'FÎ/ ί~¾. plan'.'F. Î.N7FG practise (BrE)'F7¯ F6G promise'F7¯ Ç‫?د‬N
pause'F¯7 plant'F'¯F '/N~ practice (AmE) protect'F7¯ .8'G/
peel'FFξ† play'FFξ¯ pray'F7¯ '?/ provide'F7¯ 'ÎÇG
peep'F¯F'¾. please'F7¯ 8N. preach'Fgξ~ pull'F†Fξ¯
perform'F7¯ '/' point'F7¯ Ç7'6' prefer'FÎ/ /Î.7. punch'F7'G ‫ہ‬7FN¾¯
permit'FÎ/ .8'.' polish'F'¯G† prepare'F7¯ 7'Î. punish'FÎ/ '67
present'F7¯ 6Î~ push'F7'G '¯¾/
preserve'F'†.
press'F'./
pretend'F7¯ 7Ç'8

Question'F7¯ F'N7 Queue'F'F. 7'7F

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 23

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

 lOMoARcPSD|51826916

Radiate'F7¯ .7'. Refuse'F7¯ 7'¯F' Remove'F'Ç Rinse'FN¯¾.

rain'FNÇ 87'. regret'F7¯ 7N7G' repair'F7¯ .G7G rob'FNF
raise'F'¾' reign'F7¯ .GN¯/ repeat'F'7Ç/ rot'F—7
reach'F†FÇ~ reject'F7¯ /7 reply'FÎ/ ('N. rub'F—¯7
realise'FÎF H'. rejoice'FÎ/ g¾. N¯ G‫غ‬ reproduce'F7¯ 6&'6G' ruin'F7¯ /'.7.
receive'F7¯ FN7N relax 'F7¯ G'7‫آ‬ request'F7¯ '..F' rule'F7¯ .GN¯/
recognise'FÎF H'†Ç~ rely'F7¯ ‫ہ‬7N7¾. rescue'F'†.
record'F7¯ 8NG/G remain'FÇ7 ÎF'. return'F7¯ 7~'N
reduce'F7¯ G¯ remember'F7¯ /'Î
reflect'F7¯ 7¯?FG remind'Fg/ /'Î

Sail'F'7Î. Shiver'F~F'¯ Spell'F7¯ Ö.Ç Stop'F¯7

satisfy'F7¯ F&G7G shock'FÎ/ '¯¾. spill'FÎ/ '7¯ strengthen'F'F. 7N.F'7
save'F7¯ 8NG/G shrug'F'¯†' Ö¾‫د‬F¯ spoil'F7¯ ('7. stretch'Fgξ~
saw'F'¯ sigh'F7¾. ‫ں‬ÎÇ‫آ‬ spray'F7¯ ‫†¾—¯'ؤ‬ succeed'FNÇ ('ÎG'¯
scare'F'7Ž sign'F7¯ 7..7/ squeeze'F'./ suck'F7N†
scatter'F7ξ¯. skip'FÎ/ —N¾† stain'F'¯F ‫ہ‬.¾/ suffer'FNÇ g..G
scold'FF'Ž slap'F7'G —~¾. stare'F7N¾¯ suggest'FÎ/ Ç7N6G
scratch'F'¯F 8'7. slip'FF7¾~ start'F7¯ ?N76 supply'F7¯ 'ÎÇG
scream'Fg† smash'F'7¯ stay'F¯7 support'FÎ/ '7'Ç7
search'F7¯ 8g. smell'F¾¯FN7 stir'FFÇ suppose'F7¯ 87G
separate 'F7¯ '‫د‬. smile'F'7¯7G surprise'F7¯ H'7Î/
serve 'F7¯ .G‫د‬. snatch'FFξ† surround'FÎF 7ξ¯
settle'F7¯ F/ sneeze'F¯Fξ† suspect'F7¯ ¯6
share'F7¯ Ç7'N. suspend'F7¯ F7?G

Talk'F7¯ .'. Tickle'F'¯F Î‫¯د¯د‬ Trade'F7¯ .7'.. Trust'F7¯ ‫ہ‬7N7¾.

tame'F'¾‫د‬7 touch 'FN¾† train'F'¾¯7 try'F7¯ 66N¯
taste'F¾¯† tow'F†Fξ¯ trap'F'7¾~ tumble'F7¯
tease'F7¯ ¯F. travel'F7¯ 7G7 turn'F—G
terrify'F'7Ž treat'F7¯ .g?
test'FÎF H'/.G' tremble'F~F'¯
thank'F7¯ '/' 7¯6

Undress'F7'.' 7'.F Unite'F7¯ ‫د‬/.G Use'F7¯ F'G?.7'

unlock'FFN¾¯ g'.

Vanish'F'. NÇ .&'‫غ‬ Visit'F7¯ .'FgG

Wait'F7¯ 7'>.F' Waste'F7¯ ?&'‫ض‬ Whisper'F7¯ Î6N¯77 Work'F7¯ G'¯

walk'FF† watch'F¾¯Î/ whistle'F'.. ÎÎ7 worry'F7¯ H'6Î7~
wander'F7¯ Î/7¯ Ç7'N‫آ‬ water'FÎ/ ÎF'~ wink'F7'G ¾¯F‫آ‬ wrap'FÎ~F
want'FÇ'† wave'F'7ÇF wish'F7¯ 6Ç'N. wreck'F'. ‫ٹ‬N
wash'FN¾/ weigh'F7¯ H8N wonder'F7¯ ..?.
welcome'F7¯ F'.F.7'

An Effort of:Nasim Zulfiqar (Dua-e-ilm Coaching Center) Page 24

Downloaded by Graceful Rose ([email protected])

FORMS OF VERBS