Geography:-

#Chapter: Resources and Development.

* What is Sustainable development.(It means development should take place without damaging the
environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future
generations)

* Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit,1992 (the summit was convened for addressing urgent problems on
environment protection and social economic development at the global level.)

* Agenda 21: (it aims at achieving global sustainable development, it is an agenda to combat
environment damage, poverty ,disease through global cooperation of common interest mutual needs
and shared responsibility)

*Resource planning in India:

a) Identification and inventory of resources. Qualitative and quantitative estimation and

measurement of the resources.
b) Implementing resource development plans.
c) Matching the resource development plans with overall National development plans.

* Land Degradation: due to human activity such as deforestation overgrazing mining and quarrying.

*Land conservation techniques: afforestation, proper management of grazing land,planting shelter belts,
stabilizing dunes by growing Thorny bushes. (In Himalayan regions:-contour ploughing and terrace
farming.)

* Gully erosion: the running water cuts through the clayey soil and makes the channels as gullies.

* Sheet erosion: sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope, in such cases the top
soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion.

(In the Chambal basin the land which is unfit for cultivation or the bad land are called ravines.)

#Chapter: Forest and Wildlife Resources.

* Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife?

(Conservation preserves ecological diversity and our life support system- water air and soil. It also
preserve the genetic diversity of plants and animals for the better growth of species and breeding)

* The Indian wildlife protection Act (1972): the program emphasizes upon protecting the remaining
population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to the habitat and
restricting trade in wildlife)
* Project tiger: it is one of the well publicised wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973. Tiger
conservation has been viewed not only as an effort to save an endangered species but with equal
importance as a means of preserving bio types of sizeable magnitude.

*Types and distribution of forest: 1. Reserve forest. 2. Protected forest. 3. Unclassed, unprotected or
village forest.

* Community and conservation of Forests in India. (Conservation strategies are not new in our country.
Be often ignore that in India forest are also home to some of the traditional community. In some areas
of India local communities are struggling to conserve this habitat along with government officials.

Eg:- In Sariska tiger reserve Rajasthan villagers have fought against mining by sighting the wildlife
protection Act.

- The inhabitants of 5 villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forest as
a Bhairodev Dakav sanctuary, which do not allow hunting.

-The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas had not only successful resisted deforestation is
several areas but has also shown the community afforestation.

- Farmers and citizen groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that
educate levels of diversity fight crops production without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and
economically Vibe.

* Joint forest management (JFM): it involves local communities in the management and Restoration of
degraded forest. The program has been informal existence since 1988 when the State of Odisha pass the
first resolution of joint forest management.

*Sacred Groves: nature worship is an age old tribal believe based on the premise that all creations of
nature has to be protected such belief have preserve several virgin in forest in pristine form called
sacred groves (the forest of God and goddesses)

#Chapter: Water Resources.

* What are the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water scarcity?

* What are dams and how do they help us in conserving and managing water?

* Define Rainwater Harvesting.

* Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river projects.

* Narmada bachao aandolan and the Tehri Dam aandolan-( there is a resistance to these projects has
primarily been due to the large scale displacement of local communities. Local people often had to give
up their land livelihood and their major access and control over resources for the greater good of the
nation.)
* Rain water Harvesting: many thought that given the disadvantages of the multipurpose projects water
harvesting system was a viable alternative both socio- economically and environmentally.

a. Hills and Mountains - guls or kuls.

b. Rajasthan(arid and semi arid) - Rooftop rainwater Harvesting/Johads/Khadins/tankas.
c. Flood plains/Bengal- inundation channels.

(Tamilnadu is the first state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory
to all the houses across the state)

( Bamboo drip irrigation system- ine meghalay 200 year old system of typing stream and spring water by
using bamboo pipes is prevalent. By this system 18 to 20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system
and get transported over 100 of metres.)

#Chapter: Agriculture
* Types of farming:

a. Primitive subsistence farming. (Shifting cultivation/ Slash and burn agriculture/ Jhumming)
b. Intensive subsistence farming( labour intensive farming high biochemical inputs and modern
irrigation methods)
c. Commercial farming: modern farming methods, high yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers,
insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity.

Major Crops:- Rice, Wheat, Sugarcane, Tea ,Coffee, Fibre crop.( Temperature required, Rainfall, soil type,
region/states.)

* Bhoodan-Gramdan: initiated by Vinoba Bhave. Danger heart nursery in meeting Shri Ramchandra
Reddy stood up an offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 landless villagers this act was
known as Bhoodan. Later some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages
among the landless it was known as Gramdan.)

(The Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the bloodless revolution
)

* Enist the various institutional reform programs introduced by the government of India, in the interest
of farmers: laws of land reforms, introduction of agriculture reforms by government of India in 1960 and
1970's. The Green revolution , the White revolution (operation flood). Kisan credit card, Personal
accident insurance scheme, Minimum support price.

#Chapter: Minerals and Energy Resources.

* Distinguish between the following with examples: 1. Ferrous and non ferrous minerals. 2.
Conventional and non conventional sources of energy.
*What are minerals? (Homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structures.
Minerals are found in varied forms in nature changing from the hardest diamond to the softest talc)

* Modes of occurrence:

a. In igneous and metamorphic rock minerals in the cracks faults or joints. The smaller occurrences
are called veins and the larger are called lodes.
b. In sedimentary rocks a number of mineral occurs in beds or layers.
c. Another mode of formation involves decomposition of surface rocks.
d. Certain minerals mein occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valid floors and the base of hills.
e. The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals but it is widely diffused.

(Rat hole mining: the illegal way of mining where the family members form a long narrow tunnel and
extract the minerals. The National green tribunal have declared such activities illegal and recommended
that these should be stopped forthwith.) Comedy practiced in North East India Meghalaya/coal mining
in jowai and cherrapunji.

* Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?(The total volume of workable mineral deposits is an
insignificant fraction. The geological process of mineral formation are very slow it requires millions of
years to be created. Mineral resources are finite and nonrenewable. Continued extraction of ores leads
in decrease in quality.

(Coal: There are three varieties of coal- 1. Lignite-is a low grade brown coal with a soft with high
moisture content. 2. Bituminous - it is the most popular coal in commercial use it as a high value for
smelting iron in blast furnaces. 3. Anthracite - is the highest quality hard coal.)

#Chapter: Manufacturing Industries

*What is manufacturing? (Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw material to
more valuable products is called manufacturing)

* What are the importance of manufacturing? (It helps in modernising agriculture and also helps in
reducing dependency on agricultural income/industrial development is a pre-condition for eradication of
unemployment and poverty from our country/export of manufacture goods brings much needed foreign
exchange./it leads to the prosperity of the country.)

*Name any three physical factors and three human factors for the location of an industry.

( Many Industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centres
known as agglomeration economies. )

* Define the classification of industries on the basis of :- raw material/ on the basis of capital
investment/ on the basis of ownership /on the basis of bulk and weight of raw material)
(Aluminium smelting: it is the second most important metallurgical industry in India it is light resistant to
corrosion a good conductor of heat malleable and becomes strong when it is mixed with other metals.
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite ore. )

* Although Industries contributes significantly to India's economic growth and development but it has
increased the pollution . Explain.

* How can the industrial pollution of freshwater be reduced give some suggestions? (Minimising use of
water for processing by the using and recycling/harvesting of rainwater to meet water
requirements/treating hot water and affluence before releasing them in rivers and ponds.)

* How can the industrial effluence be treated or explain the ways of treatment of industrial effluents.

a. Primary treatment by mechanical means. This involves screening grinding and sedimentation.
b. Secondary treatment by biological process.
c. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes this involves recycling of
wastewater.

*What are basic industries? Give an example.

* Name the important raw material used in manufacturing of cement? (Limestone/Silica/Gypsum)

*NTPC and its proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources.

i. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest technique and upgrading existing

equipments.
ii. Minimising waste generation by maximizing Ash utilisation.
iii. Providing green belts.
iv. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system
and liquid waste management.
v. Ecological monitory review and online database management for call its power stations.

***************************************** Best of Luck

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