MAXIMIZING

SOLAR POWER
POTENTIAL

SUBMITTED BY GUIDED BY
PRANAV P MR .RAJESH P
NCE21EE014 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
EEE DEPARTMENT
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
LITRATURE SURVEY
KEY TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELL
TANDEN SOLAR CELL
MAXIMUM ENERGY GENERATION
STORAGE
CHALLENGES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
 ABSTRACT
As the world transitions towards sustainable energy sources, solar energy emerges as a frontrunner
due to its vast potential and minimal environmental impact. This paper delves into the current state
of solar energy technology, highlighting recent advancements and remaining challenges. Perovskite
and tandem solar cells represent promising innovations in PV technology, offering increased
efficiency and affordability compared to traditional silicon-based options. However, costeffective
and sustainable battery materials remain crucial for ensuring consistent power supply from solar
energy systems. Strategic positioning of solar panels, considering factors like orientation, tilt angle,
and shading minimization, plays a pivotal role in maximizing electricity generation. A case study
analyzing solar radiation data for Constanța, Romania, underscores the importance of local solar
radiation patterns for effective solar energy system implementation. Achieving a clean and
sustainable energy future necessitates continued research and development efforts to enhance
solar cell technology, storage solutions, and system optimization strategies. A multi-pronged
approach encompassing technological advancements, strategic system design, and data-driven
decision-making is essential to unlock the full potential of solar energy
INTRODUCTION
Solar power potential refers to the amount of solar
energy that can be harvested from a specific area
over a given period of time
It depends on factors such as sunlight intensity,
duration of sunlight exposure, and geographic
location
Areas closer to the equator generally have higher
solar power potential due to more direct sunlight
throughout the year
Assessing solar power potential helps determine the
feasibility and efficiency of solar energy projects in
different regions.
 LITRATURE SURVEY
MAXIMIZING SOLAR POWER GENERATION
THROUGH CONVENTIONAL AND DIGITAL
MPPT TECHNIQUES
ShahjahanAlias Sarang ;MuhammadAmir Raza ;
Madeeha Panhwar

A substantial level of signifcance has been placed on renewable energy systems, especially
photovoltaic (PV) systems, given the urgent global apprehensions regarding climate change and
the need to cut carbon emissions. One of the main concerns in the feld of PV is the ability to track
power efectively over a range of factors. In the context of solar power extraction, this research
paper performs a thorough comparative examination of ten controllers, including both conventional
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers and artifcial intelligence (AI) controllers. Various
factors, such as voltage, current, power, weather dependence, cost, complexity, response time,
periodic tuning, stability, partial shading, and accuracy, are all intended to be evaluated by the study.
It is aimed to provide insight into how well each controller performs in various circumstances by
carefully examining these broad parameters. The main goal is to identify and recommend the best
controller based on their performance. It is notifed that, conventional techniques like INC, P&O, INC-
PSO, P&O-PSO, achieved accuracies of 94.3, 97.6, 98.4, 99.6 respectively while AI based techniques
Fuzzy-PSO, ANN, ANFIS, ANN-PSO, PSO, and FLC achieved accuracies of 98.6, 98, 98.6, 98.8, 98.2,
98 respectively. The results of this study add signifcantly to our knowledge of the applicability and
efectiveness of both AI and traditional MPPT controllers, which will help the solar industry make well-
informed choices when implementing solar energy systems.
MAXIMIZING THE SOLAR POWER BY COMBINE CYCLE:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MINIATURE SOLAR
POWER STATION
Nipu Datta, Md. N. Ahmed, Roksana Liya, Nazia Zaman, A. K. Mahbubul Hye and Bishwajit B. Pathik

This article describes a method to increase the overall power output of a small scale solar power
station by introducing combine cycle. Here combine cycle utilizes the concentrated sun rays in terms
of heat to produce additional electricity. This research begins with constructing a miniaturized solar
power station having six solar panels with individual sun tracking system designed with Arduino Uno; a
microcontroller board based on Atmega328P; in order to track the position of the sun for getting the
maximum direct sunlight on the solar panels. Solar panels are established in a circular shape around
a combine cycle system with a mirror on the top which helps to reflect the concentrated sun light to
the water reservoir. The concentrated sunrays heat up and evaporate diethyl ether only at 34.6°C
which flow through a turbine and generate electricity in a generator combined with the turbine. It is
observed from this research work that the overall generated power increases by 61.76% with the
introduction of solar tracker as well as the combined cycle. This study would expose the additional
frontiers for the researchers as well as the practitioners to produce more electricity with same amount
of solar panels by introducing solar tracking system and combine cycle.
KEY TRENDS AND
DEVELOPMENTS
Efficiency improvements
Silicon based solar cell 18-22%
Monocrystalline silicon based solar cell 25%
Perovskite solar cell 30%
Tandom solar cell. 30%

Cost reduction
The cost of solar power has decreased significantly. Solar
photovoltaic technology is now one of the cheapest sources
of new electricity, with the global weighted-average
Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) for utility-scale solar PV
falling by over 85% between 2010 and 2020

Floating solar farms

Floating solar farms (floatovoltaics) are becoming more
common, especially in countries with limited land space.
These installations, placed on bodies of water like reservoirs,
reduce the need for large land areas and can improve panel
efficiency by keeping them cooler
PEROVSKITE SOLAR
CELLS
Perovskite - crystal structure similar to that of calcium
titanium oxide (CaTiO₃).
The active layer of the solar cell is made up of these
compounds which absorb sunlight and convert it into
electricity
Efficiency is greater than normal pv cell
lower production cost - It can produce at lower temperature
which reduces manufacturing cost
Broad light absorption - perovskite can absorb a wide
range of solar spectrum including visible and near -infrared
lights
TANDEM SOLAR CELL
Tandem solar cells consists of two or more layers. Each layer
made from different materials that absorb different
wavelengths of sunlight
Silicon/perovskite tandem solar cell - perovskite layer is
placed on top of silicon layer. Top layer absorb higher
energy photons while silicon layer absorb lower energy
photons
Tandem cells have already achieved efficiency above 30%.
For multi junction cells have theoretical efficiency limit as
high as 50% eg: Tandem cells in space application
MAXIMUM ENERGY GENERATION

P O T S
POSITIONING OF SOLAR ORIENTATION OF SOLAR SHADING
TILT ANGLE
PANELS PANELS MINIMIZATION
placing them in a Orientation refer to the tilt angle is the angle at shading significantly
location where they direction that the solar reduce the efficiency of
which the solar panel are
receive maximum solar panels
panel face inclined relative to the
sunlight through out the
Ideal orientation depends even parcel shading of a
day horizontal plane
on the hemisphere; in the panel can cause a
Ideal positioning : should adjustable mounts allow
Northern hemisphere substantial drop in
be unobstructed by trees, the tilt angle to be
solar panel should face energy output
buliding or other objects
changed for higher to minimise shading
(open field, true south, in Southern
rooftop,elevated space) hemisphere panels efficiency panel should be placed
this ensure the panels should face true North to in areas with little to no
have direct access to capture the most sunlight shading throughout the
sunlight during peak day especially during
hours (9AM-2PM) peak sunlight hours
 STORAGE
Storing electricity generated from solar power is essential for
utilising solar energy effectively especially since solar generation
can be intermittent

Factors affecting intermittency

Time of day : solar panel generate electricity only during

daylight hours power generation drops significantly at night
weather condition : cloud cover , rain or snow can reduce
sunlight availability
seasonal variation : the angle of the sun changes with the
season affecting the amount of sunlight reaching solar panel

Energy storage system

Batteries store excess energy generated during Sunny period for

use during low generation time ( example at night or during
cloudy weathers)

Lithium ion batteries : long life span( typically 10 to 15 years)

fast charging and discharging. Application - home energy
storage, electric vehicles
Lead acid batteries : lower initial cost but
shorter lifespan . Application- low capacity
solar setup .
flow batteries : suitable for large scale
application, long life span . Application - grid
scale energy storage
 CHALLENGES
Intermittency of solar energy
Solar power generation is dependent on sunlight which can fluctuate due to weather
condition and time of day to ensure a study supply of electricity effective storage system is
needed
high initial cost
the initial cost for solar panel , inverter and installation can be significant
Land use and location
large solar farms require significant land area which can lead to confit over land use
especially in densely populated region or area with agricultural significance
environmental concerns
production of solar panel can involved hazardous materials like lead Mercury etc large
installation can disrupt local ecosystem and wildlife habitats
grid integration challenges
integrating solar power into existing grid may require upgrade to infrastructures
maintenance and operational cost
solar Power plant require regular maintenances to ensure optimal performance which can
increase additional cost
 CONCLUSIONS

MAXIMIZING SOLAR POWER'S POTENTIAL WILL LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS, INCLUDING REDUCED GREENHOUSE GAS
EMISSIONS AND IMPROVED AIR QUALITY. IT WILL ALSO ENHANCE
ENERGY SECURITY, CREATE JOBS IN THE RENEWABLE ENERGY SECTOR,
AND CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH. BY
ADDRESSING THE CHALLENGES AND EMBRACING THE OPPORTUNITIES
PRESENTED BY SOLAR ENERGY, SOCIETY CAN MOVE CLOSER TO A
CLEAN, RESILIENT, AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE.
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THANK YOU