Walker's Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease Physiology,
Diagnosis, Management, 6th Edition
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ISBN-13 978-1-60795-181-0
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kleinman, Ronald E., editor.
Title: Walker’s pediatric gastrointestinal disease / Ronald E. Kleinman,
Olivier-Jean Goulet, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani, Ian R. Sanderson, Philip M.
Sherman, Benjamin L. Shneider.
Other titles: Pediatric gastrointestinal disease
Description: Sixth edition. | Raleigh, North Carolina : People’s Medical
Publishing House-USA, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018006003 | ISBN 9781607951810 | ISBN 1607951819 |
ISBN 9781607950837
5
Subjects: | MESH: Gastrointestinal Diseases | Infant | Child | Adolescent
Classification: LCC RJ446 | NLM WS 310 | DDC 618.92/33—dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018006003
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7
DEDICATIONS
With deepest gratitude to Allan Walker who has mentored and supported
me for all of my professional life. And to my family, Martha, Emily, Scott,
Ellie, Avery, Adam, Monica, Maya and Jesse for their constant love and
support.
—Ronald E. Kleinman, MD
With my deep appreciation to Professor Allan Walker who invited me to
join the editorship of this book; to my senior colleagues, Professors Jean
Rey, Claude Ricour and Jacques Schmitz, who encouraged me to enter
pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition; and to my wife, Véronique, and
our children, Pierre-Arthur, Charles, Alix and Marine, who have supported
me in my work for so many years.
—Olivier J. Goulet, MD, PhD
To Alex P Mowat, formidable mentor, and to all patients and scientists
who have contributed to our research in juvenile autoimmune liver disease.
—Giorgina Meili-Vergani
To Julia and Vita.
—Ian R. Sanderson, MD
This book is dedicated to trainees—past, current, and future—who make
the journey through life in academic medicine so interesting, meaningful,
and rewarding.
—Philip M. Sherman, MD
8
To my wife, Abigail, and my daughters, Elizabeth and Caitlin, for their
tremendous love, support, and sacrifices without which this and my other
professional accomplishments would not be possible. I would also like to
acknowledge my friend, Peter Whitington for his mentorship and in honor
of his retirement.
—Benjamin L. Shneider, MD
9
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
PREFACE
VOLUME ONE
SECTION I: MOUTH AND ESOPHAGUS
CHAPTER 1 Anatomy, Embryology, Congenital Anomalies of the
Mouth and Esophagus
Jonathan E. Teitelbaum
CHAPTER 2 Disorders of the Oral Cavity
Stephen R. Porter and Paul Ashley
CHAPTER 3 Disorders of Deglutition
David N. Tuchman
CHAPTER 4 ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY
CHAPTER 4.1 Normal Motility and Development of the
Esophageal Neuroenteric System
Salvatore Cucchiara, Giovanni Di Nardo and Salvatore Oliva
CHAPTER 4.2 Gastroesophageal Reflux
Colin D. Rudolph and Eric Hassall
CHAPTER 4.3 Other Esophageal Neuromuscular Disorders
10
Benjamin D. Gold
CHAPTER 5 Esophagitis
Mike Thomson
CHAPTER 6 Toxic and Traumatic Injury of the Esophagus
Emmanuel Mas, Anne Breton, and Jean-Pierre Olives
SECTION II: THE STOMACH AND DUODENUM
CHAPTER 7 Anatomy and Embryology and Congenital Anomalies
Sanne L. Rosekrans, Nikè V.J.A. Büller, Nikhil Thapar and Gijs R.
van den Brink
CHAPTER 8 Nausea, Vomiting, and Pyloric Stenosis
B U. K. Li and Katja Kovacic
CHAPTER 9 GASTRITIS
CHAPTER 9.1 Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer Disease
Marion Rowland and Billy Bourke
CHAPTER 9.2 Acid-Peptic Disease (Excluding H. pylori)
Frédéric Gottrand
CHAPTER 9.3 Other Causes of Gastritis
Keith Chee Y. Ooi, D.A. Lemberg and Andrew S. Day
CHAPTER 10 Esophageal and Gastric Polyps and Neoplasms
David F. Schaeffer, Richard Kirsch, Glenn P. Taylor, and Robert
H. Riddell
CHAPTER 11 DEVELOPMENT OF THE GASTRIC
NEUROENTERIC SYSTEM
CHAPTER 11.1 Normal Motility and Development of the Gastric
Neuroenteric System
Miguel Saps and Carlo Di Lorenzo
11
CHAPTER 11.2 Gastric Motility Disorders
Miguel Saps and Carlo Di Lorenzo
SECTION III: THE INTESTINE
CHAPTER 12 Anatomy and Embryology
Pascal de Santa Barbara
CHAPTER 13 Congenital Anomalies Including Hernias
David J. Wilkinson and Simon E. Kenny
CHAPTER 14 Lymphatic Disorders
Pierre-Yves von der Weid
CHAPTER 15 ABSORPTION AND DIGESTION
CHAPTER 15.1 Normal Physiology of Intestinal Digestion and
Absorption
Jean Pierre Cézard
CHAPTER 15.2a Acute Diarrhea
Stefano Guandalini and Sona Y. Young
CHAPTER 15.2b Persistent and Chronic Diarrhea
Alfredo Guarino and Roberto Berni Canani
CHAPTER 15.3a Genetically Determined Disaccharidase
Deficiency
Hassan Y. Naim, Mahdi Amiri, and Klaus-Peter Zimmer
CHAPTER 15.3b Congenital Intestinal Transport Defects
Martín G. Martín and Ernest M. Wright
CHAPTER 15.3c Congenital Enteropathies
Olivier Goulet and Julie Salomon
CHAPTER 16 IMMUNE ENTEROPATHIES
CHAPTER 16.1 Celiac Disease
12
Alessio Fasano and Carlo Catassi
CHAPTER 16.2a Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases
Calies Menard-Katcher, Vincent A. Mukkada, Chris A. Liacouras,
Glenn T. Furuta, and Marc E. Rothenberg
CHAPTER 16.2b Food Allergic Enteropathy
Franco Torrente and Simon Murch
CHAPTER 16.3 Autoimmune Enteropathy and IPEX Syndrome
Frank M. Ruemmele, Nicole Brousse, and Olivier Goulet
CHAPTER 17 SURGICAL DISORDERS
CHAPTER 17.1 Intestinal Obstructions
Elizabeth Fialkowski and Brad W. Warner
CHAPTER 17.2 Appendicitis
Kevin Johnson, J. Craig Egan and Dennis P. Lund
CHAPTER 17.3 The Pediatric Ostomy
Catherine Cord-Udy
CHAPTER 18 Benign Perianal Lesions
Jeremy Fisher, Biren P. Modi, Sidney Johnson, and Tom Jaksic
CHAPTER 19 MODULATION OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA
CHAPTER 19.1 Microbial Interactions With Gut Epithelium
Eytan Wine, Séamus Hussey and Nicola L. Jones
CHAPTER 19.1a Probiotics
Dominique Babin-Muise and David R. Mack
CHAPTER 19.1b Prebiotics: Composition and Potential Functions
Dimitrios Tzimorotas, Sofia Kolida, Robert A. Rastall, and Glenn R.
Gibson
CHAPTER 19.1c Antimicrobials
Michael R. Millar and Mark Wilks
13
CHAPTER 19.2 INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 19.2a Bacterial Infections, Food- and Waterborne
Infections
Mitchell B. Cohen
CHAPTER 19.2b Viral Infections
Dorsey M. Bass and Mitchell B. Cohen
CHAPTER 19.2c Parasitic and Fungal Infections
Paul Kelly and Beatrice Amudi
CHAPTER 19.2d Small-Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth
Steven N. Lichtman
CHAPTER 20 IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
CHAPTER 20.1 Inflammation
Chien-Chang Chen, Thomas Blanchard, Claudio Fiocchi, and
Steven J. Czinn
CHAPTER 20.2 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of
Immunodeficiency Disorders
Amel Hassan and Delane Shingadia
CHAPTER 20.3 Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Erika C. Claud and Michael S. Caplan
CHAPTER 20.4 CRONIC INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
CHAPTER 20.4a Crohn’s Disease
Anne M. Griffiths and Johan Van Limbergen
CHAPTER 20.4b Ulcerative and Indeterminate Colitis (Including
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unclassified)
Nicholas M. Croft
CHAPTER 20.4c Atypical Colitis and Other Inflammatory Diseases
Ranjana Gokhale and Barbara S. Kirschner
14
CHAPTER 20.4d Surgical Aspects of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
in Children
Jacob c. Langer
CHAPTER 20.5 Peritonitis and Intra-abdominal Abscesses
David J. Hackam and Ori D. Rotstein
CHAPTER 21 INTESTINAL FAILURE
CHAPTER 21.1 Short Bowel Syndrome
Yigael Finkel, John Puntis, and Olivier Goulet
CHAPTER 21.2 Intestinal Failure-Associated Liver Disease
Julie E. Bines and Prue M. Pereira-Fantini
CHAPTER 21.3 Intestinal Transplantation
Stuart S. Kaufman, Cal S. Matsumoto, Eddie R. Island, Nada A.
Yazigi, Khalid M. Khan, and Thomas M. Fishbein
CHAPTER 22 INTESTINAL TUMORS
CHAPTER 22.1 Intestinal Polyps and Polyposis
Jean-François Mougenot, Sylviane Olschwang, and Michel
Peuchmaur
CHAPTER 22.2 Other Neoplasms
Kamran Badizadegan and Rhea J. Birusingh
CHAPTER 23 INTESTINAL MOTILITY
CHAPTER 23.1 Normal Motility and Development of the Intestinal
Neurenteric System
Gabriella Boccia, Massimo Martinelli, and Annamaria Staiano
CHAPTER 23.2 MOTILITY DISORDERS
CHAPTER 23.2a Functional Constipation
Riad Rahhal and Aliye Uc
CHAPTER 23.2b Hirschsprung Disease
15
Steven L. Ciciora and Cheryl E. Gariepy
CHAPTER 23.2c Other Dysmotilities Including Chronic Intestinal
Pseudo-obstruction Syndrome
Khoa Tran and Jaime Belkind-Gerson
CHAPTER 23.3 Chronic Abdominal Pain: Including Functional
Abdominal Pain, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Abdominal Migraine
Juliette M.T.M. Rutten, Arine M. Vlieger, and Marc A. Benninga
CHAPTER 24 Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Endocrine
Diseases
Karolina Maria Burghardt and Yaron Avitzur
CHAPTER 25 BOWEL INJURY
CHAPTER 25.1 Drug-Induced Bowel Injury
Reo Tanoshima and Shinya Ito
CHAPTER 25.2 Radiation-Induced Bowel Injury
Agnès François
VOLUME TWO
SECTION IV: THE LIVER
CHAPTER 26 The Liver: Anatomy and Embryology
Mark Davenport
CHAPTER 27 PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 27.1 Bile Formation and Cholestasis
Nitika A. Gupta and Saul J. Karpen
CHAPTER 27.2 Bilirubin Metabolism
Glenn R. Gourley
CHAPTER 27.3 Fibrogenesis and Cirrhosis
Ross W. Shepherd and Grant A. Ramm
16
CHAPTER 27.4 Normal Hepatocyte Function and Mechanisms of
Dysfunction
Edgar N. Tafaleng, Alicia Watson, and Ira J. Fox
CHAPTER 28 Diagnostic Approaches to Common Pediatric Liver
Problems
Sara Nóbrega, Sharat Varma, Xavier Stephenne, and Etienne M.
Sokal
CHAPTER 29 DISORDERS OF THE BILIARY TRACT
CHAPTER 29.1 Disorders of the Intrahepatic Bile Ducts
Ekkehard Sturm and Henkjan J. Verkade
CHAPTER 29.2 Biliary Atresia
Jorge A. Bezerra
CHAPTER 29.3 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Ruby Mehta and Dennis D. Black
CHAPTER 29.4 Choledochal Cysts and Other Biliary Disorders
Philip Rosenthal
CHAPTER 30 INFECTIONS
CHAPTER 30.1a Hepatitis B Virus
Mei-Hwei Chang
CHAPTER 30.1b Hepatitis C Virus
Daniel H. Leung
CHAPTER 30.1c Other Viral Infections
Jaime Chu and Ronen Arnon
CHAPTER 30.2 Bacterial, Parasitic, and Other Infections
Dinesh S. Pashankar and Richard A. Schreiber
CHAPTER 30.3 Immune Deficiency and the Liver
Nedim Hadžić and Colin Ball
17
CHAPTER 31 Autoimmune Liver Disease
Diego Vergani and Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
CHAPTER 32 Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity
Eve A. Roberts
CHAPTER 33 Liver Tumors
Dolores López-Terrada and Milton J. Finegold
CHAPTER 34 GENETIC AND METABOLIC DISORDERS
CHAPTER 34.1 Genetic Testing
Matthew C. Dulik, Ian F. Slack, Judith R. Kelsen, and Nancy B.
Spinner
CHAPTER 34.2 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Matthew J. Giefer and Simon P. Horslen
CHAPTER 34.3 Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism
Jarrad M. Scarlett and Karen F. Murray
CHAPTER 34.4 Disorders of Mitochondrial and Fatty Acid
Metabolism
Roshni Vara and Mike Champion
CHAPTER 34.5 α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
David H. Perlmutter
CHAPTER 34.6 Zellweger Syndrome and Other Disorders of
Peroxisomal Metabolism
Gerald V. Raymond, Steven J. Steinberg, and Paul A. Watkins
CHAPTER 34.7 Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiencies: Wolman
Disease/Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease
Gregory A. Grabowski and Carlos E. Prada
CHAPTER 34.8 Wilson Disease
Piotr Socha and Stuart Tanner
18
