UNIT-1

Principles of Object- Oriented Programming

Introduc on to Java, Basic Features, JVM Concepts, A Simple Java Program, Primi ve Data
Type and Variables, Java Keywords

Data Types

Data Types, Declaring and Ini aliza on Variables, Java Operators. Class, Object &
Methods, Constructors, Overloading constructors, This Keyword, Using Objects as
Parameters, Argument passing, returning objects,

Method Overloading

Method Overloading, Garbage Collec on, Final, Finalize and Finally Method, Comparison
between Java and C++. Inheritance, Interface, Abstract Class,Interfaces

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

Principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

1. Introduc on to Java

 What is Java?

o Java is a popular programming language used to build apps, websites, and

games. It’s simple, secure, and works on any device (like computers, phones).

o Example: Apps like Minecra are made with Java.

 Why Use Java?

o It’s easy to learn.

o It works everywhere (Windows, Mac, Linux).

o It’s safe for building web apps.

2. Basic Features of Java

 Simple: Java is easy to understand because it removes complex things from older
languages like C++.

o Example: No need to worry about pointers (a tricky concept in C++).

  Object-Oriented: Java uses OOP (explained below) to organize code like real-world
objects.

 Pla orm-Independent: Write Java code once, and it runs on any device with a Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).

o Example: A Java game you write on Windows will work on a Mac.

 Secure: Java has safety features to stop viruses or hacks.

 Portable: You can move Java code easily between devices.

 Mul threaded: Java can do many tasks at once (like playing music and showing a
video).

 High Performance: Java is fast because of the JVM.

3. JVM Concepts

 What is JVM?

o JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a program that runs Java code on any device.

o Example: It’s like a translator—your Java code is translated by JVM so your

computer understands it.

 How JVM Works:

1. You write Java code (e.g., Hello.java).

2. You compile it into bytecode using javac (creates Hello.class).

3. JVM reads the bytecode and runs it on your device.

 Why is JVM Important?

o It makes Java work on any device (Windows, Mac, etc.).

o Example: You write a Java app on your laptop, and JVM lets it run on your
phone.

4. A Simple Java Program

 Example:

java

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public class Hello {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

 System.out.println("Hello, Java!");

 Explana on:

o public class Hello: Creates a class named Hello (a class is like a blueprint).

o public sta c void main(String[] args): The star ng point of your program (Java
runs this first).

o System.out.println("Hello, Java!");: Prints “Hello, Java!” on the screen.

 How to Run:

1. Save as Hello.java.

2. Compile: javac Hello.java (creates Hello.class).

3. Run: java Hello.

o Output: Hello, Java!

5. Primi ve Data Types and Variables

 What Are Primi ve Data Types?

o These are basic types of data in Java, like numbers or le ers.

 Common Primi ve Data Types:

o int: For whole numbers (e.g., 10, -5).

o double: For decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14).

o char: For single le ers or symbols (e.g., 'A', '@').

o boolean: For true/false values.

 Variables:

o A variable is like a box where you store data.

o Example:

java

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int age = 20; // Stores the number 20

double price = 99.99; // Stores a decimal

char grade = 'A'; // Stores a le er

boolean isStudent = true; // Stores true/false

 How to Use Variables:

java

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public class VariableExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

int score = 95;

System.out.println("Your score is: " + score);

o Output: Your score is: 95

6. Java Keywords

 What Are Keywords?

o Keywords are special words in Java that have a fixed meaning. You can’t use
them as variable names.

 Examples of Keywords:

o class: To define a class.

o public: To make something accessible.

o int: To define a number variable.

o if: For condi ons.

o return: To return a value.

 Example:

o You can’t name a variable class because it’s a keyword:

java

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int class = 10; // Wrong! 'class' is a keyword

int myClass = 10; // Correct

Data Types in Java

1. Data Types

 What Are Data Types?

o Data types tell Java what kind of data you’re working with (numbers, text,
etc.).

 Two Main Types:

o Primi ve Data Types (already covered):

 byte, short, int, long (for numbers).

 float, double (for decimals).

 char (for le ers).

 boolean (for true/false).

o Non-Primi ve Data Types:

 These are more complex, like String (for text), arrays, or classes.

 Example: String name = "Amit"; (stores a name).

2. Declaring and Ini alizing Variables

 Declaring:

o This means telling Java the type and name of a variable.

o Example: int marks; (declares a variable for numbers).

 Ini alizing:

o This means giving the variable a value.

o Example: marks = 85; (sets the value to 85).

 Declaring and Ini alizing Together:

java

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int marks = 85;

String name = "Amit";

 Example:
java

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public class DataTypeExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

int age = 20;

double salary = 5000.50;

String city = "Delhi";

System.out.println("Age: " + age + ", Salary: " + salary + ", City: " + city);

o Output: Age: 20, Salary: 5000.5, City: Delhi

3. Java Operators

 What Are Operators?

o Operators are symbols that do things like math, comparison, or logic.

 Types of Operators:

o Arithme c Operators:

 + (add), - (subtract), * (mul ply), / (divide), % (remainder).

 Example: int sum = 10 + 5; (sum is 15).

o Comparison Operators:

 == (equal), != (not equal), <, >, <=, >=.

 Example: if (age > 18) (checks if age is more than 18).

o Logical Operators:

 && (and), || (or), ! (not).

 Example: if (age > 18 && marks > 50) (both must be true).

 Example:

java

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public class OperatorExample {

 public sta c void main(String[] args) {

int a = 10, b = 5;

int sum = a + b; // 15

int diff = a - b; // 5

boolean isEqual = (a == b); // false

System.out.println("Sum: " + sum + ", Diff: " + diff + ", Equal: " + isEqual);

o Output: Sum: 15, Diff: 5, Equal: false

Method Overloading and Related Concepts

1. Class, Object & Methods

 What is a Class?

o A class is like a blueprint for crea ng objects.

o Example: A Car class is a blueprint for making car objects.

 What is an Object?

o An object is something you create from a class—it’s like the real thing made
from the blueprint.

o Example: If Car is the class, myCar is an object (a specific car).

 What are Methods?

o Methods are ac ons an object can do.

o Example: A Car can drive()—that’s a method.

 Example:

java

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public class Car {

String color = "Red";

void drive() {
 System.out.println("Car is driving!");

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car(); // Create object

System.out.println("Car color: " + myCar.color);

myCar.drive();

o Output:

text

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Car color: Red

Car is driving!

2. Constructors

 What is a Constructor?

o A constructor is a special method that runs when you create an object. It sets
up the object.

o Example: When you make a Car object, the constructor can set its color.

 Rules:

o Same name as the class.

o No return type.

 Example:

java

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public class Car {

String color;

Car(String c) { // Constructor

color = c;
 }

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car("Blue");

System.out.println("Car color: " + myCar.color);

o Output: Car color: Blue

3. Overloading Constructors

 What is Overloading?

o Overloading means having mul ple constructors with different inputs.

o Example: One constructor sets only the color, another sets color and speed.

 Example:

java

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public class Car {

String color;

int speed;

Car(String c) { // Constructor 1

color = c;

Car(String c, int s) { // Constructor 2

color = c;

speed = s;

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car car1 = new Car("Red");

Car car2 = new Car("Blue", 60);

System.out.println("Car 1: " + car1.color + ", Speed: " + car1.speed);

 System.out.println("Car 2: " + car2.color + ", Speed: " + car2.speed);

o Output:

text

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Car 1: Red, Speed: 0

Car 2: Blue, Speed: 60

4. this Keyword

 What is this?

o this refers to the current object. It’s used to avoid confusion between
variables.

o Example: If a class has a variable color and a method uses a parameter color,
this.color means the class variable.

 Example:

java

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public class Car {

String color;

Car(String color) {

this.color = color; // 'this.color' is the class variable

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car("Green");

System.out.println("Car color: " + myCar.color);

o Output: Car color: Green

5. Using Objects as Parameters

  What is This?

o You can pass an object to a method as a parameter.

o Example: Pass a Car object to a method to check its color.

 Example:

java

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public class Car {

String color;

Car(String color) {

this.color = color;

void checkColor(Car c) {

System.out.println("This car is: " + c.color);

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car("Yellow");

myCar.checkColor(myCar);

o Output: This car is: Yellow

6. Argument Passing

 What is Argument Passing?

o It’s how you send values to a method.

o Java uses pass-by-value for primi ves (like int) and pass-by-reference for
objects (but the reference is copied).

 Example:

java

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public class ArgumentExample {

void changeNumber(int num) {

num = 100;

void changeCarColor(Car c) {

c.color = "Black";

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

int number = 10;

ArgumentExample obj = new ArgumentExample();

obj.changeNumber(number);

System.out.println("Number: " + number); // S ll 10 (pass-by-value)

Car myCar = new Car("White");

obj.changeCarColor(myCar);

System.out.println("Car color: " + myCar.color); // Black (pass-by-reference)

class Car {

String color;

Car(String color) {

this.color = color;

o Output:

text

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Number: 10
Car color: Black

7. Returning Objects

 What is This?

o A method can return an object.

o Example: A method creates a Car object and returns it.

 Example:

java

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public class Car {

String color;

Car(String color) {

this.color = color;

Car createCar() {

return new Car("Purple");

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car factory = new Car("Red");

Car newCar = factory.createCar();

System.out.println("New car color: " + newCar.color);

o Output: New car color: Purple

8. Method Overloading

 What is Method Overloading?

o It’s having mul ple methods with the same name but different parameters.

o Example: A method add can add two numbers or three numbers.

 Example:
java

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public class OverloadExample {

int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

OverloadExample calc = new OverloadExample();

System.out.println("Sum of 2 numbers: " + calc.add(5, 3));

System.out.println("Sum of 3 numbers: " + calc.add(5, 3, 2));

o Output:

text

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Sum of 2 numbers: 8

Sum of 3 numbers: 10

9. Garbage Collec on

 What is Garbage Collec on?

o Java automa cally cleans up memory by removing objects you don’t need.

o Example: If you create a Car object and stop using it, Java deletes it to free
memory.

 How It Works:

o The Garbage Collector (GC) runs in the background and finds unused objects.

o You can suggest GC to run using System.gc(), but it’s not guaranteed.
  Example:

java

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public class GarbageCollec onExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Car myCar = new Car("Red");

myCar = null; // Object is now unused

System.gc(); // Suggest garbage collec on

System.out.println("Garbage collec on suggested!");

class Car {

String color;

Car(String color) {

this.color = color;

10. final, finalize, and finally

 final:

o A keyword to make something unchangeable.

o Example:

 final int x = 10; (can’t change x).

 final class Car (can’t inherit from Car).

 final void drive() (can’t override the method).

 finalize:

o A method called before an object is deleted by garbage collec on.

o Example:

java
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public class FinalizeExample {

protected void finalize() {

System.out.println("Object is being deleted!");

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

FinalizeExample obj = new FinalizeExample();

obj = null;

System.gc();

o Output: Object is being deleted!

 finally:

o A block that always runs a er a try-catch, used for cleanup.

o Example:

java

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public class FinallyExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

try {

int x = 10 / 0;

} catch (Excep on e) {

System.out.println("Error!");

} finally {

System.out.println("This always runs!");

}
 o Output:

text

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Error!

This always runs!

11. Comparison Between Java and C++

 Java:

o Pla orm-independent (runs on JVM).

o No pointers (safer).

o Automa c garbage collec on.

o No mul ple inheritance (uses interfaces).

o Example: String class is built-in.

 C++:

o Pla orm-dependent (needs compiling for each OS).

o Uses pointers (can be risky).

o Manual memory management.

o Supports mul ple inheritance.

o Example: No built-in String (uses char arrays).

12. Inheritance

 What is Inheritance?

o It’s when a class (child) gets features (methods, variables) from another class
(parent).

o Example: A SportsCar class can inherit from a Car class.

 Example:

java

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class Car {

String color = "Red";

 void drive() {

System.out.println("Driving!");

class SportsCar extends Car {

void speedUp() {

System.out.println("Speeding up!");

public class InheritanceExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

SportsCar myCar = new SportsCar();

System.out.println("Color: " + myCar.color);

myCar.drive();

myCar.speedUp();

o Output:

text

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Color: Red

Driving!

Speeding up!

13. Interface

 What is an Interface?

o An interface is a contract that a class must follow—it lists methods but

doesn’t define them.

o Example: An interface Drawable says “you must have a draw() method.”

  Example:

java

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interface Drawable {

void draw();

class Circle implements Drawable {

public void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing a circle!");

public class InterfaceExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Circle c = new Circle();

c.draw();

o Output: Drawing a circle!

14. Abstract Class

 What is an Abstract Class?

o An abstract class is a class that can’t be used to make objects directly. It’s a
par al blueprint.

o Example: An abstract Shape class has a method draw(), but each shape
defines it differently.

 Example:

java

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abstract class Shape {

abstract void draw();

 void info() {

System.out.println("This is a shape.");

class Rectangle extends Shape {

void draw() {

System.out.println("Drawing a rectangle!");

public class AbstractClassExample {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Rectangle r = new Rectangle();

r.draw();

r.info();

o Output:

text

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Drawing a rectangle!

This is a shape.

15. Interfaces (More Details)

 Why Use Interfaces?

o To allow mul ple classes to share the same methods.

o Java doesn’t allow mul ple inheritance with classes, but you can implement
mul ple interfaces.

 Example:

java
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interface Flyable {

void fly();

interface Swimmable {

void swim();

class Duck implements Flyable, Swimmable {

public void fly() {

System.out.println("Duck is flying!");

public void swim() {

System.out.println("Duck is swimming!");

public class Mul pleInterfaces {

public sta c void main(String[] args) {

Duck d = new Duck();

d.fly();

d.swim();

o Output:

text

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Duck is flying!

Duck is swimming!
Summary for Your Exam

 Principles of OOP:

o Java is simple, secure, and pla orm-independent (thanks to JVM).

o Primi ve types (int, double), variables, and keywords (class, if) are basics.

 Data Types:

o Primi ve (int, char) and non-primi ve (String).

o Declare and ini alize variables, use operators (+, ==, &&).

 Method Overloading and More:

o Classes create objects, methods define ac ons, constructors set up objects.

o Overload methods and constructors, use this, pass objects, return objects.

o Inheritance, interfaces, and abstract classes help organize code.

o Garbage collec on cleans memory, final locks values, finalize runs before
dele on, finally is for cleanup.